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Jorda J, Kain G, Barbu MC, Köll B, Petutschnigg A, Král P. Mechanical Properties of Cellulose and Flax Fiber Unidirectional Reinforced Plywood. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040843. [PMID: 35215756 PMCID: PMC8963075 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This research presents the influence of two different cellulose (hydrophobic pretreated/non-pretreated) and one flax-fiber unidirectional nonwoven low areal weight fiber reinforcements on the mechanical properties of urea-formaldehyde bonded five layered beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) plywood as an alternative to commonly used synthetic fiber reinforcements. The results display divergent trends regarding the improvement of the mechanical properties—modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, tensile strength, shear strength, and screw withdrawal resistance. The non-treated cellulose and flax reinforcing nonwoven fabrics revealed similar mechanical behaviors. The hydrophobic pretreatment of cellulose nonwovens improved the performance of plywood regarding tensile strength (10–11%), shear strength (7–16%), screw withdrawal resistance (11–15%), and modulus of rupture (0–2%), but lowered modulus of elasticity (2–3%) compared to the reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Jorda
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (J.J.); (M.-C.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Günther Kain
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (J.J.); (M.-C.B.); (A.P.)
- Department for Furniture and Interior Design, Higher Technical College Hallstatt, Lahnstraße 69, 4830 Hallstatt, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-699-819-764-42
| | - Marius-Catalin Barbu
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (J.J.); (M.-C.B.); (A.P.)
- Faculty for Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, B-dul. Eroilor Nr. 29, 500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Berndt Köll
- Lenzing Aktiengesellschaft, Werkstrasse 2, 4860 Lenzing, Austria;
| | - Alexander Petutschnigg
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (J.J.); (M.-C.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Pavel Král
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Mendel University, Zemĕdĕlská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic;
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Jorda J, Kain G, Barbu MC, Petutschnigg A, Král P. Influence of Adhesive Systems on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Flax Fiber Reinforced Beech Plywood. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183086. [PMID: 34577987 PMCID: PMC8469923 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the acceptance of broader industrial application of flax fiber reinforced beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) plywood, five different industrial applicated adhesive systems were tested. Epoxy resin, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-urea formaldehyde, isocyanate MDI prepolymer, and polyurethane displayed a divergent picture in improving the mechanical properties-modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, tensile strength, shear strength and screw withdrawal resistance-of flax fiber-reinforced plywood. Epoxy resin is well suited for flax fiber reinforcement, whereas urea-formaldehyde, melamine urea-formaldehyde, and isocyanate prepolymer improved modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, shear strength, and screw withdrawal resistance, but lowered tensile strength. Polyurethane lowered the mechanical properties of flax fiber reinforced plywood. Flax fiber reinforced epoxy resin bonded plywood exceeded glass fiber reinforced plywood in terms of shear strength, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Jorda
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (J.J.); (M.-C.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Günther Kain
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (J.J.); (M.-C.B.); (A.P.)
- Department for Furniture and Interior Design, Higher Technical College Hallstatt, Lahnstraße 69, 4830 Hallstatt, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-699-819-764-42
| | - Marius-Catalin Barbu
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (J.J.); (M.-C.B.); (A.P.)
- Faculty for Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, B-dul. Eroilor nr. 29, 500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Alexander Petutschnigg
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (J.J.); (M.-C.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Pavel Král
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Mendel University, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic;
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Barbu MC, Lohninger Y, Hofmann S, Kain G, Petutschnigg A, Tudor EM. Larch Bark as a Formaldehyde Scavenger in Thermal Insulation Panels. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112632. [PMID: 33182539 PMCID: PMC7697591 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the formaldehyde content and emissions of bark-based insulation panels bonded with three types of adhesives: urea formaldehyde, melamine urea-formaldehyde, and tannin-based adhesives. These panels were produced at two levels of density—300 and 500 kg/m3—and a thickness of 20 mm, and the influence of the adhesive amount and type on the formaldehyde emissions and content was measured. Other mechanical and physical properties such as modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond, and dimensional stability were also scrutinized. With one exception, all the panels belonged to the super E0 classification for free formaldehyde content (perforator value ≤1.5 mg/100 g oven dry mass of panels). The measurements using the desiccator method for formaldehyde emissions assigned all the testing specimens in the F **** category for low-emission panels according to the Japanese International Standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Cătălin Barbu
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (M.C.B.); (Y.L.); (S.H.); (G.K.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, B-dul. Eroilor nr. 29, 500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Yasmin Lohninger
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (M.C.B.); (Y.L.); (S.H.); (G.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Simon Hofmann
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (M.C.B.); (Y.L.); (S.H.); (G.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Günther Kain
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (M.C.B.); (Y.L.); (S.H.); (G.K.); (A.P.)
- Higher Technical College Hallstatt, Lahnstraße 69, 4830 Hallstatt, Austria
| | - Alexander Petutschnigg
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (M.C.B.); (Y.L.); (S.H.); (G.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Eugenia Mariana Tudor
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (M.C.B.); (Y.L.); (S.H.); (G.K.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, B-dul. Eroilor nr. 29, 500036 Brasov, Romania
- Correspondence:
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Kain G, Tudor EM, Barbu MC. Bark Thermal Insulation Panels: An Explorative Study on the Effects of Bark Species. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2140. [PMID: 32961694 PMCID: PMC7569981 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tree bark is a byproduct of the timber industry which accrues in large amounts, because approximately 10% of the volume a log is bark. Bark is used primarily for low-value applications such as fuel or as a soil covering material in agriculture. Within the present study, thermal insulation panels made from larch, pine, spruce, fir and oak tree bark with different resins (urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, Quebracho, Mimosa) as a binder are discussed. Also, the properties of panels made from larch bark mixed with industrial popcorn are investigated. The physical-mechanical properties of the panels, which are dependent on panel density, bark species, resin type, resin content and particle size, are analyzed. The bark species has a minor effect on the mechanical characteristics of the panels, while the compression ratio is important for the panel strength, and hence, barks with lower bulk density are preferable. Under laboratory conditions, panels made with green tannin resins proved to have adequate properties for practical use. The addition of popcorn is a means to lower the panel density, but the water absorption of such panels is comparably high. The bark type has a minor effect on the thermal conductivity of the panels; rather, this parameter is predominantly affected by the panel density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Kain
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (G.K.); (E.M.T.)
- Higher Technical College Hallstatt, Lahnstraße 69, 4830 Hallstatt, Austria
| | - Eugenia Mariana Tudor
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (G.K.); (E.M.T.)
- Faculty for Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, B-dul. Eroilor nr. 29, 500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Marius-Catalin Barbu
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Markt 136a, 5431 Kuchl, Austria; (G.K.); (E.M.T.)
- Faculty for Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, B-dul. Eroilor nr. 29, 500036 Brasov, Romania
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Kain G, Lienbacher B, Barbu MC, Plank B, Richter K, Petutschnigg A. Evaluation of relationships between particle orientation and thermal conductivity in bark insulation board by means of CT and discrete modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csndt.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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