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Fraczkiewicz A, Lorut F, Audoit G, Boller E, Capria E, Cloetens P, Da Silva J, Farcy A, Mourier T, Ponthenier F, Bleuet P. 3D high resolution imaging for microelectronics: A multi-technique survey on copper pillars. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 193:71-83. [PMID: 29957329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In microelectronics, recently developed 3D integration offers the possibility to stack the dice or wafers vertically instead of putting their different parts next to one another, in order to save space. As this method becomes of greater interest, the need for 3D imaging techniques becomes higher. We here report a study about different 3D characterization techniques applied to copper pillars, which are used to stack different dice together. Destructive techniques such as FIB/SEM, FIB/FIB, and PFIB/PFIB slice and view protocols have been assessed, as well as non-destructive ones, such as laboratory-based and synchrotron-based computed tomographies. A comparison of those techniques in the specific case of copper pillars is given, taking into account the constraints linked to the microelectronics industry, mainly concerning resolution and sample throughput. Laboratory-based imaging techniques are shown to be relevant in the case of punctual analyses, while synchrotron based tomographies offer highly resolved volumes for larger batches of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fraczkiewicz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble F-38000, France; CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, Grenoble F-38054, France
| | - F Lorut
- STMicroelectronics, 850 rue Jean Monnet, Crolles 38926, France
| | - G Audoit
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble F-38000, France; CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, Grenoble F-38054, France
| | - E Boller
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, Grenoble F-38043, France
| | - E Capria
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, Grenoble F-38043, France
| | - P Cloetens
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, Grenoble F-38043, France
| | - J Da Silva
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, Grenoble F-38043, France
| | - A Farcy
- STMicroelectronics, 850 rue Jean Monnet, Crolles 38926, France
| | - T Mourier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble F-38000, France; CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, Grenoble F-38054, France
| | - F Ponthenier
- STMicroelectronics, 850 rue Jean Monnet, Crolles 38926, France
| | - P Bleuet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble F-38000, France; CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, Grenoble F-38054, France.
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Grenier A, Duguay S, Barnes J, Serra R, Haberfehlner G, Cooper D, Bertin F, Barraud S, Audoit G, Arnoldi L, Cadel E, Chabli A, Vurpillot F. 3D analysis of advanced nano-devices using electron and atom probe tomography. Ultramicroscopy 2014; 136:185-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Grenier A, Duguay S, Barnes JP, Serra R, Haberfehlner G, Cooper D, Bertin F, Barraud S, Audoit G, Arnoldi L, Cadel E, Chabli A, Vurpillot F. 3D analysis of advanced nano-devices using electron and atom probe tomography. Ultramicroscopy 2014. [PMID: 24189616 DOI: 10.1016/i.ultramic.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The structural and chemical properties of advanced nano-devices with a three-dimensional (3D) architecture have been studied at the nanometre scale. An original method has been used to characterize gate-all-around and tri-gate silicon nanowire transistor by combining electron tomography and atom probe tomography (APT). Results show that electron tomography is a well suited method to determine the morphological structure and the dimension variations of devices provided that the atomic number contrast is sufficient but without an absolute chemical identification. APT can map the 3D chemical distribution of the atoms in devices but suffers from strong distortions in the dimensions of the reconstructed volume. These may be corrected using a simple method based on atomic density correction and electron tomography data. Moreover, this combination is particularly useful in helping to understand the evaporation mechanisms and improve APT reconstructions. This paper demonstrated that a full 3D characterization of nano-devices requires the combination of both tomography techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grenier
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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Laloum D, Lorut F, Bertheau J, Audoit G, Bleuet P. Deep sub micrometer imaging of defects in copper pillars by X-ray tomography in a SEM. Micron 2013; 58:1-8. [PMID: 24316374 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential of X-ray nanotomography hosted in a SEM in presented in this paper. In order to improve the detail detectability of this system, which is directly related to the X-ray source size, thin metal layers have been studied and installed in the equipment. A 3D resolution pattern has been created in order to determine the smallest detectable features by this setup. This sample is a 25 μm diameter copper pillar in which size-controlled holes have been milled using a plasma-focused ion beam. This pattern has then been scanned and the resulting 3D reconstruction demonstrates that the instrument is able to detect 500 nm diameter voids in a copper interconnection, as used in 3D integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Laloum
- STMicroelectronics, 850 rue Jean Monnet, 38926 Crolles, France; CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - F Lorut
- STMicroelectronics, 850 rue Jean Monnet, 38926 Crolles, France
| | - J Bertheau
- STMicroelectronics, 850 rue Jean Monnet, 38926 Crolles, France; CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - G Audoit
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - P Bleuet
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Bleuet P, Audoit G, Barnes JP, Bertheau J, Dabin Y, Dansas H, Fabbri JM, Florin B, Gergaud P, Grenier A, Haberfehlner G, Lay E, Laurencin J, Serra R, Villanova J. Specifications for hard condensed matter specimens for three-dimensional high-resolution tomographies. Microsc Microanal 2013; 19:726-739. [PMID: 23575375 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tomography is a standard and invaluable technique that covers a large range of length scales. It gives access to the inner morphology of specimens and to the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of physical quantities such as elemental composition, crystalline phases, oxidation state, or strain. These data are necessary to determine the effective properties of investigated heterogeneous media. However, each tomographic technique relies on severe sampling conditions and physical principles that require the sample to be adequately shaped. For that purpose, a wide range of sample preparation techniques is used, including mechanical machining, polishing, sawing, ion milling, or chemical techniques. Here, we focus on the basics of tomography that justify such advanced sample preparation, before reviewing and illustrating the main techniques. Performances and limits are highlighted, and we identify the best preparation technique for a particular tomographic scale and application. The targeted tomography techniques include hard X-ray micro- and nanotomography, electron nanotomography, and atom probe tomography. The article mainly focuses on hard condensed matter, including porous materials, alloys, and microelectronics applications, but also includes, to a lesser extent, biological considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bleuet
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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Calka P, Martinez E, Delaye V, Lafond D, Audoit G, Mariolle D, Chevalier N, Grampeix H, Cagli C, Jousseaume V, Guedj C. Chemical and structural properties of conducting nanofilaments in TiN/HfO2-based resistive switching structures. Nanotechnology 2013; 24:085706. [PMID: 23386039 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/8/085706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Structural, chemical and electronic properties of electroforming in the TiN/HfO(2) system are investigated at the nanometre scale. Reversible resistive switching is achieved by biasing the metal oxide using conductive atomic force microscopy. An original method is implemented to localize and investigate the conductive region by combining focused ion beam, scanning spreading resistance microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Results clearly show the presence of a conductive filament extending over 20 nm. Its size and shape is mainly tuned by the corresponding HfO(2) crystalline grain. Oxygen vacancies together with localized states in the HfO(2) band gap are highlighted by electron energy loss spectroscopy. Oxygen depletion is seen mainly in the central part of the conductive filament along grain boundaries. This is associated with partial amorphization, in particular at both electrode/oxide interfaces. Our results are a direct confirmation of the filamentary conduction mechanism, showing that oxygen content modulation at the nanometre scale plays a major role in resistive switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Calka
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, Grenoble, France
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