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Islam N, Das MC, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Khan MA, Khandaker G, Das D. Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Diagnostic Tests: A Glimpse. Mymensingh Med J 2022; 31:887-889. [PMID: 35780380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mass testing for COVID-19 infection is one of the core measures in tackling the global spread of the disease. Testing is vital to diagnose and estimate cases, attack rates and case fatality rates- critical data for policy-making. As COVID-19 continues to spread globally, the demand for more extensive laboratory testing and innovative technology increases. However, countries around the world have been struggling to keep up pace with the worldwide demand to expand testing strategy. The pandemic evolves, so does our knowledge and understanding of diagnostic tests of COVID-19. Here we aim to review major challenges related to COVID-19 diagnostic tests and future development. So, the ongoing urgency and demand for tests would certainly steer the rapid uptake of novel techniques, which in turn would boost our understanding of diagnostic tests for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Islam
- Dr Nazmul Islam, School of Public Health and Life Sciences, University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh; E-mail:
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Perry B, Vandenberghe F, Osimo E, Grosu C, Piras M, Jones P, Mallikarjun P, Stochl J, Upthegrove R, Khandaker G, Eap C. An International External Validation and Revision of the PsyMetRiC Cardiometabolic Risk Prediction Algorithm for Young People with Psychosis. Eur Psychiatry 2022. [PMCID: PMC9567930 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
The comorbidity between cardiometabolic and psychotic disorders develops early. This is a crucial window of opportunity to reduce excess morbidity and mortality. Recently, a cardiometabolic risk prediction algorithm for young people with psychosis, the psychosis metabolic risk calculator (PsyMetRiC) was developed and externally validated in the UK. However, its international transportability is unknown.
Objectives
We performed the first international validation study of PsyMetRiC in Lausanne, Switzerland, and examined whether additional variables (clinical and/or genetic) may improve the predictive performance of the algorithm
Methods
We included people aged 16-35y with psychosis from the PsyMetab cohort, who did not have MetS at baseline, and who had 1-6y follow-up data. The PsyMetRiC partial (age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, smoking status, and prescription of a metabolically-active antipsychotic) and full (also including high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides) algorithms were applied. Predictive performance was assessed using measures of discrimination (C-statistic) and calibration (calibration plots). Recalibration steps included refitting the intercept and/or slope if necessary. Additional variables (e.g. speed of weight gain, polygenic risk scores) were added to the model and predictive performance was reassessed.
Results
We included 545 participants. The discrimination performance of both PsyMetRiC algorithms was good (C>0.75), and calibration plots showed good agreement between observed and predicted risk. Additional analyses to be conducted.
Conclusions
PsyMetRiC is likely to be generalizable for use in Switzerland, suggesting that PsyMetRiC may also be suitable for use in other European populations. While additional international validations are required, these findings are an encouraging step toward an international cardiometabolic risk prediction algorithm for young people with psychosis.
Disclosure
No significant relationships.
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Osimo E, Perry B, Mallikarjun P, Murray G, Howes O, Jones P, Upthegrove R, Khandaker G. Predicting treatment resistance in people with a first-episode of psychosis using commonly recorded clinical information. Eur Psychiatry 2022. [PMCID: PMC9567459 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction 23% of people experiencing a first episode of psychosis (FEP) develop treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS). At present, there are no established methods to accurately identify who will develop TRS from baseline. Objectives In this study we used patient data from three UK early intervention services (EIS) to investigate the predictive potential of routinely recorded sociodemographic, lifestyle and biological data at FEP baseline for the risk of TRS up to six years later. Methods We developed two risk prediction algorithms to predict the risk of TRS at 2-8 years from FEP onset using commonly recorded information at baseline. Using the forced-entry method, we created a model including age, sex, ethnicity, triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase levels and lymphocyte counts. We also produced a machine-learning-based model, including an additional four variables. The models were developed using data from two and externally validated in another UK psychosis EIS. Results The development samples included 785 patients, and 1,110 were included in the validation sample. The models discriminated TRS well at internal validation (forced-entry: C 0.70, 95%CI 0.63-0.76; LASSO: C 0.69, 95%CI 0.63-0.77). At external validation, discrimination performance attenuated (forced-entry: C 0.63, 0.58-0.69; LASSO: C 0.64, 0.58-0.69) but recovered for the forced entry model after recalibration and revision of the lymphocyte predictor (C: 0.67, 0.62-0.73). Conclusions The use of commonly recorded clinical information including biomarkers taken at FEP onset could help to predict TRS. These measures should be considered in future studies modelling psychiatric outcomes. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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May P, Smithers-Sheedy H, Muhit M, Cumming R, Jones C, Booy R, Badawi N, Khandaker G. Immunisation Status of Children with Cerebral Palsy in Rural Bangladesh: Results from the Bangladesh Cerebral Palsy Register (BCPR). Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:318-322. [PMID: 30360749 DOI: 10.2174/1871526518666181024101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of physical disability in childhood, with an estimated 17 million cases worldwide. There is limited data concerning the general health of this population and the immunisation status of children with CP is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the immunisation status of children with CP in rural Bangladesh and determine the predictors of non-immunisation. METHODS This study is part of the Bangladesh CP Register (BCPR) study; a population based CP register commenced in January 2015 in the Shahjadpur sub-district of Bangladesh. As part of BCPR registration, all children with CP in the catchment area were assessed by a paediatrician and their clinical and immunisation history were collected. RESULTS Between January and December 2015, 615 children with CP were registered on the BCPR. The median age of the children was 7.5 years, and 38.5% were female. 91.7% of those children had a BCG vaccine scar (as an objective marker for immunisation at birth). However, only 43.2% reported to have received the rubella vaccine during the 2014 national rubella immunisation campaign. Timing of CP diagnosis was found to be an independent predictor for immunisation uptake; those diagnosed before the age of 3 were more likely to have received the rubella vaccine (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6 - 4.3, odds ratio [OR] 2.6, p <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to use a formal CP register to examine the relationship between CP and immunisation status in a low or middle income country like Bangladesh. Our data suggest that more than half of children with CP in rural Bangladesh did not receive immunisation during a recent national campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- P May
- School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - H Smithers-Sheedy
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia,Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - M Muhit
- Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD), University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh,CSF Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - R Cumming
- School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Jones
- Dept of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia,Dept of Infectious Diseases, Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R Booy
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia,National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - N Badawi
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia,Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - G Khandaker
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia,Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD), University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh,CSF Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh,Public Health Unit, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Queensland, Australia
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Power R, Wiley K, Muhit M, Heanoy E, Karim T, Badawi N, Khandaker G. 'Flower of the body': menstrual experiences and needs of young adolescent women with cerebral palsy in Bangladesh, and their mothers providing menstrual support. BMC Womens Health 2020; 20:160. [PMID: 32738885 PMCID: PMC7395369 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-020-01032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background This study offers voice to young adolescent women with cerebral palsy (CP) in Bangladesh as they describe their menstrual experiences and needs, and their mothers providing menstrual support. Method Semi-structured focus groups with adolescents with CP, and separately their mother. Data was analysed using a material discursive framework and drawing on feminist disability theory. Participants were recruited from the Bangladesh CP Register (BCPR); a population-based surveillance of children and adolescents with CP in rural Bangladesh. Results Participants were 45 women including 12 female adolescents with CP and 33 female caregivers. Participants reported a wide range of experiences and needs; menarche acted as a gateway to menstrual information although for some a discourse of silence prevailed due to exclusion from peer and familial networks. Menstruation was discursively constructed as a sign of ‘female maturation’ marked by an expectation of ‘independence’, required for acceptance into socially valued adult roles, and was positioned alongside increased vulnerability to sexual abuse. Young adolescent women with CP were expected to ‘quietly endure’ the material aspects of menstruation although unmanaged pain and distress were described. Mothers reported an imperative for meeting their adolescent’s menstrual needs however this role was discursively positioned as ‘painful’, ‘irritating’ and ‘shameful’, in part due to an absence of affordable, functional menstrual resources. Conclusion The findings of the present study provide motivation for disability services in Bangladesh to account for the menstrual needs of young adolescent women with CP within service delivery through strategies such as providing menstrual education and by embedding value in constructs such as ‘interdependence’. Moreover, interventions focused on alleviating menstrual pain among young adolescent women with CP as well as those targeted to alleviate distress among mothers providing menstrual care are required. Finally, policy responses are required to ensure that ‘inclusive development’ considers the needs of menstruating women with disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Power
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Cnr Hawkesbury Rd and Hainsworth St, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD), University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - K Wiley
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Muhit
- Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD), University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,CSF Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - E Heanoy
- Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD), University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,CSF Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - T Karim
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Cnr Hawkesbury Rd and Hainsworth St, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD), University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,CSF Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N Badawi
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Cnr Hawkesbury Rd and Hainsworth St, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G Khandaker
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Cnr Hawkesbury Rd and Hainsworth St, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD), University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,CSF Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Central Queensland Public Health Unit, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
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Li-Kim-Moy J, Yin JK, Rashid H, Khandaker G, King C, Wood N, Macartney KK, Jones C, Booy R. Systematic review of fever, febrile convulsions and serious adverse events following administration of inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines in children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20. [PMID: 26111238 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.24.21159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In 2010, increased febrile convulsions (FC) occurred after administration of inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) in Australia. We systematically reviewed the rates of fever, FC and serious adverse events (SAEs) after TIV, focussing on published and unpublished clinical trial data from 2005 to 2012, and performed meta-analysis of fever rates. From 4,372 records in electronic databases, 18 randomised controlled trials (RCTs), 14 non-randomised clinical trials, six observational studies and 12 registered trials (five RCTs and seven non-randomised) were identified. In published RCTs, fever ≥ 38 °C rates after first dose of non-adjuvanted TIV were 6.7% and 6.9% for children aged 6–35 months and ≥ 3 years, respectively. Analysis of RCTs by vaccine manufacturer showed pooled fever estimates up to 5.1% with Sanofi or GlaxoSmithKline vaccines; bioCSL vaccines were used in two non-randomised clinical trials and one unpublished RCT and were associated with fever in 22.5–37.1% for children aged 6–35 months. In RCTs, FCs occurred at a rate of 1.1 per 1,000 vaccinated children. While most TIVs induced acceptably low fever rates, bioCSL influenza vaccines were associated with much higher rates of fever in young children. Future standardised study methodology and access to individual level data would be illuminating.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li-Kim-Moy
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children s Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that causes a severe lower respiratory tract infection in humans is now considered a pandemic threat to the Gulf region. Since its discovery in 2012, MERS-CoV has reached 23 countries affecting about 1100 people, including a dozen children, and claiming over 400 lives. Compared to SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), MERS-CoV appears to kill more people (40% versus 10%), more quickly, and is especially more severe in those with pre-existing medical conditions. Most MERS-CoV cases (>85%) reported thus far have a history of residence in, or travel to the Middle East. The current epidemiology is characterised by slow and sustained transmission with occasional sparks. The dromedary camel is the intermediate host of MERS-CoV, but the transmission cycle is not fully understood. In this current review, we have briefly summarised the latest information on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of MERS-CoV especially highlighting the knowledge gaps in its transmission dynamics, diagnosis and preventive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Banik
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; University of Technology Sydney, School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - G Khandaker
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Perinatal Infection Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - H Rashid
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Khandaker G, Rashid H, Zurynski Y, Richmond P, Buttery J, Marshall H, Gold M, Walls T, Whitehead B, Elliott E, Booy R. Nosocomial vs community-acquired pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009: a nested case–control study. J Hosp Infect 2012; 82:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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