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Lax G, Kolisko M, Eglit Y, Lee WJ, Yubuki N, Karnkowska A, Leander BS, Burger G, Keeling PJ, Simpson AGB. Multigene phylogenetics of euglenids based on single-cell transcriptomics of diverse phagotrophs. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 159:107088. [PMID: 33545276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Euglenids are a well-known group of single-celled eukaryotes, with phototrophic, osmotrophic and phagotrophic members. Phagotrophs represent most of the phylogenetic diversity of euglenids, and gave rise to the phototrophs and osmotrophs, but their evolutionary relationships are poorly understood. Symbiontids, in contrast, are anaerobes that are alternatively inferred to be derived euglenids, or a separate euglenozoan group. Most phylogenetic studies of euglenids have examined the SSU rDNA only, which is often highly divergent. Also, many phagotrophic euglenids (and symbiontids) are uncultured, restricting collection of other molecular data. We generated transcriptome data for 28 taxa, mostly using a single-cell approach, and conducted the first multigene phylogenetic analyses of euglenids to include phagotrophs and symbiontids. Euglenids are recovered as monophyletic, with symbiontids forming an independent branch within Euglenozoa. Spirocuta, the clade of flexible euglenids that contains both the phototrophs (Euglenophyceae) and osmotrophs (Aphagea), is robustly resolved, with the ploeotid Olkasia as its sister group, forming the new taxon Olkaspira. Ploeotids are paraphyletic, although Ploeotiidae (represented by Ploeotia spp.), Lentomonas, and Keelungia form a robust clade (new taxon Alistosa). Petalomonadida branches robustly as sister to other euglenids in outgroup-rooted analyses. Within Spirocuta, Euglenophyceae is a robust clade that includes Rapaza, and Anisonemia is a well-supported monophyletic group containing Anisonemidae (Anisonema and Dinema spp.), 'Heteronema II' (represented by H. vittatum), and a clade of Neometanema plus Aphagea. Among 'peranemid' phagotrophs, Chasmostoma branches with included Urceolus, and Peranema with the undescribed 'Jenningsia II', while other relationships are weakly supported and consequently the closest sister group to Euglenophyceae remains unresolved. Our results are inconsistent with recent inferences that Entosiphon is the evolutionarily pivotal sister either to other euglenids, or to Spirocuta. At least three transitions between posterior and anterior flagellar gliding occurred in euglenids, with the phylogenetic positions and directions of those transitions remaining ambiguous.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lax
- Department of Biology, and Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada(1)
| | - M Kolisko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Y Eglit
- Department of Biology, and Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - W J Lee
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Kyungnam University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - N Yubuki
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - A Karnkowska
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - B S Leander
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - G Burger
- Robert-Cedergren Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Biochemistry Department, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - P J Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada(1)
| | - A G B Simpson
- Department of Biology, and Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
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Buccafurri F, De Meo P, Fugini M, Furnari R, Goy A, Lax G, Lops P, Modafferi S, Pernici B, Redavid D, Semeraro G, Ursino D. Analysis of QoS in cooperative services for real time applications. DATA KNOWL ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.datak.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Araki A, German G, Kanaga N, Lax G, Thomas R. Detection and measurement of corneal alterations due to conventional contact lens wear. J Am Optom Assoc 1977; 48:327-33. [PMID: 864187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Corneal changes, especially edema, are discussed, with the purpose of offering a selection of many tests intended to give the practitioner indications of the response of the eye to contact lens wear. Some old, some current, and some futuristic techniques, including a few now operative but largely experimental, are mentioned, as is a concluding opinion of the minimum clinical routine providing the "best" information of the edema state.
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