Aqueously altered igneous rocks sampled on the floor of Jezero crater, Mars

The Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater, Mars, to investigate ancient lake and river deposits. We report observations of the crater floor, below the crater's sedimentary delta, finding the floor consists of igneous rocks altered by water. The lowest exposed unit, informally named Séítah, is a coarsely crystalline olivine-rich rock, which accumulated at the base of a magma body. Fe-Mg carbonates along grain boundaries indicate reactions with CO₂-rich water, under water-poor conditions. Overlying Séítah is a unit informally named Máaz, which we interpret as lava flows or the chemical complement to Séítah in a layered igneous body. Voids in these rocks contain sulfates and perchlorates, likely introduced by later near-surface brine evaporation. Core samples of these rocks were stored aboard Perseverance for potential return to Earth.

Pre-Flight Calibration of the Mars 2020 Rover Mastcam Zoom (Mastcam-Z) Multispectral, Stereoscopic Imager

The NASA Perseverance rover Mast Camera Zoom (Mastcam-Z) system is a pair of zoomable, focusable, multi-spectral, and color charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras mounted on top of a 1.7 m Remote Sensing Mast, along with associated electronics and two calibration targets. The cameras contain identical optical assemblies that can range in focal length from 26 mm ( 25.5 ∘ × 19.1 ∘ FOV ) to 110 mm ( 6.2 ∘ × 4.2 ∘ FOV ) and will acquire data at pixel scales of 148-540 μm at a range of 2 m and 7.4-27 cm at 1 km. The cameras are mounted on the rover's mast with a stereo baseline of 24.3 ± 0.1  cm and a toe-in angle of 1.17 ± 0.03 ∘ (per camera). Each camera uses a Kodak KAI-2020 CCD with 1600 × 1200 active pixels and an 8 position filter wheel that contains an IR-cutoff filter for color imaging through the detectors' Bayer-pattern filters, a neutral density (ND) solar filter for imaging the sun, and 6 narrow-band geology filters (16 total filters). An associated Digital Electronics Assembly provides command data interfaces to the rover, 11-to-8 bit companding, and JPEG compression capabilities. Herein, we describe pre-flight calibration of the Mastcam-Z instrument and characterize its radiometric and geometric behavior. Between April 26 t h and May 9 t h , 2019, ∼45,000 images were acquired during stand-alone calibration at Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) in San Diego, CA. Additional data were acquired during Assembly Test and Launch Operations (ATLO) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Kennedy Space Center. Results of the radiometric calibration validate a 5% absolute radiometric accuracy when using camera state parameters investigated during testing. When observing using camera state parameters not interrogated during calibration (e.g., non-canonical zoom positions), we conservatively estimate the absolute uncertainty to be < 10 % . Image quality, measured via the amplitude of the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) at Nyquist sampling (0.35 line pairs per pixel), shows MTF Nyquist = 0.26 - 0.50 across all zoom, focus, and filter positions, exceeding the > 0.2 design requirement. We discuss lessons learned from calibration and suggest tactical strategies that will optimize the quality of science data acquired during operation at Mars. While most results matched expectations, some surprises were discovered, such as a strong wavelength and temperature dependence on the radiometric coefficients and a scene-dependent dynamic component to the zero-exposure bias frames. Calibration results and derived accuracies were validated using a Geoboard target consisting of well-characterized geologic samples.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11214-021-00795-x.

The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mast Camera Zoom (Mastcam-Z) Multispectral, Stereoscopic Imaging Investigation

Mastcam-Z is a multispectral, stereoscopic imaging investigation on the Mars 2020 mission's Perseverance rover. Mastcam-Z consists of a pair of focusable, 4:1 zoomable cameras that provide broadband red/green/blue and narrowband 400-1000 nm color imaging with fields of view from 25.6° × 19.2° (26 mm focal length at 283 μrad/pixel) to 6.2° × 4.6° (110 mm focal length at 67.4 μrad/pixel). The cameras can resolve (≥ 5 pixels) ∼0.7 mm features at 2 m and ∼3.3 cm features at 100 m distance. Mastcam-Z shares significant heritage with the Mastcam instruments on the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover. Each Mastcam-Z camera consists of zoom, focus, and filter wheel mechanisms and a 1648 × 1214 pixel charge-coupled device detector and electronics. The two Mastcam-Z cameras are mounted with a 24.4 cm stereo baseline and 2.3° total toe-in on a camera plate ∼2 m above the surface on the rover's Remote Sensing Mast, which provides azimuth and elevation actuation. A separate digital electronics assembly inside the rover provides power, data processing and storage, and the interface to the rover computer. Primary and secondary Mastcam-Z calibration targets mounted on the rover top deck enable tactical reflectance calibration. Mastcam-Z multispectral, stereo, and panoramic images will be used to provide detailed morphology, topography, and geologic context along the rover's traverse; constrain mineralogic, photometric, and physical properties of surface materials; monitor and characterize atmospheric and astronomical phenomena; and document the rover's sample extraction and caching locations. Mastcam-Z images will also provide key engineering information to support sample selection and other rover driving and tool/instrument operations decisions.

[Evaluation of therapeutic success by patients with anxiety disorders after inpatient psychotherapy]

OBJECTIVE

To identify factors influencing the subjective assessment of patients regarding the outcome of in-patient psychotherapy for anxiety disorders.

METHODS

A total of 231 patients were tested at admission, discharge and 1-year follow-up in a multi-center study. Subjective outcome assessment was measured with the revised German version of the Helping Alliance Questionnaire. The use of the term "outcome satisfaction" is discussed.

RESULTS

Patient outcome assessment did not correlate with age, sex, or education, or with duration or severity of illness or duration of treatment. Outcome assessment was closely connected with therapy success. Reaching a low symptom level ("clinical significance") had a higher impact than a high pre-post-difference ("statistical significance").

CONCLUSIONS

Anxiety patients give a generally positive assessment of their therapy outcome, which is most determined by symptom-related treatment success. The differentiation of "clinical" and "statistical significance" of success is of importance for the patient's subjective view of the therapy outcome.

Operational diagnostic approaches in the assessment of defense mechanisms

A model for the operationalization of empirical research of defense mechanisms is presented. Measures for operationalized defense diagnoses are discussed against the background of a cognitive model of different coding of information channels (linguistic and perceptual coding). Studies for the operationalized diagnoses in the clinical assessment of defense mechanism are discussed for the identification of the defense mechanism, reliability of rating procedures, and the prognostic aspects in psychotherapy and psychosomatics. The regulation of defense on different levels of a hierarchy of complex systems of variables is demonstrated with paradigmatic results.

[Animal welfare law requirements for calf, swine and laying hen husbandry--experiences from Thüringen]

Results of an analysis are presented, concerning the situation of animal welfare in keeping and housing of calves, pigs and laying hens. It is observed, that stockholders are making great efforts to follow the animal welfare regulations. Remaining problems of animal welfare in farms are described.

[The functional and hygienic evaluation of a thermal exchange storage apparatus for recovering warmth from outgoing stable air]

By means of a thermo exchange apparatus it is possible to recover 70 to 80 percent of warmth of the stable air for heating. Thus much energy for climatizing can be saved. Alternating directions of to and from air streams may cause re-influx of germs, dependent on percentage of dust. This risk can be minimized by using an apparatus each for relatively small units separately.

[Haematological features of anorexia nervosa (author's transl)]

Nine patients with anorexia nervosa were studied, who had varying degrees of bone marrow failure ranging from a slight neutropenia to severe pancytopenia. In addition to routine laboratory work bone marrow biopsies were performed at admission and during the course of disease. In four of those patients erythropoietin excretion per 24 hours was measured by the bioassay in the polycythemic mouse at least twice during the course of treatment. At admission most bone marrow showed a marked although varying hypocellularity with grossly apparant background gelatinous material, which appeared to consist of acid mucopolysaccharides. Leukopenia and the changes of the bone marrow morphology reversed to normal after refeeding. Erythropoietin excretion was only elevated in patients who were anemic and returned to normal when the haematocrit reached normal levels. It seems therefore unlikely that an impaired production of erythropoietin or other postulated humoral factors cause the haemopoietic changes in anorexia nervosa. A direct effect of fat or carbohydrate depletion and/or of the increased mucopolysaccharides upon the proliferation of the haemopoietic cells can be suggested, but is an entirely speculative preposition.

[Observations in vitamin D and dihydrotachysterol poisoning]

In three women intoxication with vitamin D or dihydrotachysterol occurred. Two patients died from complications despite successful lowering of the serum calcium, the third died after a pulmonary embolus during hypercalcaemia 5 months after cessation of vitamin D. Correct observation of the narrow therapeutic range of vitamin D preparations appears most important in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism and other indications. Particular attention should be given to the prophylaxis of over dosage. Apart from regular serum calcium estimations instruction of the patient and relatives as to the dangers and symptoms of intoxication is recommended. The issuing of a therapy identity card would meet these requirements.