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DeStefano AL, Lew MF, Golbe LI, Mark MH, Lazzarini AM, Guttman M, Montgomery E, Waters CH, Singer C, Watts RL, Currie LJ, Wooten GF, Maher NE, Wilk JB, Sullivan KM, Slater KM, Saint-Hilaire MH, Feldman RG, Suchowersky O, Lafontaine AL, Labelle N, Growdon JH, Vieregge P, Pramstaller PP, Klein C, Hubble JP, Reider CR, Stacy M, MacDonald ME, Gusella JF, Myers RH. PARK3 influences age at onset in Parkinson disease: a genome scan in the GenePD study. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70:1089-95. [PMID: 11920285 PMCID: PMC447587 DOI: 10.1086/339814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2001] [Accepted: 01/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder. The mean age at onset is 61 years, but the disease can range from juvenile cases to cases in the 8th or 9th decade of life. The parkin gene on chromosome 6q and loci on chromosome 1p35-36 and 1p36 are responsible for some cases of autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism, but they do not appear to influence susceptibility or variability of age at onset for idiopathic PD. We have performed a genomewide linkage analysis using variance-component methodology to identify genes influencing age at onset of PD in a population of affected relatives (mainly affected sibling pairs) participating in the GenePD study. Four chromosomal loci showed suggestive evidence of linkage: chromosome 2p (maximum multipoint LOD [MaxLOD] = 2.08), chromosome 9q (MaxLOD = 2.00), chromosome 20 (MaxLOD = 1.82), and chromosome 21 (MaxLOD = 2.21). The 2p and 9q locations that we report here have previously been reported as loci influencing PD affection status. Association between PD age at onset and allele 174 of marker D2S1394, located on 2p13, was observed in the GenePD sample (P=.02). This 174 allele is common to the PD haplotype observed in two families that show linkage to PARK3 and have autosomal dominant PD, which suggests that this allele may be in linkage disequilibrium with a mutation influencing PD susceptibility or age at onset of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita L. DeStefano
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Mark F. Lew
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Lawrence I. Golbe
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Margery H. Mark
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Alice M. Lazzarini
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Mark Guttman
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Erwin Montgomery
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Cheryl H. Waters
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Carlos Singer
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Ray L. Watts
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Lillian J. Currie
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - G. Frederick Wooten
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Nancy E. Maher
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Jemma B. Wilk
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Kristin M. Sullivan
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Karen M. Slater
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Marie H. Saint-Hilaire
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Robert G. Feldman
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Oksana Suchowersky
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Anne-Louise Lafontaine
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Nancy Labelle
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - John H. Growdon
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Peter Vieregge
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Christine Klein
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Jean P. Hubble
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Carson R. Reider
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Mark Stacy
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Marcy E. MacDonald
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - James F. Gusella
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
| | - Richard H. Myers
- Departments of Neurology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and of Public Health, and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Regional Hospital Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Clinic, Phoenix
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