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Fukushima AR, Navas-Suárez PE, Peña Muñoz JW, Ricci EL, Leoni LAB, Caperuto ÉC, Yanase L, Santana J, de França E, Delorenzi JCMOB, Terrivel AF, Ferreira GM, Hirata MH, Pantaleon LDP, Zacarelli-Magalhães J, de Abreu GR, Waziry PAF, Nicoletti MA, Spinosa HDS. Post-Partum Depression Lactating Rat Model for Evaluating Ketamine’s Safety as a Pharmacotherapeutic Treatment: Roles in Cardiac and Urinary Function. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9090299. [PMID: 36135444 PMCID: PMC9504653 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9090299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the world’s most common and mentally disabling illnesses. Post-partum depression is a subtype of depression that affects one in seven women worldwide. Successful pharmacological treatment must consider the consequences for both, since the mother–child bond is fundamental for the well-being of both mother and infant as well as the general development of the newborn. Changes in maternal physiology and/or behavior can significantly influence the development of breastfed infants. Ketamine has been extensively studied for use as an antidepressant due to its mixed mechanisms of action. Safety and efficacy studies in the cardiovascular and urinary systems of a lactating postpartum depression animal model are essential for contributing toward ketamine’s clinical use in the respective patient population. Thus, this project aimed to study the implications of postpartum maternal exposure to ketamine during lactation on the cardiovascular system of female rats submitted to the depression induction model by maternal separation. This model promotes depressive effects through stress caused by the interruption of mother–infant bond early in the offspring’s life. To achieve depression, each dam was separated from her offspring for 3 h per day, from post-natal day 2 (PND2) to PND12. Experimental groups received daily treatment with either 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg of ketamine intraperitoneally during the lactation period, from PND2 to PND21. Behavioral tests consisted of the maternal and aggressive maternal behavior tests, the olfactory preference test, and the forced swim test. A technique for the detection of catecholamines and indoleamines in the heart muscle was developed for the experimental model groups. The histopathological evaluation was performed on these animals’ cardiac muscles and urinary bladders. Our findings suggest that ketamine is safe for use in postpartum depression and does not induce cardiovascular and/or urinary systems toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Rinaldi Fukushima
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde IGESP (FASIG), São Paulo 01301-000, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-981337311
| | - Pedro Enrique Navas-Suárez
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Esther Lopes Ricci
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde IGESP (FASIG), São Paulo 01301-000, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Érico C. Caperuto
- Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisa Aplicada em Metabolismo do Exercício, São Paulo 86039-100, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Yanase
- Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisa Aplicada em Metabolismo do Exercício, São Paulo 86039-100, SP, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Santana
- Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisa Aplicada em Metabolismo do Exercício, São Paulo 86039-100, SP, Brazil
| | - Elias de França
- Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisa Aplicada em Metabolismo do Exercício, São Paulo 86039-100, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gláucio M. Ferreira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario Hiroyuki Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorena de Paula Pantaleon
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Zacarelli-Magalhães
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Ramos de Abreu
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Helenice de Souza Spinosa
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil
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Zaccarelli-Magalhães J, Fukushima AR, Moreira N, Manes M, de Abreu GR, Ricci EL, Waziry PAF, Spinosa HDS. Preclinical toxicological study of prolonged exposure to ketamine as an antidepressant. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 72:24-35. [PMID: 32016837 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-019-00014-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is one of the most common mentally debilitating diseases in the world. Ketamine has been recently identified as a potential novel antidepressant. Further animal model evaluations of the use of ketamine as an antidepressant are necessary to determine safety parameters for clinical use. Therefore, the objective of this study was to perform toxicological tests of prolonged treatment using three different doses of ketamine in adult male rats. METHODS The animals were divided into four groups: three treated with 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg of ketamine and a control group treated with saline solution. Intraperitoneal route of treatment was administered daily for 3 weeks. Body weight, water and food intake were measured once a week, as well as evaluation of the functional observational battery, which includes methodic monitoring of motor activity, motor coordination, behavioral changes, and sensory/motor reflex responses. Upon completion of treatment period, all animals were euthanized by decapitation followed by immediate collection of samples, which included brain structures and blood for neurochemical, hematological and biochemical analyses. RESULTS Rats treated with the highest tested dosage (20 mg/kg) of ketamine had lower weight gain in the 1st and 2nd weeks of treatment and all experimental groups had measurable alterations in the serotoninergic system. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the alterations observed are minor and due to a predicted mechanism of action, which implies that ketamine is a promising drug for repurposing as an antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zaccarelli-Magalhães
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - André Rinaldi Fukushima
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Natalia Moreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Marianna Manes
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Ramos de Abreu
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Esther Lopes Ricci
- Health Science Institute, Presbiterian Mackenzie University, Rua Da Consolação, 930, São Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
- School of Health Science IGESP, Rua da Consolação, 1025, São Paulo, 01301-000, Brazil
| | - Paula A Faria Waziry
- Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S. University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA
| | - Helenice de Souza Spinosa
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
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Zaccarelli-Magalhães J, Amato Santoro M, de Abreu GR, Lopes Ricci E, Rinaldi Fukushima A, Kirsten TB, Faria Waziry PA, de Souza Spinosa H. Exposure of dams to fluoxetine during lactation disturbs maternal behavior but had no effect on the offspring behavior. Behav Brain Res 2019; 377:112246. [PMID: 31539576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fluoxetine is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs for treatment of depression during pregnancy as well as postpartum. Nevertheless, fluoxetine can cross the placental barrier and/or be secreted through breastmilk and questions remain unanswered regarding safety of the unborn and/or nursing infant. Passive administration of antidepressants to infants can cause neurological developmental delay and/or dysfunction. To date, there are limited studies on neurobehavioral effects due to passive administration of fluoxetine in nursing animals. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of fluoxetine exposure on the behavior of lactating dams and their offspring. Dams received either 1, 10 or 20 mg/kg fluoxetine via oral gavage (controls received water alone) from lactating day (LD) 1 to 21. Maternal behavioral studies were conducted from LD5 to LD7 and offspring studies were conducted from LD2 to LD60. Results showed dysfunction in maternal behavior, both in direct and indirect behavior, but there were no differences and/or deficiencies observed in offspring behavior. These data suggest that the impairment of dams maternal behavior combined with the amount of fluoxetine that the offspring received through breast milk during lactation did not alter their social behavior in infancy and/or adulthood, suggesting no neurodevelopmental damage associated with maternal use of fluoxetine. This study contributes to the field of human psychiatric diseases by further elucidating the effects of antidepressant medications on the health of mothers as well as children who were passively exposed to drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zaccarelli-Magalhães
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maysa Amato Santoro
- Health Science Institute, Presbiterian Mackenzie University, Rua da Consolação, 930, 01302-907, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Ramos de Abreu
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Esther Lopes Ricci
- Health Science Institute, Presbiterian Mackenzie University, Rua da Consolação, 930, 01302-907, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - André Rinaldi Fukushima
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Berti Kirsten
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Universidade Paulista, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, 04026-002, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Paula A Faria Waziry
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tampa Bay Regional Campus, Nova Southeastern University, 98-148 Damascus Rd, Clearwater, FL, 33759, United States.
| | - Helenice de Souza Spinosa
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Fukushima AR, Bernardo Fonseca RI, Ricci EL, Spinosa HDS, Bernardi MM, de Abreu GR, Waziry PAF, Nicoletti MA, Ambrosio SR, de Araujo IP, Munoz JWP. Actual trends in the use of the kastle-meyer test: applications in different species and verification of the limit of detection of sensitivity and vestigiality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.15406/jdvar.2019.08.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zaccarelli-Magalhães J, Sandini TM, de Abreu GR, Petrocelli BM, Moreira N, Reis-Silva TM, Lebrun I, Flório JC, Ricci EL, Fukushima AR, Faria Waziry PA, de Souza Spinosa H. Prolonged exposure of rats to varenicline increases anxiety and alters serotonergic system, but has no effect on memory. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 181:1-8. [PMID: 30946884 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Varenicline is a drug used for smoking addiction cessation treatment and acts as a partial agonist of nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Recent clinical trial data support use of varenicline for treatment of conditions/addictions that are not related to smoking cessation. Considering the importance of this issue and the need for new studies on its effects, especially on behavior, more studies using animal models are necessary. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of prolonged exposure to varenicline in anxiety-like behavior and memory, as well as in cerebral neurochemistry of rats. Male rats received three different doses of varenicline: 0.03 (therapeutic dose for humans), 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg orally (gavage) for 30 days. Animal behavior was analyzed through open field, elevated plus maze, light/dark box, social interaction, Barnes maze and novel object recognition tests. Neurotransmitter levels and their metabolites in different brain structures (hippocampus, striatum and frontal cortex) were measured. Results showed that prolonged exposure of rats to varenicline: 1) did not interfere in motor activity, but caused an anxiogenic effect on elevated plus maze, light/dark box and social interaction testes; 2) did not alter memory; and 3) promoted alterations on serotoninergic system in the striatum and frontal cortex. In conclusion, compilation of the data indicates that prolonged exposure of rats to varenicline promoted anxiogenic effects and alteration in serotonergic system, which corroborated behavioral findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zaccarelli-Magalhães
- Graduate Program of Experimental and Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thaisa Meira Sandini
- Graduate Program of Toxicology and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Lineu Prestes, 580, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Ramos de Abreu
- Graduate Program of Experimental and Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil; Health Science Institute, Presbiterian Mackenzie University, Rua da Consolação, 930, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Maria Petrocelli
- Health Science Institute, Presbiterian Mackenzie University, Rua da Consolação, 930, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Moreira
- Graduate Program of Experimental and Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Moirinho Reis-Silva
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Melo de Morais, 1721, 05508-030 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ivo Lebrun
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Camilo Flório
- Graduate Program of Experimental and Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Esther Lopes Ricci
- Health Science Institute, Presbiterian Mackenzie University, Rua da Consolação, 930, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Rinaldi Fukushima
- Graduate Program of Experimental and Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil; São Bento's College, Largo de São Bento s/no, 01029-010 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Paula A Faria Waziry
- Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S. University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33328, United States of America.
| | - Helenice de Souza Spinosa
- Graduate Program of Experimental and Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Zaccarelli-Magalhães J, Moreira N, Sandini TM, de Abreu GR, Sánchez-Sarmiento AM, Ricci EL, Fukushima AR, de Souza Spinosa H. Evaluation of Prolonged Exposure to Varenicline in Adult Rats: Haematological, Biochemical and Anatomopathological Studies. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 122:305-309. [PMID: 28944993 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Varenicline is a synthetic chemical substance produced from the alkaloid cytisine, used for smoking treatment, which acts as a partial agonist for α4β2 and α3β4 nicotinic cholinergic receptors and as a total agonist for α7 receptor. While there are studies regarding varenicline's non-smoking-related effects, as in treatment for drug dependence, there are no studies in the literature evaluating the long-term toxicity of varenicline through a physiological approach. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate possible toxicity through haematological, biochemical and anatomopathological parameters of prolonged exposure (30 days) to varenicline in rats. Three doses of varenicline were used: 0.03 (therapeutic dose for human beings), 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg orally (gavage). Body-weight, water and food intake were measured weekly during treatment. On the 30th treatment day, blood and various organs were collected for haematological, biochemical and anatomopathological evaluations. The results show a decrease in some biochemical parameters in animals from the 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg group, although the values are within the normal range of the species. There were no changes in the other evaluations performed. Together, these data indicate that prolonged exposure of rats to different doses of varenicline was not able to alter haematological, biochemical and anatomopathological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zaccarelli-Magalhães
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Moreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Esther Lopes Ricci
- Health Science Institute, Presbiterian Mackenzie University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Helenice de Souza Spinosa
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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