1
|
Castanha RF, Pereira ADES, Villarreal GPU, Vallim JH, Pertrini FS, Jonsson CM, Fraceto LF, Castro VLSSD. Ecotoxicity studies of two atrazine nanoformulations: From the evaluation of stability in media to the effects on aquatic organisms. Environ Pollut 2023; 335:122235. [PMID: 37543073 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
In the field of agriculture, nanopesticides have been developed as an alternative to the conventional pesticides, being more efficient for pest control. However, before their widespread application it is essential to evaluate their safe application and no environmental impacts. In this paper, we evaluated the toxicological effects of two kinds of atrazine nanoformulations (ATZ NPs) in different biological models (Raphidocelis subcapitata, Danio rerio, Lemna minor, Artemia salina, Lactuca sativa and Daphnia magna) and compared the results with nanoparticle stability over time and the presence of natural organic matter (NOM). The systems showed different characteristics for Zein (ATZ NPZ) (184 ± 2 nm with a PDI of 0.28 ± 0.04 and zeta potential of (30.4 ± 0.05 mV) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone (ATZ PCL) (192 ± 3 nm, polydispersity (PDI) of 0.28 ± 0.28 and zeta potential of -18.8 ± 1.2 mV) nanoparticles. The results showed that there is a correlation between nanoparticles stability and the presence of NOM in the medium and Environmental Concentrations (EC) values. The stability loss or an increase in nanoparticle size result in low toxicity for R. subcapitata and L. minor. For D. magna and D. rerio, the presence of NOM in the medium reduces the ecotoxic effects for ATZ NPZ nanoparticles, but not for ATZ NPs, showing that the nanoparticles characteristics and their interaction with NOM can modulate toxic effects. Nanoparticle stability throughout the evaluation must be considered and become an integral part of toxicity protocol guidelines for nanopesticides, to ensure test quality and authentic results regarding nanopesticide effects in target and non-target organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anderson do Espírito Santo Pereira
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba (ICTS), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Avenida Três de Março, 511, 18087-180, Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Patricia Unigarro Villarreal
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba (ICTS), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Avenida Três de Março, 511, 18087-180, Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - José Henrique Vallim
- Embrapa Environment, Rod SP 340, km 127.5, 13918-110, Jaguariúna, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sana Pertrini
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba (ICTS), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Avenida Três de Março, 511, 18087-180, Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Claudio Martín Jonsson
- Embrapa Environment, Rod SP 340, km 127.5, 13918-110, Jaguariúna, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba (ICTS), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Avenida Três de Março, 511, 18087-180, Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|