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Bastos LAVM, Bichara JLP, Nascimento GS, Villela PB, de Oliveira GMM. Mortality from diseases of the circulatory system in Brazil and its relationship with social determinants focusing on vulnerability: an ecological study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1947. [PMID: 36266678 PMCID: PMC9583513 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deaths from diseases of the circulatory system and ischemic heart diseases are declining, but slowly in developing countries, emphasizing its probable relationship with determinants of social vulnerability. Objectives To analyze the temporal progression of mortality rates of diseases of the circulatory system and ischemic heart diseases from 1980 to 2019 and the association of the rates with the Municipal Human Development Index and Social Vulnerability Index in Brazil. Methods We estimated the crude and standardized mortality rates of diseases of the circulatory system and ischemic heart diseases and analyzed the relationship between the obtained data and the Municipal Human Development Index and Social Vulnerability Index. Data on deaths and population were obtained from the DATASUS. The Municipal Human Development Index and the Social Vulnerability Index of each federative unit were extracted from the websites Atlas Brazil and Atlas of Social Vulnerability, respectively. Results The age-standardized mortality rates of diseases of the circulatory system and ischemic heart diseases showed a downward trend nationwide, which was unequal across the federative units. There was an inversely proportional relationship between the standardized mortality rates of diseases of the circulatory system and ischemic heart diseases and the Municipal Human Development Index. The downward mortality trend was observed when the indices were greater than 0.70 and 0.75, respectively. The Social Vulnerability Index was directly proportional to the standardized mortality rates of diseases of the circulatory system and ischemic heart diseases. An upward mortality trend was observed with a Social Vulnerability Index greater than 0.35. Conclusions Social determinants represented by the Municipal Human Development Index and the Social Vulnerability Index were related to mortality from diseases of the circulatory system and ischemic heart diseases across the Brazilian federative units. The units with most development and least social inequalities had the lowest mortality from these causes. The most vulnerable die the most. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-14294-3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paolo B Villela
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Coppola AI, Seidel M, Ward ND, Viviroli D, Nascimento GS, Haghipour N, Revels BN, Abiven S, Jones MW, Richey JE, Eglinton TI, Dittmar T, Schmidt MWI. Marked isotopic variability within and between the Amazon River and marine dissolved black carbon pools. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4018. [PMID: 31488815 PMCID: PMC6728373 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Riverine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contains charcoal byproducts, termed black carbon (BC). To determine the significance of BC as a sink of atmospheric CO2 and reconcile budgets, the sources and fate of this large, slow-cycling and elusive carbon pool must be constrained. The Amazon River is a significant part of global BC cycling because it exports an order of magnitude more DOC, and thus dissolved BC (DBC), than any other river. We report spatially resolved DBC quantity and radiocarbon (Δ14C) measurements, paired with molecular-level characterization of dissolved organic matter from the Amazon River and tributaries during low discharge. The proportion of BC-like polycyclic aromatic structures decreases downstream, but marked spatial variability in abundance and Δ14C values of DBC molecular markers imply dynamic sources and cycling in a manner that is incongruent with bulk DOC. We estimate a flux from the Amazon River of 1.9–2.7 Tg DBC yr−1 that is composed of predominately young DBC, suggesting that loss processes of modern DBC are important. Black carbon produced by the burning of biomass and fuels is the most stable carbon compound in nature, yet its path from land to the deep ocean where it persists for thousands of years remains mysterious. Here Coppola and colleagues characterize the black carbon exported by the Amazon River, the largest river in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysha I Coppola
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Seidel
- Research Group for Marine Geochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas D Ward
- Marine Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 1529 West Sequim Bay Road, Sequim, WA, 98382, USA.,School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box 355351, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Daniel Viviroli
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela S Nascimento
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.,Geological Institute, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Negar Haghipour
- Geological Institute, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Brandi N Revels
- Geological Institute, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Abiven
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew W Jones
- Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jeffrey E Richey
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box 355351, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Timothy I Eglinton
- Geological Institute, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Dittmar
- Research Group for Marine Geochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Michael W I Schmidt
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
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