Strategies to prevent long-term opioid use following trauma: a Canadian practice survey

PURPOSE

To evaluate how Canadian clinicians involved in trauma patient care and prescribing opioids perceive the use and effectiveness of strategies to prevent long-term opioid therapy following trauma. Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of these strategies were also assessed.

METHODS

We conducted a web-based cross-sectional survey. Potential participants were identified by trauma program managers and directors of the targeted departments in three Canadian provinces. We designed our questionnaire using standard health survey research methods. The questionnaire was administered between April 2021 and November 2021.

RESULTS

Our response rate was 47% (350/744), and 52% (181/350) of participants completed the entire survey. Most respondents (71%, 129/181) worked in teaching hospitals. Multimodal analgesia (93%, 240/257), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (77%, 198/257), and physical stimulation (75%, 193/257) were the strategies perceived to be the most frequently used. Several preventive strategies were perceived to be very effective by over 80% of respondents. Of these, some that were reported as not being frequently used were perceived to be among the most effective ones, including guidelines or protocols, assessing risk factors for opioid misuse, physical health follow-up by a professional, training for clinicians, patient education, and prescription monitoring systems. Staff shortages, time constraints, and organizational practices were identified as the main barriers to the implementation of the highest ranked preventive strategies.

CONCLUSIONS

Several strategies to prevent long-term opioid therapy following trauma are perceived as being effective by those prescribing opioids in this population. Some of these strategies appear to be commonly used in everyday practice and others less so. Future research should focus on which preventive strategies should be given higher priority for implementation before assessing their effectiveness.

[French translation, cultural adaptation and assessment of preliminary psychometric properties of the Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana Scale]

OBJECTIVE

Young adults (18- to 24-year-olds) constitute the age group with the highest proportion of cannabis users. In the context of legalization, it is important to promote lower-risk cannabis use. The Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana Scale (PBSM-17) identifies strategies used by consumers. However, this scale is not available in French and is not adapted to the Canadian context. This article presents the process that led to the translation, cultural adaptation and evaluation of the preliminary psychometric properties of PBSM-17.

METHOD

The methodological study was carried out in six steps. The first four steps led to the translation towards French and adaptation of the scale. A validation among 12 young people contributed to establish the criterion equivalency (step 5). The evaluation of psychometric properties (step 6) was carried out among 211 bilingual university students (61 % women; mean age 22 years old).

RESULTS

The French version presents satisfactory preliminary psychometric properties: internal consistency is acceptable (α = 0.88); criterion equivalency was established between the French and the original English version (t (210) = 1.04, p = 0.30; 95% CI [-0.20, 0.63]). The scores obtained on both versions by the same participant were found to be strongly correlated (r = 0.95, p <0.001).

CONCLUSION

The results support the use of the French version of PBSM-17. The proposed protective strategies can be used as a measurement tool and represent behaviors that can be targeted in a lower-risk cannabis use context.

Structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in pain and pain-free patients scheduled for major surgery

Factor-analytic studies of the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms have yielded inconsistent results. One of the reasons for the inconsistency may be that PTSD is highly comorbid with other disorders; the observed factor structure might depend on the particular comorbid disorder. One such disorder is chronic pain. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether PTSD symptom structure differs between pain and pain-free patients scheduled to undergo major surgery. Four hundred and forty-seven patients who were approached 7 to 10 days prior to scheduled surgery completed the PTSD Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C) Version and the Current Pain and Pain History Questionnaire; the latter was used to divide patients into pain (N = 175) and pain-free (N = 272) groups. Results showed that in pain-free patients, PTSD symptoms were best expressed as 2 symptom clusters (re-experiencing/avoidance; emotional numbing/hyperarousal) accounting for 52.4% of the variance. In pain patients, PTSD symptoms were best expressed as a single symptom cluster accounting for 51.1% of the variance. These results suggest different interrelationships among PTSD symptoms in these 2 populations. Results reflect the need for (1) controlling for pain in studies looking at PTSD-symptom expression and (2) further research on PTSD-symptom expression in pain populations.

PERSPECTIVE

These results may have important implications for research on the comorbidity between PTSD and chronic pain, as well as for treatment of PTSD symptoms in patients presenting with pain problems.