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Kutsuzawa G, Umemura H, Eto K, Kobayashi Y. Author Correction: Classification of 74 facial emoji's emotional states on the valence-arousal axes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8935. [PMID: 38637676 PMCID: PMC11026386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Kutsuzawa
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Kashiwa, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Umemura
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Koichiro Eto
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kobayashi
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Kashiwa, Japan
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Inai T, Kobayashi Y, Huang C, Fujita K, Fujimoto M, Nihey F, Yamamoto A, Nakajima K, Nakahara K, Kutsuzawa G, Fukushi K, Kudo S. Identification of characteristics of foot position and angle during swing phase in fallers using principal component analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1117884. [PMID: 36865028 PMCID: PMC9971443 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1117884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying the characteristics of fallers is important for preventing falls because such events may reduce quality of life. It has been reported that several variables related to foot positions and angles during gait (e.g., sagittal foot angle and minimum toe clearance) differ between fallers and non-fallers. However, examining such representative discrete variables may not be sufficient to detect crucial information, which may be contained in the large portions of unanalyzed data. Therefore, we aimed to identify the comprehensive characteristics of foot position and angle during the swing phase of gait in non-fallers and fallers using principal component analysis (PCA). Thirty non-fallers and 30 fallers were recruited for this study. We performed PCA to reduce the dimensions of foot positions and angles during the swing phase and obtained principal component scores (PCSs) for each principal component vector (PCV), which were then compared between groups. The results revealed that the PCS of PCV3 in fallers was significantly larger than that in non-fallers (p = 0.003, Cohen's d = 0.80). We reconstructed waveforms of foot positions and angles during the swing phase using PCV3 and our main findings can be summarized as follows. Compared to non-fallers, fallers have a 1) low average foot position in the z-axis (i.e., height) during the initial swing phase 2) small average foot angle in the x-axis (i.e., rotation in the sagittal plane), during the initial swing phase, and 3) large variability in foot position in the y-axis (i.e., anterior/posterior position) during the initial swing phase. We can conclude that these are characteristics of gait related to fallers. Therefore, our findings may be beneficial for evaluating fall risk during gait using a device such as a shoe- or insole-embedded inertial measurement unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Inai
- QOL and Materials Research Group, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan,*Correspondence: Takuma Inai,
| | - Yoshiyuki Kobayashi
- Exercise Motivation and Physical Function Augmentation Research Team, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chenhui Huang
- Biometrics Research Labs, NEC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Functional Joint Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujimoto
- Exercise Motivation and Physical Function Augmentation Research Team, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Akiko Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Nakajima
- Exercise Motivation and Physical Function Augmentation Research Team, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Gaku Kutsuzawa
- Exercise Motivation and Physical Function Augmentation Research Team, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shoma Kudo
- Exercise Motivation and Physical Function Augmentation Research Team, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Kutsuzawa G, Umemura H, Eto K, Kobayashi Y. Age Differences in the Interpretation of Facial Emojis: Classification on the Arousal-Valence Space. Front Psychol 2022; 13:915550. [PMID: 35910971 PMCID: PMC9333063 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.915550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emojis are universal tools that are frequently used to express people’s emotional states throughout daily communications. They are often applied in various fields of research, such as consumer surveys, as indicators of users’ emotional states. Further analyses of emoji interpretation among people with age are required to ensure the validity of emojis as a metric in such fields of research, thereby reducing misunderstandings. However, details regarding the effect of age on both arousal and valence, as they pertain to the interpretation of emojis, remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the effects of the interpretation of facial emojis on the arousal-valence space among people of varying age groups. We conducted an online survey involving 2,000 participants, whereby we employed a nine-point scale to evaluate the valence and arousal levels associated with 74 facial emojis. Based on the two axes of valence and arousal among the age groups involved in this study, emojis are categorized into six similar clusters. For the two negative clusters, i.e., strongly negative and moderately negative sentiments, the group involving middle-aged participants showed significantly higher levels of arousal compared to the group involving young participants. Additionally, not all emojis classified into the aforementioned negative clusters indicate age difference. Based on these results, this study recommends using emojis with no age-related effects on the negative clusters as indices for evaluating human emotions.
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Kaneko M, Goto T, Ozaki Y, Kuraya T, Kutsuzawa G. Trait self‐control is associated with lower positive affective instability: Findings from an experience sampling survey. Asian J of Social Psycho 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kaneko
- Graduate School of Education Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Takayuki Goto
- School of Human Cultures The University of Shiga Prefecture Hikone Japan
| | - Yuka Ozaki
- Faculty of Sociology Toyo University Tokyo Japan
| | - Takumi Kuraya
- Graduate School of Sociology Toyo University Tokyo Japan
| | - Gaku Kutsuzawa
- Graduate School of Sociology Toyo University Tokyo Japan
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Abstract
Emojis are frequently used by people worldwide as a tool to express one's emotional states and have recently been considered for assessment in research. However, details regarding the ways in which they correspond to human emotional states remain unidentified. Thus, this study aimed to understand how emojis are classified on the valence and arousal axes and to examine the relationship between the former and human emotional states. In an online survey involving 1082 participants, a nine-point scale was employed to evaluate the valence and arousal levels of 74 facial emojis. Results from the cluster analysis revealed these emojis to be categorized into six different clusters on the two axes of valence and arousal. Further, the one-way analysis of variance indicated that these clusters have six valence and four arousal levels. From the results, each cluster was interpreted as (1) a strong negative sentiment, (2) a moderately negative sentiment, (3) a neutral sentiment with a negative bias, (4) a neutral sentiment with a positive bias, (5) a moderately positive sentiment, and (6) a strong positive sentiment. Therefore, facial emojis were found to comprehensively express the human emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Kutsuzawa
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Kashiwa, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Umemura
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Koichiro Eto
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kobayashi
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Kashiwa, Japan
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