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Kaufman RM, Djulbegovic B, Gernsheimer T, Kleinman S, Tinmouth AT, Capocelli KE, Cipolle MD, Cohn CS, Fung MK, Grossman BJ, Mintz PD, O'Malley BA, Sesok-Pizzini DA, Shander A, Stack GE, Webert KE, Weinstein R, Welch BG, Whitman GJ, Wong EC, Tobian AA. Platelet transfusion: a clinical practice guideline from the AABB. Ann Intern Med 2015; 162:205-13. [PMID: 25383671 DOI: 10.7326/m14-1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The AABB (formerly, the American Association of Blood Banks) developed this guideline on appropriate use of platelet transfusion in adult patients. METHODS These guidelines are based on a systematic review of randomized, clinical trials and observational studies (1900 to September 2014) that reported clinical outcomes on patients receiving prophylactic or therapeutic platelet transfusions. An expert panel reviewed the data and developed recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. RECOMMENDATION 1 The AABB recommends that platelets should be transfused prophylactically to reduce the risk for spontaneous bleeding in hospitalized adult patients with therapy-induced hypoproliferative thrombocytopenia. The AABB recommends transfusing hospitalized adult patients with a platelet count of 10 × 109 cells/L or less to reduce the risk for spontaneous bleeding. The AABB recommends transfusing up to a single apheresis unit or equivalent. Greater doses are not more effective, and lower doses equal to one half of a standard apheresis unit are equally effective. (Grade: strong recommendation; moderate-quality evidence). RECOMMENDATION 2 The AABB suggests prophylactic platelet transfusion for patients having elective central venous catheter placement with a platelet count less than 20 × 109 cells/L. (Grade: weak recommendation; low-quality evidence). RECOMMENDATION 3 The AABB suggests prophylactic platelet transfusion for patients having elective diagnostic lumbar puncture with a platelet count less than 50 × 109 cells/L. (Grade: weak recommendation; very-low-quality evidence). RECOMMENDATION 4 The AABB suggests prophylactic platelet transfusion for patients having major elective nonneuraxial surgery with a platelet count less than 50 × 109 cells/L. (Grade: weak recommendation; very-low-quality evidence). RECOMMENDATION 5 The AABB recommends against routine prophylactic platelet transfusion for patients who are nonthrombocytopenic and have cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The AABB suggests platelet transfusion for patients having bypass who exhibit perioperative bleeding with thrombocytopenia and/or evidence of platelet dysfunction. (Grade: weak recommendation; very-low-quality evidence). RECOMMENDATION 6 The AABB cannot recommend for or against platelet transfusion for patients receiving antiplatelet therapy who have intracranial hemorrhage (traumatic or spontaneous). (Grade: uncertain recommendation; very-low-quality evidence).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Kaufman
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Benjamin Djulbegovic
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Terry Gernsheimer
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Steven Kleinman
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Alan T. Tinmouth
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Kelley E. Capocelli
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Mark D. Cipolle
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Claudia S. Cohn
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Mark K. Fung
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Brenda J. Grossman
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Paul D. Mintz
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Barbara A. O'Malley
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Deborah A. Sesok-Pizzini
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Aryeh Shander
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Gary E. Stack
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Kathryn E. Webert
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Robert Weinstein
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Babu G. Welch
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Glenn J. Whitman
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Edward C. Wong
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Aaron A.R. Tobian
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
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