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Girdler G, Gracia T, Fountain D, Fajardo Jr T, Finlay J, Hallou C, Pollard S, Sweeney T, Gergely F, Rowitch D, Bulstrode H. Identifying the Zika Virus Target Cell in Malignant Glioma. Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz167.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The Zika Virus epidemic of 2015–2016 was associated with striking failure of forebrain development in infants born to infected mothers, resulting in microcephaly. Studies from numerous labs subsequently confirmed a selective effect of the virus on neural stem cell survival, self-renewal and differentiation. The glioma stem cells which drive glioblastoma and other malignant gliomas depend on neural stem cell transcription programs, so that understanding Zika infection in these cells promises valuable insights into future therapy. We describe here:
1) Study of low passage patient-derived glioblastoma cell lines and normal neural stem cells (CRUK Glioma Cellular Genetics Resource) in adherent culture to address the influence of glioma subtype on infectability
2) Application of genetically modified mCherry reporter Zika Virus strains to address the Zika target cell in glioblastoma.
3) Development of a cerebral organoid model to interrogate the differential effects of the virus on tumour cells and surrounding normal brain.
4) Demonstration of Zika infection on primary patient derived tissue in slice culture format
Using these tools we find that Zika targets a common stem cell population across tumour subtypes and neural stem cell controls, and in embryonic and primary tumour explants, and that infection is influenced by activity of cholesterol biosynthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Girdler
- Wellcome-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Dept of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tannia Gracia
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Fountain
- Wellcome-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Dept of Neurosurgery, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Ted Fajardo Jr
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Finlay
- Wellcome-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clément Hallou
- Wellcome-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Pollard
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Sweeney
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fanni Gergely
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Rowitch
- Wellcome-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Bulstrode
- Wellcome-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Dept of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Ren X, Girdler G, Green M, Clarke J. 03-P124 Polarization and lumen formation of zebrafish neural tube are regulated by mirror-symmetric cell division. Why? What’s it good for? Mech Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2009.06.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ybot-Gonzalez P, Gaston-Massuet C, Girdler G, Klingensmith J, Arkell R, Greene NDE, Copp AJ. Neural plate morphogenesis during mouse neurulation is regulated by antagonism of Bmp signalling. Development 2007; 134:3203-11. [PMID: 17693602 DOI: 10.1242/dev.008177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dorsolateral bending of the neural plate, an undifferentiated pseudostratified epithelium, is essential for neural tube closure in the mouse spinal region. If dorsolateral bending fails, spina bifida results. In the present study, we investigated the molecular signals that regulate the formation of dorsolateral hinge points (DLHPs). We show that Bmp2expression correlates with upper spinal neurulation (in which DLHPs are absent); that Bmp2-null embryos exhibit premature, exaggerated DLHPs;and that the local release of Bmp2 inhibits neural fold bending. Therefore,Bmp signalling is necessary and sufficient to inhibit DLHPs. By contrast, the Bmp antagonist noggin is expressed dorsally in neural folds containing DLHPs,noggin-null embryos show markedly reduced dorsolateral bending and local release of noggin stimulates bending. Hence, Bmp antagonism is both necessary and sufficient to induce dorsolateral bending. The local release of Shh suppresses dorsal noggin expression, explaining the absence of DLHPs at high spinal levels, where notochordal expression of Shh is strong. DLHPs`break through' at low spinal levels, where Shh expression is weaker. Zic2 mutant embryos fail to express Bmp antagonists dorsally and lack DLHPs, developing severe spina bifida. Our findings reveal a molecular mechanism based on antagonism of Bmp signalling that underlies the regulation of DLHP formation during mouse spinal neural tube closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ybot-Gonzalez
- Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Abstract
ATP-gated P2X2 channels undergo permeability changes through a process that is incompletely understood. In the present study, we used fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and electrophysiology to measure cytosolic gating motions in P2X2 channels as they enter a state with increased permeability. P2X2 channels underwent permeability changes with a time course that was similar to decreases in FRET between cyan fluorescent protein and yellow fluorescent protein attached to the cytosolic domain of P2X2 channels. Wild-type and mutant channels that did not undergo permeability changes also did not show evidence of cytosolic gating motions. Moreover, immobilizing the cytosolic domain by tethering it to the plasma membrane prevented the switch in permeability and impaired the cytosolic gating motions. Both of these phenotypes were restored when the immobilizing tether was cleaved. The data provide a time-resolved measure of state-specific gating motions and suggest how a cytosolic domain may control ion channel permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Fisher
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom
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