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Braat S, Fielding KL, Han J, Jackson VE, Zaloumis S, Xu JXH, Moir-Meyer G, Blaauwendraad SM, Jaddoe VWV, Gaillard R, Parkin PC, Borkhoff CM, Keown-Stoneman CDG, Birken CS, Maguire JL, Bahlo M, Davidson EM, Pasricha SR. Haemoglobin thresholds to define anaemia from age 6 months to 65 years: estimates from international data sources. Lancet Haematol 2024; 11:e253-e264. [PMID: 38432242 PMCID: PMC10983828 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(24)00030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of anaemia is crucial for clinical medicine and public health. Current WHO anaemia definitions are based on statistical thresholds (fifth centiles) set more than 50 years ago. We sought to establish evidence for the statistical haemoglobin thresholds for anaemia that can be applied globally and inform WHO and clinical guidelines. METHODS In this analysis we identified international data sources from populations in the USA, England, Australia, China, the Netherlands, Canada, Ecuador, and Bangladesh with sufficient clinical and laboratory information collected between 1998 and 2020 to obtain a healthy reference sample. Individuals with clinical or biochemical evidence of a condition that could reduce haemoglobin concentrations were excluded. We estimated haemoglobin thresholds (ie, 5th centiles) for children aged 6-23 months, 24-59 months, 5-11 years, and 12-17 years, and adults aged 18-65 years (including during pregnancy) for individual datasets and pooled across data sources. We also collated findings from three large-scale genetic studies to summarise genetic variants affecting haemoglobin concentrations in different ancestral populations. FINDINGS We identified eight data sources comprising 18 individual datasets that were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. In pooled analyses, the haemoglobin fifth centile was 104·4 g/L (90% CI 103·5-105·3) in 924 children aged 6-23 months, 110·2 g/L (109·5-110·9) in 1874 children aged 24-59 months, and 114·4 g/L (113·6-115·2) in 1839 children aged 5-11 years. Values diverged by sex in adolescents and adults. In pooled analyses, the fifth centile was 122·2 g/L (90% CI 121·3-123·1) in 1741 female adolescents aged 12-17 years and 128·2 g/L (126·4-130·0) in 1103 male adolescents aged 12-17 years. In pooled analyses of adults aged 18-65 years, the fifth centile was 119·7 g/L (90% CI 119·1-120·3) in 3640 non-pregnant females and 134·9 g/L (134·2-135·6) in 2377 males. Fifth centiles in pregnancy were 110·3 g/L (90% CI 109·5-111·0) in the first trimester (n=772) and 105·9 g/L (104·0-107·7) in the second trimester (n=111), with insufficient data for analysis in the third trimester. There were insufficient data for adults older than 65 years. We did not identify ancestry-specific high prevalence of non-clinically relevant genetic variants that influence haemoglobin concentrations. INTERPRETATION Our results enable global harmonisation of clinical and public health haemoglobin thresholds for diagnosis of anaemia. Haemoglobin thresholds are similar between sexes until adolescence, after which males have higher thresholds than females. We did not find any evidence that thresholds should differ between people of differering ancestries. FUNDING World Health Organization and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Braat
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Methods and Implementation Support for Clinical and Health research Hub, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine L Fielding
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Clinical Haematology, The Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Jiru Han
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Victoria E Jackson
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophie Zaloumis
- Methods and Implementation Support for Clinical and Health research Hub, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Xu Hui Xu
- Methods and Implementation Support for Clinical and Health research Hub, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gemma Moir-Meyer
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophia M Blaauwendraad
- Generation R Study Group, and Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- Generation R Study Group, and Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Romy Gaillard
- Generation R Study Group, and Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Patricia C Parkin
- Division of Pediatric Medicine and the Pediatric Outcomes Research Team, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cornelia M Borkhoff
- Division of Pediatric Medicine and the Pediatric Outcomes Research Team, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Charles D G Keown-Stoneman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine S Birken
- Division of Pediatric Medicine and the Pediatric Outcomes Research Team, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathon L Maguire
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eliza M Davidson
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sant-Rayn Pasricha
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Diagnostic Haematology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Brittenham GM, Moir-Meyer G, Abuga KM, Datta-Mitra A, Cerami C, Green R, Pasricha SR, Atkinson SH. Biology of Anemia: A Public Health Perspective. J Nutr 2023; 153 Suppl 1:S7-S28. [PMID: 37778889 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Our goal is to present recent progress in understanding the biological mechanisms underlying anemia from a public health perspective. We describe important advances in understanding common causes of anemia and their interactions, including iron deficiency (ID), lack of other micronutrients, infection, inflammation, and genetic conditions. ID develops if the iron circulating in the blood cannot provide the amounts required for red blood cell production and tissue needs. ID anemia develops as iron-limited red blood cell production fails to maintain the hemoglobin concentration above the threshold used to define anemia. Globally, absolute ID (absent or reduced body iron stores that do not meet the need for iron of an individual but may respond to iron supplementation) contributes to only a limited proportion of anemia. Functional ID (adequate or increased iron stores that cannot meet the need for iron because of the effects of infection or inflammation and does not respond to iron supplementation) is frequently responsible for anemia in low- and middle-income countries. Absolute and functional ID may coexist. We highlight continued improvement in understanding the roles of infections and inflammation in causing a large proportion of anemia. Deficiencies of nutrients other than iron are less common but important in some settings. The importance of genetic conditions as causes of anemia depends upon the specific inherited red blood cell abnormalities and their prevalence in the settings examined. From a public health perspective, each setting has a distinctive composition of components underlying the common causes of anemia. We emphasize the coincidence between regions with a high prevalence of anemia attributed to ID (both absolute and functional), those with endemic infections, and those with widespread genetic conditions affecting red blood cells, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and regions in Asia and Oceania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Brittenham
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Gemma Moir-Meyer
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelvin Mokaya Abuga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Ananya Datta-Mitra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carla Cerami
- The Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ralph Green
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sant-Rayn Pasricha
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Diagnostic Haematology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital; and Clinical Haematology at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Sarah H Atkinson
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Pasricha SR, Moir-Meyer G. Measuring the global burden of anaemia. Lancet Haematol 2023; 10:e696-e697. [PMID: 37536354 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(23)00171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sant-Rayn Pasricha
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Diagnostic Haematology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Clinical Haematology at The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, Australia.
| | - Gemma Moir-Meyer
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Bennett C, Jackson VE, Pettikiriarachchi A, Hayman T, Schaeper U, Moir-Meyer G, Fielding K, Ataide R, Clucas D, Baldi A, Garnham AL, Li-Wai-Suen CSN, Loughran SJ, Baxter EJ, Green AR, Alexander WS, Bahlo M, Burbury K, Ng AP, Pasricha SR. Iron homeostasis governs erythroid phenotype in polycythemia vera. Blood 2023; 141:3199-3214. [PMID: 36928379 PMCID: PMC10646816 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycythemia vera (PV) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm driven by activating mutations in JAK2 that result in unrestrained erythrocyte production, increasing patients' hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations, placing them at risk of life-threatening thrombotic events. Our genome-wide association study of 440 PV cases and 403 351 controls using UK Biobank data showed that single nucleotide polymorphisms in HFE known to cause hemochromatosis are highly associated with PV diagnosis, linking iron regulation to PV. Analysis of the FinnGen dataset independently confirmed overrepresentation of homozygous HFE variants in patients with PV. HFE influences the expression of hepcidin, the master regulator of systemic iron homeostasis. Through genetic dissection of mouse models of PV, we show that the PV erythroid phenotype is directly linked to hepcidin expression: endogenous hepcidin upregulation alleviates erythroid disease whereas hepcidin ablation worsens it. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in PV, hepcidin is not regulated by expanded erythropoiesis but is likely governed by inflammatory cytokines signaling via GP130-coupled receptors. These findings have important implications for understanding the pathophysiology of PV and offer new therapeutic strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cavan Bennett
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Victoria E. Jackson
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anne Pettikiriarachchi
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas Hayman
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Gemma Moir-Meyer
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Fielding
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Diagnostic Haematology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ricardo Ataide
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Danielle Clucas
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Diagnostic Haematology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Baldi
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexandra L. Garnham
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Connie S. N. Li-Wai-Suen
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Loughran
- Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - E. Joanna Baxter
- Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R. Green
- Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Warren S. Alexander
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Burbury
- Clinical Haematology at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley P. Ng
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Clinical Haematology at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sant-Rayn Pasricha
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Diagnostic Haematology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Clinical Haematology at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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5
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Braat S, Fielding K, Han J, Jackson VE, Zaloumis S, Xu JXH, Moir-Meyer G, Blaauwendraad SM, Jaddoe VWV, Gaillard R, Parkin PC, Borkhoff CM, Keown-Stoneman CDG, Birken CS, Maguire JL, Bahlo M, Davidson E, Pasricha SR. Statistical haemoglobin thresholds to define anaemia across the lifecycle. medRxiv 2023:2023.05.22.23290129. [PMID: 37292786 PMCID: PMC10246131 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.23290129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Detection of anaemia is critical for clinical medicine and public health. Current WHO values that define anaemia are statistical thresholds (5 th centile) set over 50 years ago, and are presently <110g/L in children 6-59 months, <115g/L in children 5-11 years, <110g/L in pregnant women, <120g/L in children 12-14 years of age, <120g/L in non-pregnant women, and <130g/L in men. Haemoglobin is sensitive to iron and other nutrient deficiencies, medical illness and inflammation, and is impacted by genetic conditions; thus, careful exclusion of these conditions is crucial to obtain a healthy reference population. We identified data sources from which sufficient clinical and laboratory information was available to determine an apparently healthy reference sample. Individuals were excluded if they had any clinical or biochemical evidence of a condition that may diminish haemoglobin concentration. Discrete 5 th centiles were estimated along with two-sided 90% confidence intervals and estimates combined using a fixed-effect approach. Estimates for the 5 th centile of the healthy reference population in children were similar between sexes. Thresholds in children 6-23 months were 104.4g/L [90% CI 103.5, 105.3]; in children 24-59 months were 110.2g/L [109.5, 110.9]; and in children 5-11 years were 114.1g/L [113.2, 115.0]. Thresholds diverged by sex in adolescents and adults. In females and males 12-17 years, thresholds were 122.2g/L [121.3, 123.1] and 128.2 [126.4, 130.0], respectively. In adults 18-65 years, thresholds were 119.7g/L [119.1, 120.3] in non-pregnant females and 134.9g/L [134.2, 135.6] in males. Limited analyses indicated 5 th centiles in first-trimester pregnancy of 110.3g/L [109.5, 111.0] and 105.9g/L [104.0, 107.7] in the second trimester. All thresholds were robust to variations in definitions and analysis models. Using multiple datasets comprising Asian, African, and European ancestries, we did not identify novel high prevalence genetic variants that influence haemoglobin concentration, other than variants in genes known to cause important clinical disease, suggesting non-clinical genetic factors do not influence the 5 th centile between ancestries. Our results directly inform WHO guideline development and provide a platform for global harmonisation of laboratory, clinical and public health haemoglobin thresholds.
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Moir-Meyer G, Cheong PL, Olijnik AA, Brown J, Knight S, King A, Kurita R, Nakamura Y, Gibbons RJ, Higgs DR, Buckle VJ, Babbs C. Robust CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing of the HUDEP-2 Erythroid Precursor Line Using Plasmids and Single-Stranded Oligonucleotide Donors. Methods Protoc 2018; 1:E28. [PMID: 31164570 PMCID: PMC6481050 DOI: 10.3390/mps1030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of cellular processes and gene regulation in terminal erythroid development has been greatly facilitated by the generation of an immortalised erythroid cell line derived from Human Umbilical Derived Erythroid Precursors, termed HUDEP-2 cells. The ability to efficiently genome edit HUDEP-2 cells and make clonal lines hugely expands their utility as the insertion of clinically relevant mutations allows study of potentially every genetic disease affecting red blood cell development. Additionally, insertion of sequences encoding short protein tags such as Strep, FLAG and Myc permits study of protein behaviour in the normal and disease state. This approach is useful to augment the analysis of patient cells as large cell numbers are obtainable with the additional benefit that the need for specific antibodies may be circumvented. This approach is likely to lead to insights into disease mechanisms and provide reagents to allow drug discovery. HUDEP-2 cells provide a favourable alternative to the existing immortalised erythroleukemia lines as their karyotype is much less abnormal. These cells also provide sufficient material for a broad range of analyses as it is possible to generate in vitro-differentiated erythroblasts in numbers 4-7 fold higher than starting cell numbers within 9-12 days of culture. Here we describe an efficient, robust and reproducible plasmid-based methodology to introduce short (<20 bp) DNA sequences into the genome of HUDEP-2 cells using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein 9 Cas9 system combined with single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) donors. This protocol produces genetically modified lines in ~30 days and could also be used to generate knock-out and knock-in mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Moir-Meyer
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Pak Leng Cheong
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Aude-Anais Olijnik
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Jill Brown
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Samantha Knight
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Andrew King
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Ryo Kurita
- Department of Research and Development, Central Blood Institute, Japanese Red Cross Society, 1-1-3 Shibadaimon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8521, Japan.
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Koyadai 3-1-1, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan.
| | - Richard J Gibbons
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Douglas R Higgs
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Veronica J Buckle
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Christian Babbs
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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