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Brown K, Williams DB, Kinchen S, Saito S, Radin E, Patel H, Low A, Delgado S, Mugurungi O, Musuka G, Tippett Barr BA, Nwankwo-Igomu EA, Ruangtragool L, Hakim AJ, Kalua T, Nyirenda R, Chipungu G, Auld A, Kim E, Payne D, Wadonda-Kabondo N, West C, Brennan E, Deutsch B, Worku A, Jonnalagadda S, Mulenga LB, Dzekedzeke K, Barradas DT, Cai H, Gupta S, Kamocha S, Riggs MA, Sachathep K, Kirungi W, Musinguzi J, Opio A, Biraro S, Bancroft E, Galbraith J, Kiyingi H, Farahani M, Hladik W, Nyangoma E, Ginindza C, Masangane Z, Mhlanga F, Mnisi Z, Munyaradzi P, Zwane A, Burke S, Kayigamba FB, Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha H, Sahabo R, Ao TT, Draghi C, Ryan C, Philip NM, Mosha F, Mulokozi A, Ntigiti P, Ramadhani AA, Somi GR, Makafu C, Mugisha V, Zelothe J, Lavilla K, Lowrance DW, Mdodo R, Gummerson E, Stupp P, Thin K, Frederix K, Davia S, Schwitters AM, McCracken SD, Duong YT, Hoos D, Parekh B, Justman JE, Voetsch AC. Status of HIV Epidemic Control Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women Aged 15-24 Years - Seven African Countries, 2015-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018; 67:29-32. [PMID: 29329280 PMCID: PMC5769792 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6701a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Rachlis B, Bakoyannis G, Easterbrook P, Genberg B, Braithwaite RS, Cohen CR, Bukusi EA, Kambugu A, Bwana MB, Somi GR, Geng EH, Musick B, Yiannoutsos CT, Wools-Kaloustian K, Braitstein P. Facility-Level Factors Influencing Retention of Patients in HIV Care in East Africa. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159994. [PMID: 27509182 PMCID: PMC4980048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Losses to follow-up (LTFU) remain an important programmatic challenge. While numerous patient-level factors have been associated with LTFU, less is known about facility-level factors. Data from the East African International epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (EA-IeDEA) Consortium was used to identify facility-level factors associated with LTFU in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Patients were defined as LTFU if they had no visit within 12 months of the study endpoint for pre-ART patients or 6 months for patients on ART. Adjusting for patient factors, shared frailty proportional hazard models were used to identify the facility-level factors associated with LTFU for the pre- and post-ART periods. Data from 77,362 patients and 29 facilities were analyzed. Median age at enrolment was 36.0 years (Interquartile Range: 30.1, 43.1), 63.9% were women and 58.3% initiated ART. Rates (95% Confidence Interval) of LTFU were 25.1 (24.7–25.6) and 16.7 (16.3–17.2) per 100 person-years in the pre-ART and post-ART periods, respectively. Facility-level factors associated with increased LTFU included secondary-level care, HIV RNA PCR turnaround time >14 days, and no onsite availability of CD4 testing. Increased LTFU was also observed when no nutritional supplements were provided (pre-ART only), when TB patients were treated within the HIV program (pre-ART only), and when the facility was open ≤4 mornings per week (ART only). Our findings suggest that facility-based strategies such as point of care laboratory testing and separate clinic spaces for TB patients may improve retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Rachlis
- The Ontario HIV Treatment Network, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Clinical Public Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Giorgos Bakoyannis
- Department of Biostatistics, Richard Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | | | - Becky Genberg
- Department of Health Services, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Ronald Scott Braithwaite
- Department of Population Health, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Craig R Cohen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Bukusi
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Mwebesa Bosco Bwana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mbarara University of Science & Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | - Elvin H Geng
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Beverly Musick
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Constantin T Yiannoutsos
- Department of Biostatistics, Richard Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kara Wools-Kaloustian
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Paula Braitstein
- Academic Model Providing Access To Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya.,Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Geng EH, Odeny TA, Lyamuya RE, Nakiwogga-Muwanga A, Diero L, Bwana M, Muyindike W, Braitstein P, Somi GR, Kambugu A, Bukusi EA, Wenger M, Wools-Kaloustian KK, Glidden DV, Yiannoutsos CT, Martin JN. Estimation of mortality among HIV-infected people on antiretroviral treatment in East Africa: a sampling based approach in an observational, multisite, cohort study. Lancet HIV 2015; 2:e107-16. [PMID: 26424542 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(15)00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mortality in HIV-infected people after initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in resource-limited settings is an important measure of the effectiveness and comparative effectiveness of the global public health response. Substantial loss to follow-up precludes accurate accounting of deaths and limits our understanding of effectiveness. We aimed to provide a better understanding of mortality at scale and, by extension, the effectiveness and comparative effectiveness of public health ART treatment in east Africa. METHODS In 14 clinics in five settings in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, we intensively traced a sample of patients randomly selected using a random number generator, who were infected with HIV and on ART and who were lost to follow-up (>90 days late for last scheduled visit). We incorporated the vital status outcomes for these patients into analyses of the entire clinic population through probability-weighted survival analyses. FINDINGS We followed 34 277 adults on ART from Mbarara and Kampala in Uganda, Eldoret, and Kisumu in Kenya, and Morogoro in Tanzania. The median age was 35 years (IQR 30-42), 11 628 (34%) were men, and median CD4 count count before therapy was 154 cells per μL (IQR 70-234). 5780 patients (17%) were lost to follow-up, 991 (17%) were selected for tracing between June 10, 2011, and Aug 27, 2012, and vital status was ascertained for 860 (87%). With incorporation of outcomes from the patients lost to follow-up, estimated 3 year mortality increased from 3·9% (95% CI 3·6-4·2) to 12·5% (11·8-13·3). The sample-corrected, unadjusted 3 year mortality across settings was lowest in Mbarara (7·2%) and highest in Morogoro (23·6%). After adjustment for age, sex, CD4 count before therapy, and WHO stage, the sample-corrected hazard ratio comparing the settings with highest and lowest mortalities was 2·2 (95% CI 1·5-3·4) and the risk difference for death at 3 years was 11% (95% CI 5·0-17·7). INTERPRETATION A sampling-based approach is widely feasible and important to an understanding of mortality after initiation of ART. After adjustment for measured biological drivers, mortality differs substantially across settings despite delivery of a similar clinical package of treatment. Implementation research to understand the systems, community, and patients' behaviours driving these differences is urgently needed. FUNDING The US National Institutes of Health and President's Emergency Fund for AIDS Relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvin H Geng
- Division of HIV/AIDS at San Francisco General Hospital in the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; East Africa International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (EA-IeDEA) Consortium.
| | - Thomas A Odeny
- Kenya Medical Research Institute and the Family AIDS Care and Education Services Program, Kisumu, Kenya; East Africa International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (EA-IeDEA) Consortium
| | - Rita E Lyamuya
- National AIDS Control Program, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; East Africa International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (EA-IeDEA) Consortium
| | - Alice Nakiwogga-Muwanga
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda; East Africa International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (EA-IeDEA) Consortium
| | - Lameck Diero
- College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; East Africa International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (EA-IeDEA) Consortium
| | - Mwebesa Bwana
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; East Africa International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (EA-IeDEA) Consortium
| | - Winnie Muyindike
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; East Africa International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (EA-IeDEA) Consortium
| | - Paula Braitstein
- College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; East Africa International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (EA-IeDEA) Consortium
| | - Geoffrey R Somi
- National AIDS Control Program, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; East Africa International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (EA-IeDEA) Consortium
| | - Andrew Kambugu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda; East Africa International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (EA-IeDEA) Consortium
| | - Elizabeth A Bukusi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute and the Family AIDS Care and Education Services Program, Kisumu, Kenya; East Africa International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (EA-IeDEA) Consortium
| | - Megan Wenger
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; East Africa International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (EA-IeDEA) Consortium
| | - Kara K Wools-Kaloustian
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; East Africa International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (EA-IeDEA) Consortium
| | - David V Glidden
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; East Africa International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (EA-IeDEA) Consortium
| | - Constantin T Yiannoutsos
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; East Africa International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (EA-IeDEA) Consortium
| | - Jeffrey N Martin
- Division of HIV/AIDS at San Francisco General Hospital in the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; East Africa International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (EA-IeDEA) Consortium
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Juma JM, Tiberio JK, Abuya MI, Kilama BK, Somi GR, Sambu V, Banda R, Jullu BS, Ramadhani AA. Monitoring prevention or emergence of HIV drug resistance: results of a population-based foundational survey of early warning indicators in mainland Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:196. [PMID: 24725750 PMCID: PMC3999848 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Tanzania, routine individual-level testing for HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) using laboratory genotyping and phenotyping is not feasible due to resource constraints. To monitor the prevention or emergence of HIVDR at a population level, WHO developed generic strategies to be adapted by countries, which include a set of early warning indicators (EWIs). METHODS To establish a baseline of EWIs, we conducted a retrospective longitudinal survey of 35 purposively sampled care and treatment clinics in 17 regions of mainland Tanzania. We extracted data relevant for four EWIs (ART prescribing practices, patients lost to follow-up 12 months after ART initiation, retention on first-line ART at 12 months, and ART clinic appointment keeping in the first 12 months) from the patient monitoring system on patients who initiated ART at each respective facility in 2010. We uploaded patient information into WHO HIVResNet excel-based tool to compute national and facility averages of the EWIs and tested for associations between various programmatic factors and EWI performance using Fisher's Exact Test. RESULTS All sampled facilities met the WHO EWI target (100%) for ART prescribing practices. However, the national averages for patients lost to follow-up 12 months after ART initiation, retention on first-line ART at 12 months, and ART clinic appointment keeping in the first 12 months fell short, at 26%, 54% and 38%, respectively, compared to the WHO targets ≤ 20%, ≥ 70%, and ≥ 80%. Clinics with fewer patients lost to follow-up 12 months after ART initiation and more patients retained on first-line-ART at 12 months were more likely to have their patients spend the longest time in the facility (including wait-time and time with providers), (p = 0.011 and 0.007, respectively). CONCLUSION Tanzania performed very well in EWI 1a, ART prescribing practices. However, its performance in other three EWIs was far below the WHO targets. This study provides a baseline for future monitoring of EWIs in Tanzania and highlights areas for improvement in the management of ART patients in order not only to prevent emergence of HIVDR due to programmatic factors, but also to improve the quality of life for ART patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Juma
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, The National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), P,O, Box 11857, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
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Somi GR, O'Brien RJ, Mfinanga GS, Ipuge YA. Evaluation of the MycoDot test in patients with suspected tuberculosis in a field setting in Tanzania. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999; 3:231-8. [PMID: 10094325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Rapid, simple and inexpensive methods are needed to improve the diagnosis of tuberculosis in low-income countries. The MycoDot test has these characteristics. OBJECTIVE To assess the utility of the MycoDot test in screening patients with suspected tuberculosis. DESIGN Ambulatory patients presenting with symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis were evaluated by physical examination and sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB) microscopy. Separately, the MycoDot test was performed on whole blood. Patients with AFB-negative smears were treated with a 10-day course of erythromycin. Those remaining symptomatic had a chest radiograph. All sputum specimens were cultured for mycobacteria. Patients with culture-negative tuberculosis and those without a tuberculosis diagnosis were reassessed at 2 months. RESULTS Among the 241 patients who were evaluated, the MycoDot test was positive in 26% of patients with AFB-positive/culture-positive tuberculosis, 7% with AFB-negative/culture-positive tuberculosis, 7% with culture-negative tuberculosis, 19% treated for tuberculosis who did not meet study case definitions, and 16% without tuberculosis. Twenty four patients did not complete the assessment. Test sensitivity was 16%, specificity 84% and positive predictive value 45%. Sensitivity was highest (41%) in AFB-positive/HIV-negative patients and lowest (3%) in AFB-negative/HIV-positive patients. CONCLUSION The MycoDot test is not useful for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in sub-Saharan African countries, especially where HIV infection is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Somi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
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