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van der Ham A, Hansen T, Lodder G, Codée JDC, Hamlin TA, Filippov DV. Computational and NMR Studies on the Complexation of Lithium Ion to 8-Crown-4. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2103-2109. [PMID: 31282054 PMCID: PMC6772996 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lithium ion selective crown ethers have been the subject of much research for a multitude of applications. Current research is aimed at structurally rigidifying crown ethers, as restructuring of the crown ether ring upon ion binding is energetically unfavorable. In this work, the lithium ion binding ability of the relatively rigid 8-crown-4 was investigated both computationally by density functional theory calculations and experimentally by 1 H and 7 Li NMR spectroscopy. Although both computational and experimental results showed 8-crown-4 to bind lithium ion, this binding was found to be weak compared to larger crown ethers. The computational analysis revealed that the complexation is driven by enthalpy rather than entropy, illustrating that rigidity is only of nominal importance. To elucidate the origin of the favorable interaction of lithium ion with crown ethers, activation strain analyses and energy decomposition analyses were performed pointing to the favorable interaction being mainly electrostatic in nature. 8-crown-4 presents the smallest crown ether reported to date capable of binding lithium ion, possessing two distinct conformations from which it is able to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex van der Ham
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Lodder
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
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van Rijssel ER, van Delft P, van Marle DV, Bijvoets SM, Lodder G, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Filippov DV, Codée JDC. Stereoselectivity in the Lewis Acid Mediated Reduction of Ketofuranoses. J Org Chem 2015; 80:4553-65. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erwin R. van Rijssel
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter van Delft
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daan V. van Marle
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan M. Bijvoets
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Lodder
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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3
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van Rijssel ER, van Delft P, Lodder G, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Filippov DV, Codée JDC. Furanosyl Oxocarbenium Ion Stability and Stereoselectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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van Rijssel ER, van Delft P, Lodder G, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Filippov DV, Codée JDC. Furanosyl Oxocarbenium Ion Stability and Stereoselectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10381-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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van Rijssel ER, Goumans TPM, Lodder G, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC. Chiral Pyrroline-Based Ugi-Three-Component Reactions Are under Kinetic Control. Org Lett 2013; 15:3026-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4012053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erwin R. van Rijssel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus P. M. Goumans
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Lodder
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen D. C. Codée
- a Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Marthe T. C. Walvoort
- a Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Ana-Rae de Jong
- a Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Lodder
- a Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- a Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A. van der Marel
- a Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden , The Netherlands
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7
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Walvoort MTC, Moggré GJ, Lodder G, Overkleeft HS, Codée JDC, van der Marel GA. Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,3-Diamino-2,3-dideoxy-β-d-mannopyranosyl Uronates. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7301-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201179p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marthe T. C. Walvoort
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Moggré
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Lodder
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Walvoort MTC, de Witte W, van Dijk J, Dinkelaar J, Lodder G, Overkleeft HS, Codée JDC, van der Marel GA. Mannopyranosyl uronic acid donor reactivity. Org Lett 2011; 13:4360-3. [PMID: 21776974 DOI: 10.1021/ol2016862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of a variety of mannopyranosyl uronic acid donors was assessed in a set of competition experiments, in which two (S)-tolyl mannosyl donors were made to compete for a limited amount of promoter (NIS/TfOH). These experiments revealed that the reactivity of mannuronic acid donors is significantly higher than expected based on the electron-withdrawing capacity of the C-5 carboxylic acid ester function. A 4-O-acetyl-β-(S)-tolyl mannuronic acid donor was found to have similar reactivity as per-O-benzyl-α-(S)-tolyl mannose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe T C Walvoort
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Walvoort MTC, Lodder G, Overkleeft HS, Codée JDC, van der Marel GA. Mannosazide Methyl Uronate Donors. Glycosylating Properties and Use in the Construction of β-ManNAcA-Containing Oligosaccharides. J Org Chem 2010; 75:7990-8002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101779v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marthe T. C. Walvoort
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Lodder
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Wories HJ, Koek JH, Lodder G, Lugtenburg J, Fokkens R, Driessen O, Mohn GR. A novel water-soluble fluorescent probe: Synthesis, luminescence and biological properties of the sodium salt of the 4-sulfonato-3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl-2,2′-pyrromethen-1,1′-BF2
complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19851041104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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de Vaal P, Osselton E, Krijnen E, Lodder G, Cornelisse J. The meta
photocycloaddition of alkyl- and alkoxy-substituted arenes to cyclopentene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19881070603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Walvoort MT, Dinkelaar J, van den Bos LJ, Lodder G, Overkleeft HS, Codée JD, van der Marel GA. The impact of oxacarbenium ion conformers on the stereochemical outcome of glycosylations. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1252-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dinkelaar J, de Jong AR, van Meer R, Somers M, Lodder G, Overkleeft HS, Codée JDC, van der Marel GA. Stereodirecting effect of the pyranosyl C-5 substituent in glycosylation reactions. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4982-91. [PMID: 19489535 DOI: 10.1021/jo900662v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The stereodirecting effect of the glycosyl C-5 substituent has been investigated in a series of d-pyranosyl thioglycoside donors and related to their preferred positions in the intermediate (3)H(4) and (4)H(3) half-chair oxacarbenium ions. Computational studies showed that an axially positioned C-5 carboxylate ester can stabilize the (3)H(4) half-chair oxacarbenium ion conformer by donating electron density from its carbonyl function into the electron-poor oxacarbenium ion functionality. A similar stabilization can be achieved by a C-5 benzyloxymethyl group, but the magnitude of this stabilization is significantly smaller than for the C-5 carboxylate ester. As a result, the preference of the C-5 benzyloxymethyl to occupy an axial position in the half-chair oxacarbenium ions is much reduced compared to the C-5 carboxylate ester. To minimize steric interactions, a C-5 methyl group prefers to adopt an equatorial position and therefore favors the (4)H(3) half-chair oxacarbenium ion. When all pyranosyl substituents occupy their favored position in one of the two intermediate half-chair oxacarbenium ions, highly stereoselective glycosylations can be achieved as revealed by the excellent beta-selectivity of mannuronate esters and alpha-selectivity of 6-deoxygulosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Dinkelaar
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Walvoort MTC, Lodder G, Mazurek J, Overkleeft HS, Codée JDC, van der Marel GA. Equatorial Anomeric Triflates from Mannuronic Acid Esters. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:12080-1. [DOI: 10.1021/ja905008p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marthe T. C. Walvoort
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, and Avantium Technologies B.V., Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Lodder
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, and Avantium Technologies B.V., Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaroslaw Mazurek
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, and Avantium Technologies B.V., Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, and Avantium Technologies B.V., Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, and Avantium Technologies B.V., Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A. van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, and Avantium Technologies B.V., Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Codée JDC, van den Bos LJ, de Jong AR, Dinkelaar J, Lodder G, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA. The Stereodirecting Effect of the Glycosyl C5-Carboxylate Ester: Stereoselective Synthesis of β-Mannuronic Acid Alginates. J Org Chem 2008; 74:38-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert J. van den Bos
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ana-Rae de Jong
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Dinkelaar
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Lodder
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Dinkelaar J, van den Bos L, Hogendorf W, Lodder G, Overkleeft H, Codée J, van der Marel G. Stereoselective Synthesis of L-Guluronic Acid Alginates. Chemistry 2008; 14:9400-11. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Willem J. van Dorp
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Lodder
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Bonger KM, Wennekes T, Filippov DV, Lodder G, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS. The Effect of Lewis Acids on the Stereochemistry in the Ugi Three-Component Reaction withD-lyxo-Pyrroline. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Goumans TPM, van Alem K, Lodder G. Photochemical Generation and Structure of Vinyl Radicals (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 3/2008). European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200890000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Slegt M, Minne F, Zuilhof H, Overkleeft HS, Lodder G. Photochemical Generation and Reactivity of Naphthyl Cations:cine Substitution. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Slegt M, Gronheid R, van der Vlugt D, Ochiai M, Okuyama T, Zuilhof H, Overkleeft HS, Lodder G. Photochemical generation of six- and five-membered cyclic vinyl cations. J Org Chem 2007; 71:2227-35. [PMID: 16526767 DOI: 10.1021/jo0518957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical solvolyses of 4-tert-butylcyclohex-1-enyl(phenyl)iodonium tetrafluoroborate (1) and cyclopent-1-enyl(phenyl)iodonium tetrafluoroborate (2) in methanol yield vinylic ethers and vinylic cycloalkenyliodobenzenes and cycloalkenylbenzene, which are the trapping products of the geometrically destabilized C6-ring and C5-ring vinyl cation with the solvent and with the leaving group iodobenzene. Iodonium salt 2 also yields an allylic ether and allylic cyclopentenyliodobenzenes and cyclopentenylbenzene, which are the trapping products of the C5-ring allylic cation produced from the C5-ring vinyl cation by a hydride shift in a typical carbocationic rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Slegt
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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DeTuri VF, Koch HF, Koch JG, Lodder G, Mishima M, Zuilhof H, Abrams NM, Anders CE, Biffinger JC, Han P, Kurland AR, Nichols JM, Ruminski AM, Smith PR, Vasey KD. Comparison of gas-phase acidities of some carbon acids with their rates of hydron exchange in methanolic methoxide. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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van Alem K, Belder G, Lodder G, Zuilhof H. Photochemical generation of highly destabilized vinyl cations: the effects of alpha- and beta-trifluoromethyl versus alpha- and beta-methyl substituents. J Org Chem 2005; 70:179-90. [PMID: 15624921 DOI: 10.1021/jo0487956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical reactions in methanol of the vinylic halides 1-4, halostyrenes with a methyl or a trifluoromethyl substituent at the alpha- or beta-position, have been investigated quantitatively. Next to E/Z isomerization, the reactions are formation of vinyl radicals, leading to reductive dehalogenation products, and formation of vinyl cations, leading to elimination, nucleophilic substitution, and rearrangement products. The vinyl cations are parts of tight ion pairs with halide as the counterion. The elimination products are the result of beta-proton loss from the primarily generated alpha-CH(3) and alpha-CF(3) vinyl cations, or from the alpha-CH(3) vinyl cation formed from the beta-CH(3) vinyl cation via a 1,2-phenyl shift. The beta-CF(3) vinyl cation reacts with methanol yielding nucleophilic substitution products, no migration of the phenyl ring producing the alpha-CF(3) vinyl cation occurs. The alpha-CF(3) vinyl cation, which is the most destabilized vinyl cation generated thus far, gives a 1,2-fluorine shift in competition with proton loss. The experimentally derived order of stabilization of the vinyl cations photogenerated in this study, alpha-CF(3) < beta-CF(3) < beta-CH(3) < alpha-CH(3), is corroborated by quantum chemical calculations, provided the effect of solvent is taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj van Alem
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Verhelst SHL, Paez Martinez B, Timmer MSM, Lodder G, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS, van Boom JH. A Short Route toward Chiral, Polyhydroxylated Indolizidines and Quinolizidines. J Org Chem 2003; 68:9598-603. [PMID: 14656083 DOI: 10.1021/jo0350662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a rapid route toward functionalized bicyclic alkaloids is presented. In only three steps, an easily accessible carbohydrate derivative was converted into iodomethyl indolizidine 13, which can equilibrate to the corresponding iodoquinolizidine 15. We provide strong evidence that this equilibration proceeds via an aziridinium ion intermediate. Furthermore, nucleophilic substitution of the iodomethyl indolizidine as well as the aziridinium intermediate gives access to highly functionalized indolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H L Verhelst
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Gronheid R, Baggerman J, Lodder G. Concentration-Dependent Isotope Effects in Electron Transfer-Mediated Reactions Photocyanation of Biphenyl and Dimethylbiphenyls. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027757s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roel Gronheid
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Baggerman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Lodder
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Gronheid R, Zuilhof H, Hellings MG, Cornelisse J, Lodder G. Photochemical generation of a primary vinyl cation from (E)-bromostyrene: mechanisms of formation and reaction. J Org Chem 2003; 68:3205-15. [PMID: 12688792 DOI: 10.1021/jo0264877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of (E)-bromostyrene was investigated to determine the nature of the product-forming intermediates and to clarify the mechanism of formation of vinylic cations and vinylic radicals. Both a cation- and a radical-derived product are formed, and the ionic origin of the former product is demonstrated by significant scrambling of the label, starting from specifically deuterated (E)-bromostyrene. MO calculations show that the isolated incipient primary vinyl cation is not a metastable species, but that specific interaction with a counterion in combination with a polar environment makes it metastable. The effects of variation of the wavelength of irradiation, solvent polarity, temperature, and isotopic substitution all agree with a mechanism of direct heterolytic C-Br bond cleavage producing an ion pair followed by formation of a radical pair via electron transfer. The vinylic cation is proposed to stem directly from the indirectly populated lowest excited singlet state of bromostyrene with an energy of activation of 6.7 kcal/mol. Branching between proton loss and electron transfer in the resulting ion pair determines the ratio of cation- to radical-derived product. The E/Z-isomerization occurs in a separate process and does not involve C-Br bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel Gronheid
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Mulder PPJ, Devanesan P, van Alem K, Lodder G, Rogan EG, Cavalieri EL. Fluorobenzo[a]pyrenes as probes of the mechanism of cytochrome P450-catalyzed oxygen transfer in aromatic oxygenations. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:734-45. [PMID: 12633750 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluoro substitution of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) has been very useful in determining the mechanism of cytochrome P450-catalyzed oxygen transfer in the formation of 6-hydroxyBP (6-OHBP) and its resulting BP 1,6-, 3,6-, and 6,12-diones. We report here the metabolism of 1-FBP and 3-FBP, and PM3 calculations of charge densities and bond orders in the neutral molecules and radical cations of BP, 1-FBP, 3-FBP, and 6-FBP, to determine the mechanism of oxygen transfer for the formation of BP metabolites. 1-FBP and 3-FBP were metabolized by rat liver microsomes. The products were analyzed by HPLC and identified by NMR. Formation of BP 1,6-dione and BP 3,6-dione from 1-FBP and 3-FBP, respectively, can only occur by removal of the fluoro ion from C-1 and C-3, respectively, via one-electron oxidation of the substrate. The combined metabolic and theoretical studies reveal the mechanism of oxygen transfer in the P450-catalyzed formation of BP metabolites. Initial abstraction of a pi electron from BP by the [Fe(4+)=O](+)(*) of cytochrome P450 affords BP(+)(*). This is followed by oxygen transfer to the most electropositive carbon atoms, C-6, C-1, and C-3, with formation of 6-OHBP (and its quinones), 1-OHBP, and 3-OHBP, respectively, or the most electropositive 4,5-, 7,8-, and 9,10- double bonds, with formation of BP 4,5-, 7,8-, or 9,10-oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P J Mulder
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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van Alem K, Lodder G, Zuilhof H. Delocalization Does Not Always Stabilize: A Quantum Chemical Analysis of α-Substituent Effects on 54 Alkyl and Vinyl Cations. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021766j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaj van Alem
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Lodder
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Koch HF, Dahlberg DB, Lodder G, Root KS, Touchette NA, Solsky RL, Zuck RM, Wagner LJ, Koch NH, Kuzemko MA. Proton-transfer reactions. 4. Near-unity kinetic isotope effects for hydron exchange and dehydrofluorination reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00346a048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zuilhof H, Lodder G. Isotope Effects on the One- and Two-Electron Reductions of Cyclooctatetraene. A Semiempirical Quantum Chemical Investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100020a028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zuilhof H, Vertegaal LBJ, van der Gen A, Lodder G. Quantum chemical analysis of the mechanism of the solvolysis of polyenol ethers. PM3 calculations on fecapentaene-12 and related compounds. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00062a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Van Ginkel FIM, Hartman ER, Lodder G, Greenblatt J, Rappoport Z. Vinylic cations from solvolysis. 30. Bromide exchange as a reactivity-selectivity probe in vinylic solvolysis. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00545a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Verbeek JM, Stapper M, Krijnen ES, van Loon JD, Lodder G, Steenken S. Photochemical Formation and Electrophilic Reactivities of Vinyl Cations. Influence of Substituents, Anionic Leaving Groups, Solvents, and Excitation Wavelength on Photoheterolysis and Photohomolysis of 1-(p-R-Phenyl)-2-(2,2'-biphenyldiyl)vinyl Halides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100089a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Van Ginkel FIM, Cornelisse J, Lodder G. Photoreactivity of some .alpha.-arylvinyl bromides in acetic acid. Selectivity toward bromide versus acetate ions as a mechanistic probe. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00011a032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Koch HF, Koch JG, Tumas W, McLennan DJ, Dobson B, Lodder G. Use of kinetic isotope effects in mechanism studies. 3. Measurement of hydrogen isotope effects on the primary chlorine isotope effect during elimination reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00547a033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Van Riel HCHA, Lodder G, Havinga E. Photochemical methoxide exchange in some nitromethoxybenzenes. Role of the nitro group in SN2 Ar reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00414a036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Krijnen ES, Zuilhof H, Lodder G. Electronic and Conformational Effects in the Photochemistry of .alpha.-Alkenyl-Substituted Vinyl Halides. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00105a035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lodder G, Van Dorp JWJ, Avramovitch B, Rappoport Z. Nucleophilic attacks on carbon-carbon double bonds. Part 38. Chloride ion exchange and E .dblharw. Z isomerization of an electrophilic vinyl chloride. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00272a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gronheid R, Lodder G, Okuyama T. Photosolvolysis of (E)-styryl(phenyl)iodonium tetrafluoroborate. Generation and reactivity of a primary vinyl Cation. J Org Chem 2002; 67:693-702. [PMID: 11856008 DOI: 10.1021/jo0107397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of (E)-styryl(phenyl)iodonium tetrafluoroborate in methanol and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol as well as in dichloromethane and toluene has been investigated. In all solvents the vinylic C [bond] I bond is more photoreactive than the aromatic C [bond] I bond. Homolysis as well as heterolysis of both bonds occurs, but the latter type of cleavage predominates. In alcoholic solvents, the incipient phenyl cation produces a nucleophilic substitution product. The primary styryl cation gives nucleophilic substitution, elimination, and rearrangement products. The dependence of the photoreaction on the nucleophilicity of the solvent indicates that in the presence of good nucleophiles a 10-I-3 compound is the reactive iodonium species. In this case the reaction proceeds via an S(N)i mechanism. In the absence of good nucleophiles an 8-I-2 species gives photoreaction via an S(N)1 mechanism. This is corroborated by the solvent dependence of the UV spectra, and the product composition upon photoreaction with bromide in varying concentration. Photoreaction of the iodonium salt in a chlorinated alkane yields (E)- and (Z)-beta-fluorostyrene in a Schiemann-type reaction. Reaction in toluene yields Friedel-Crafts products. The results of the photochemical reactions are compared to those of the thermal ones, and the implications of the differences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel Gronheid
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Gronheid R, Lodder G, Ochiai M, Sueda T, Okuyama T. Thermal and photochemical solvolysis of (E)- and (Z)-2-phenyl-1-propenyl(phenyl)iodonium tetrafluoroborate: benzenium and primary vinylic cation intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:8760-5. [PMID: 11535080 DOI: 10.1021/ja010861n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The thermal and photochemical solvolysis of the two stereoisomeric 2-phenyl-1-propenyl(phenyl)iodonium tetrafluoroborates has been investigated in alcoholic solvents of varying nucleophilicity. The product profiles and rates of product formation in the thermal reaction are all compatible with a mechanism involving cleavage of the vinylic C-I bond assisted by the group in the trans position (methyl or phenyl), always leading to rearranged products. Depending on the nucleophilicity of the solvent, the primarily formed cations may or may not further rearrange to more stable isomers. The less reactive Z compound also yields some unrearranged vinyl ether product in the more nucleophilic solvents via an in-plane S(N)2 mechanism. The mechanism of the photolysis involves direct, unassisted cleavage of the vinylic, and aromatic, C-I bond in an S(N)1 mechanism. This produces a primary vinyl cation, which is partially trapped prior to rearrangement in methanol. The unrearranged vinyl ethers are mainly formed with retention of configuration via a lambda3-iodonium/solvent complex in an S(N)i mechanism. Thermal and photochemical solvolyses of iodonium salts are complementary techniques for the generation of different cation intermediates from the same substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gronheid
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Okuyama T, Fujita M, Gronheid R, Lodder G. Thermal decomposition of alkenyliodonium tetrafluoroborates: a novel route to fluoroalkenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)00788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj van Alem
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Lodder
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Timmermans JL, Wamelink MP, Lodder G, Cornelisse J. Diastereoselective Intramolecular meta Photocycloaddition of Side-Chain-Substituted 5-(2-Methoxyphenyl)pent-1-enes. European J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(199902)1999:2<463::aid-ejoc463>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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50
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