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Magni V, Interlenghi M, Cozzi A, Alì M, Salvatore C, Azzena AA, Capra D, Carriero S, Della Pepa G, Fazzini D, Granata G, Monti CB, Muscogiuri G, Pellegrino G, Schiaffino S, Castiglioni I, Papa S, Sardanelli F. Development and Validation of an AI-driven Mammographic Breast Density Classification Tool Based on Radiologist Consensus. Radiol Artif Intell 2022; 4:e210199. [PMID: 35391766 DOI: 10.1148/ryai.210199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammographic breast density (BD) is commonly visually assessed using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) four-category scale. To overcome inter- and intraobserver variability of visual assessment, the authors retrospectively developed and externally validated a software for BD classification based on convolutional neural networks from mammograms obtained between 2017 and 2020. The tool was trained using the majority BD category determined by seven board-certified radiologists who independently visually assessed 760 mediolateral oblique (MLO) images in 380 women (mean age, 57 years ± 6 [SD]) from center 1; this process mimicked training from a consensus of several human readers. External validation of the model was performed by the three radiologists whose BD assessment was closest to the majority (consensus) of the initial seven on a dataset of 384 MLO images in 197 women (mean age, 56 years ± 13) obtained from center 2. The model achieved an accuracy of 89.3% in distinguishing BI-RADS a or b (nondense breasts) versus c or d (dense breasts) categories, with an agreement of 90.4% (178 of 197 mammograms) and a reliability of 0.807 (Cohen κ) compared with the mode of the three readers. This study demonstrates accuracy and reliability of a fully automated software for BD classification. Keywords: Mammography, Breast, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Deep Learning Algorithms, Machine Learning Algorithms Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Magni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Matteo Interlenghi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Marco Alì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Christian Salvatore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Alcide A Azzena
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Davide Capra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Serena Carriero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Gianmarco Della Pepa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Deborah Fazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Granata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Caterina B Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Giulia Muscogiuri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Pellegrino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Simone Schiaffino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Isabella Castiglioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Sergio Papa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.)
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Schiaffino S, Albano D, Cozzi A, Messina C, Arioli R, Bnà C, Bruno A, Carbonaro LA, Carriero A, Carriero S, Danna PSC, D'Ascoli E, De Berardinis C, Della Pepa G, Falaschi Z, Gitto S, Malavazos AE, Mauri G, Monfardini L, Paschè A, Rizzati R, Secchi F, Vanzulli A, Tombini V, Vicentin I, Zagaria D, Sardanelli F, Sconfienza LM. CT-derived Chest Muscle Metrics for Outcome Prediction in Patients with COVID-19. Radiology 2021; 300:E328-E336. [PMID: 33724065 PMCID: PMC7971428 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2021204141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Lower muscle mass is a known predictor of unfavorable outcomes, but its prognostic impact on patients with COVID-19 is unknown. Purpose To investigate the contribution of CT-derived muscle status in predicting clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Materials and Methods Clinical or laboratory data and outcomes (intensive care unit [ICU] admission and death) were retrospectively retrieved for patients with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, who underwent chest CT on admission in four hospitals in Northern Italy from February 21 to April 30, 2020. The extent and type of pulmonary involvement, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and pleural effusion were assessed. Cross-sectional areas and attenuation by paravertebral muscles were measured on axial CT images at the T5 and T12 vertebral level. Multivariable linear and binary logistic regression, including calculation of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs, were used to build four models to predict ICU admission and death, which were tested and compared by using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results A total of 552 patients (364 men and 188 women; median age, 65 years [interquartile range, 54-75 years]) were included. In a CT-based model, lower-than-median T5 paravertebral muscle areas showed the highest ORs for ICU admission (OR, 4.8; 95% CI: 2.7, 8.5; P < .001) and death (OR, 2.3; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.9; P = .03). When clinical variables were included in the model, lower-than-median T5 paravertebral muscle areas still showed the highest ORs for both ICU admission (OR, 4.3; 95%: CI: 2.5, 7.7; P < .001) and death (OR, 2.3; 95% CI: 1.3, 3.7; P = .001). At receiver operating characteristic analysis, the CT-based model and the model including clinical variables showed the same area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for ICU admission prediction (AUC, 0.83; P = .38) and were not different in terms of predicting death (AUC, 0.86 vs AUC, 0.87, respectively; P = .28). Conclusion In hospitalized patients with COVID-19, lower muscle mass on CT images was independently associated with intensive care unit admission and in-hospital mortality. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schiaffino
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Domenico Albano
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Andrea Cozzi
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Carmelo Messina
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Roberto Arioli
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Claudio Bnà
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Antonio Bruno
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Luca A Carbonaro
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Alessandro Carriero
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Serena Carriero
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Pietro S C Danna
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Elisa D'Ascoli
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Claudia De Berardinis
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Gianmarco Della Pepa
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Zeno Falaschi
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Salvatore Gitto
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Alexis E Malavazos
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Giovanni Mauri
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Lorenzo Monfardini
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Alessio Paschè
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Roberto Rizzati
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Francesco Secchi
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Angelo Vanzulli
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Valeria Tombini
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Ilaria Vicentin
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Domenico Zagaria
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
| | - Luca M Sconfienza
- From the Unit of Radiology (S.S., L.A.C., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli) and High Specialty Center for Dietetics, Nutritional Education and Cardiometabolic Prevention (A.E.M.), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Donato, Via Rodolfo Morandi 30, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Radiological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy (D.A.); Unit of Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy (D.A., C.M., L.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (A. Cozzi, S.G., F. Secchi, F. Sardanelli, L.M.S.), Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (S.C., E.D., C.D.B., G.D.P.), and Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology (G.M., A.V.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Diagnosis and Treatment Services, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy (R.A., A. Carriero, P.S.C.D., Z.F., A.P., D.Z.); Department of Radiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy (C.B., L.M.); Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santissima Annunziata, Cento, Italy (A.B., R.R.); Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy (A. Carriero); Division of Interventional Radiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy (G.M.); and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (A.V., V.T., I.V.)
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