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García-Hernán A, Brito-Santos G, de la Rubia E, Aguilar-Galindo F, Castillo O, Lifante-Pedrola G, Sanchiz J, Guerrero-Lemus R, Amo-Ochoa P. Determining Factors to Understand the External Quantum Efficiency Values: Study Carried Out with Copper(I)-I and 1,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethane Coordination Polymers as Downshifters in Photovoltaic Modules. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4646-4656. [PMID: 38426220 PMCID: PMC10934813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Downshifters refer to compounds with the capacity to absorb UV photons and transform them into visible light. The integration of such downshifters has the potential to improve the efficiency of commercial photovoltaic modules. Initially, costly lanthanide derivatives and organic fluorescent dyes were introduced, resulting in a heightened module efficiency. In a novel research direction guided by the same physicochemical principles, the utilization of copper(I) coordination compounds is proposed. This choice is motivated by its simpler and more economical synthesis, primarily due to copper being a more abundant and less toxic element. Our proposal involves employing 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl) ethane (bpe), an economically viable commercial ligand, in conjunction with CuI to synthesize coordination polymers: [CuI(bpe)]n(1), [Cu3I3(bpe)3]n(2), and [CuI(bpe)0.5]n(3). These polymers exhibit the ability to absorb UV photons and emit light within the green and orange spectra. To conduct external quantum efficiency studies, the compounds are dispersed on glass and then encapsulated with ethylene vinyl acetate through heating to 150 °C. Interestingly, during these procedural steps, the solvents and temperatures employed induce a phase transformation, which has been thoroughly examined through both experimental analysis and theoretical calculations. The outcomes of these studies reveal an enhancement in external quantum efficiency with [Cu3I3(bpe)3]n(2), at a cost significantly lower (between 340 and 350 times) than that associated with lanthanide DS complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea García-Hernán
- Dpto.
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elena de la Rubia
- Dpto.
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Aguilar-Galindo
- Dpto.
Química, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Castillo
- Department
of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Joaquín Sanchiz
- Dpto.
de Química, Universidad de La Laguna, 38207 San Cristóbal
de La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Amo-Ochoa
- Dpto.
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Lifante J, Moreno-Rupérez Á, Ximendes E, Marin R, Priego T, López-Calderón A, Martín AI, Nieto-Bona MP, Nebot E, Lifante-Pedrola G, Jaque D, Monge L, Fernández N, Granado M. Early in vivo detection of denervation-induced atrophy by luminescence transient nanothermometry. J Biophotonics 2024; 17:e202300249. [PMID: 38010860 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Denervation induces skeletal muscle atrophy due to the loss of control and feedback with the nervous system. Unfortunately, muscle atrophy only becomes evident days after the denervation event when it could be irreversible. Alternative diagnosis tools for early detection of denervation-induced muscle atrophy are, thus, required. In this work, we demonstrate how the combination of transient thermometry, a technique already used for early diagnosis of tumors, and infrared-emitting nanothermometers makes possible the in vivo detection of the onset of muscle atrophy at short (<1 day) times after a denervation event. The physiological reasons behind these experimental results have been explored by performing three dimensional numerical simulations based on the Pennes' bioheat equation. It is concluded that the alterations in muscle thermal dynamics at the onset of muscle atrophy are consequence of the skin perfusion increment caused by the alteration of peripheral nervous autonomous system. This work demonstrates the potential of infrared luminescence thermometry for early detection of diseases of the nervous system opening the venue toward the development of new diagnosis tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Lifante
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Moreno-Rupérez
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erving Ximendes
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Riccardo Marin
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Priego
- Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción López-Calderón
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Martín
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Paz Nieto-Bona
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Nebot
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ginés Lifante-Pedrola
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Jaque
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Monge
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Fernández
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Granado
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
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Muñoz-Ortiz T, Alayeto I, Lifante J, Ortgies DH, Marin R, Martín Rodríguez E, Iglesias de la Cruz MDC, Lifante-Pedrola G, Rubio-Retama J, Jaque D. 3D Optical Coherence Thermometry Using Polymeric Nanogels. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2301819. [PMID: 37352307 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
In nanothermometry, the use of nanoparticles as thermal probes enables remote and minimally invasive sensing. In the biomedical context, nanothermometry has emerged as a powerful tool where traditional approaches, like infrared thermal sensing and contact thermometers, fall short. Despite the strides of this technology in preclinical settings, nanothermometry is not mature enough to be translated to the bedside. This is due to two major hurdles: the inability to perform 3D thermal imaging and the requirement for tools that are readily available in the clinics. This work simultaneously overcomes both limitations by proposing the technology of optical coherence thermometry (OCTh). This is achieved by combining thermoresponsive polymeric nanogels and optical coherence tomography (OCT)-a 3D imaging technology routinely used in clinical practice. The volume phase transition of the thermoresponsive nanogels causes marked changes in their refractive index, making them temperature-sensitive OCT contrast agents. The ability of OCTh to provide 3D thermal images is demonstrated in tissue phantoms subjected to photothermal processes, and its reliability is corroborated by comparing experimental results with numerical simulations. The results included in this work set credible foundations for the implementation of nanothermometry in the form of OCTh in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Muñoz-Ortiz
- nanomaterials for BioImaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Idoia Alayeto
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - José Lifante
- nanomaterials for BioImaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Avda. Arzobispo Morcillo 2, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- nanomaterials for BioImaging Group (nanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Ctra de Colmenar Viejo Km 9,100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Dirk H Ortgies
- nanomaterials for BioImaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- nanomaterials for BioImaging Group (nanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Ctra de Colmenar Viejo Km 9,100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
- nanomaterials for BioImaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Riccardo Marin
- nanomaterials for BioImaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- nanomaterials for BioImaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Emma Martín Rodríguez
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- nanomaterials for BioImaging Group (nanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Ctra de Colmenar Viejo Km 9,100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- nanomaterials for BioImaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Iglesias de la Cruz
- nanomaterials for BioImaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Avda. Arzobispo Morcillo 2, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Ginés Lifante-Pedrola
- nanomaterials for BioImaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Jorge Rubio-Retama
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- nanomaterials for BioImaging Group (nanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Ctra de Colmenar Viejo Km 9,100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
| | - Daniel Jaque
- nanomaterials for BioImaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- nanomaterials for BioImaging Group (nanoBIG), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Ctra de Colmenar Viejo Km 9,100, Madrid, 28034, Spain
- nanomaterials for BioImaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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4
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Murillo M, Wannemacher R, Cabanillas-González J, Rodríguez-Mendoza UR, Gonzalez-Platas J, Liang A, Turnbull R, Errandonea D, Lifante-Pedrola G, García-Hernán A, Martínez JI, Amo-Ochoa P. 2D Cu(I)-I Coordination Polymer with Smart Optoelectronic Properties and Photocatalytic Activity as a Versatile Multifunctional Material. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37390357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
This work presents two isostructural Cu(I)-I 2-fluoropyrazine (Fpyz) luminescent and semiconducting 2D coordination polymers (CPs). Hydrothermal synthesis allows the growth of P-1 space group single crystals, whereas solvent-free synthesis produces polycrystals. Via recrystallization in acetonitrile, P21 space group single crystals are obtained. Both show a reversible luminescent response to temperature and pressure. Structure determination by single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 200 and 100 K allows us to understand their response as a function of temperature. Applying hydrostatic/uniaxial pressure or grinding also generates significant variations in their emission. The high structural flexibility of the Cu(I)-I chain is significantly linked to the corresponding alterations in structure. Remarkably, pressure can increase the conductivity by up to 3 orders of magnitude. Variations in resistivity are consistent with changes in the band gap energy. The experimental results are in agreement with the DFT calculations. These properties may allow the use of these CPs as optical pressure or temperature sensors. In addition, their behavior as a heterogeneous photocatalyst of persistent organic dyes has also been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Murillo
- Dpto. de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | | | | | - Ulises R Rodríguez-Mendoza
- Dpto. de Física, Instituto Universitario de Nanomateriales y Nanotecnología (IMN), MALTA Consolider Team, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, La Laguna Tenerife E-38204, Spain
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Platas
- Dpto. de Física, Instituto Universitario de Estudios Avanzados en Física Atómica, Molecular y Fotónica (IUDEA), MALTA Consolider Team, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, La Laguna Tenerife E-38204, Spain
| | - Akun Liang
- Dpto de Física Aplicada-ICMUV-MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat de Valencia, c/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot (Valencia) 46100, Spain
| | - Robin Turnbull
- Dpto de Física Aplicada-ICMUV-MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat de Valencia, c/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot (Valencia) 46100, Spain
| | - Daniel Errandonea
- Dpto de Física Aplicada-ICMUV-MALTA Consolider Team, Universitat de Valencia, c/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot (Valencia) 46100, Spain
| | | | - Andrea García-Hernán
- Dpto. de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Jose I Martínez
- Dpto. Surfaces, Coatings and Molecular Astrophysics, Institute of Material Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), University Campus of Cantoblanco, Madrid ES-28049, Spain
| | - Pilar Amo-Ochoa
- Dpto. de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
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5
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López J, Murillo M, Lifante-Pedrola G, Cantelar E, Gonzalez-Platas J, Rodríguez-Mendoza UR, Amo-Ochoa P. Multi-stimulus semiconductor Cu(i)–I-pyrimidine coordination polymer with thermo- and mechanochromic sensing. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01315g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 1D-[Cu(aClpym)I]n coordination polymer behaves as an intelligent material with response to different stimuli since its emission is altered with temperature and with varying modes of pressure, making it a potential multi-response material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús López
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Murillo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ginés Lifante-Pedrola
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenio Cantelar
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Platas
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Universitario de Estudios Avanzados en Física Atómica, Molecular y Fotónica (IUDEA) e, Instituto de Universitario de Materiales y Nanotecnología (IMN), MALTA Consolider Team, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, E-38204, Spain
| | - Ulises R. Rodríguez-Mendoza
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Universitario de Estudios Avanzados en Física Atómica, Molecular y Fotónica (IUDEA) e, Instituto de Universitario de Materiales y Nanotecnología (IMN), MALTA Consolider Team, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, E-38204, Spain
| | - Pilar Amo-Ochoa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chem. Sci.s (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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6
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López J, Platas JG, Rodríguez-Mendoza UR, Martínez JI, Delgado S, Lifante-Pedrola G, Cantelar E, Guerrero-Lemus R, Hernández-Rodríguez C, Amo-Ochoa P. Cu(I)-I-2,4-diaminopyrimidine Coordination Polymers with Optoelectronic Properties as a Proof of Concept for Solar Cells. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:1208-1219. [PMID: 33378202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two coordination polymers with formulas [CuI(dapym)]n and [Cu2I2(dapym)]n (dapym = 2,4-diaminopyrimidine) have been synthesized in water at room temperature. According to the stoichiometry used, mono (1D) and the two-dimensional (2D) structures can be obtained. Both are made up of Cu2I2 double chains. Their high insolubility in the reaction medium also makes it possible to obtain them on a nanometric scale. Their structural flexibility and short Cu-Cu distances provoke interesting optoelectronic properties and respond to physical stimuli such as pressure and temperature, making them interesting for sensor applications. The experimental and theoretical studies allow us to propose different emission mechanisms with different behaviors despite containing the same organic ligand. These behaviors are attributed to their structural differences. The emission spectra versus pressure and temperature suggest competencies between different transitions, founding critical Cu2I2 environments, i.e., symmetric in the 1D compound and asymmetric for the 2D one. The intensity in the 2D compound's emission increases with decreasing temperature, and this behavior can be rationalized with a structural constriction that decreases the Cu-Cu and Cu-I distances. However, compound 1D exhibits a contrary behavior that may be related to a change of the organic ligand's molecular configuration. These changes imply that a more significant Π-Π interaction counteracts the contraction in distances and angles when the temperature decreased. Also, the experimental conductivity measurements and theoretical calculations show a semiconductor behavior. The absorption of the 1D compound in UV, its intense emission at room temperature, and the reduction to nanometric size have allowed us to combine it homogeneously with ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), creating a new composite material. The external quantum efficiency of this material in a Si photovoltaic mini-module has shown that this compound is an active species with application in solar cells since it can move the photons of the incident radiation (UV region) to longer wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus López
- Facultad de Ciencias, Dpto. Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier González Platas
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Universitario de Estudios Avanzados en Física Atómica, Molecular y Fotónica (IUDEA), Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife E-38204, Spain
| | - Ulises Ruymán Rodríguez-Mendoza
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Universitario de Estudios Avanzados en Física Atómica, Molecular y Fotónica (IUDEA), Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife E-38204, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Martínez
- Departamento de Nanoestructuras, Superficies, Recubrimientos y Astrofísica Molecular, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Salomé Delgado
- Facultad de Ciencias, Dpto. Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ginés Lifante-Pedrola
- Facultad de Ciencias, Dpto. Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenio Cantelar
- Facultad de Ciencias, Dpto. Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Guerrero-Lemus
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Laguna, 38207 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Amo-Ochoa
- Facultad de Ciencias, Dpto. Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research Chemistry (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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