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Bianco GV, Sacchetti A, Milella A, Giangregorio MM, Dicorato S, Bruno G. Defect healing and doping of CVD graphene by thermal sulfurization. Nanoscale Adv 2024; 6:2629-2635. [PMID: 38752145 PMCID: PMC11093272 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00124a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
CVD graphene layers are intrinsically polycrystalline; depending on grain size, their structure at the atomic level is scarcely free of defects, which affects the properties of graphene. On the one hand, atomic-scale defects act as scattering centers and lead to a loss of carrier mobility. On the other hand, structural disorder at grain boundaries provides additional resistance in series that affects material conductivity. Graphene chemical functionalization has been demonstrated to be an effective way to improve its conductivity mainly by increasing carrier concentration. The present study reports the healing effects of sulfur doping on the electrical transport properties of single-layer CVD graphene. A post-growth thermal sulfurization process operating at 250 °C is applied on single layers of graphene on Corning-glass and Si/SiO2 substrates. XPS and Raman analyses reveal the covalent attachment of sulfur atoms in graphene carbon lattice without creating new C-sp3 defects. Measurements of transport properties show a significant improvement in hole mobility as revealed by Hall measurements and related material conductivity. Typically, Hall mobility values as high as 2500 cm2 V-1 s-1 and sheet resistance as low as 400 Ohm per square are measured on single-layer sulfurized graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Valerio Bianco
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-NANOTEC, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari via Orabona, 4 Bari 70126 Italy +39-0805442082
| | - Alberto Sacchetti
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-NANOTEC, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari via Orabona, 4 Bari 70126 Italy +39-0805442082
| | - Antonella Milella
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-NANOTEC, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari via Orabona, 4 Bari 70126 Italy +39-0805442082
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari via Orabona, 4 Bari 70126 Italy
| | - Maria Michela Giangregorio
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-NANOTEC, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari via Orabona, 4 Bari 70126 Italy +39-0805442082
| | - Stefano Dicorato
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-NANOTEC, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari via Orabona, 4 Bari 70126 Italy +39-0805442082
| | - Giovanni Bruno
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-NANOTEC, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari via Orabona, 4 Bari 70126 Italy +39-0805442082
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Vischio F, Carrieri L, Bianco GV, Petronella F, Depalo N, Fanizza E, Scavo MP, De Sio L, Calogero A, Striccoli M, Agostiano A, Giannelli G, Curri ML, Ingrosso C. Corrigendum to "Au nanoparticles decorated nanographene oxide-based platform: Synthesis, functionalization and assessment of photothermal activity" [Biomaterials Advances Volume 145, February 2023, 213272]. Biomater Adv 2024; 157:213748. [PMID: 38154399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vischio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR-IPCF Bari Division, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Livianna Carrieri
- Personalized Medicine Laboratory, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS Saverio de Bellis, Via Turi 21, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Elisabetta Fanizza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR-IPCF Bari Division, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Principia Scavo
- Personalized Medicine Laboratory, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS Saverio de Bellis, Via Turi 21, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Luciano De Sio
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Research Center for Biophotonics, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Antonella Calogero
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Research Center for Biophotonics, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | | | - Angela Agostiano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR-IPCF Bari Division, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS Saverio de Bellis, Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Curri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR-IPCF Bari Division, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Magno G, Caramia L, Bianco GV, Bruno G, D'orazio A, Grande M. Design of optically transparent metasurfaces based on CVD graphene for mmWave applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4920. [PMID: 36966206 PMCID: PMC10039886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose and numerically investigate a smart, optically transparent digital metasurface reflective in the mmWave range, based on CVD graphene programmable elements. For both TM and TE polarizations, we detail the optimization of the unit cells, designed to exhibit two distinct states that correspond to those of binary encoding. The whole metasurface encoding can be customized to provide different electromagnetic functions, such as wide-band beam splitting at a controlled angle and reduction of the Radar Cross Section. Optically transparent metasurfaces could be integrated and exploited in windows and transparent surfaces in future Beyond-5G and 6G ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marco Grande
- Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- CNR-NANOTEC, Bari, Italy
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Vischio F, Carrieri L, Bianco GV, Petronella F, Depalo N, Fanizza E, Scavo MP, De Sio L, Calogero A, Striccoli M, Agostiano A, Giannelli G, Curri ML, Ingrosso C. Au nanoparticles decorated nanographene oxide-based platform: Synthesis, functionalization and assessment of photothermal activity. Biomater Adv 2023; 145:213272. [PMID: 36586204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel hybrid nanocomposite formed of carboxylated Nano Graphene Oxide (c-NGO), highly densely decorated by monodisperse citrate-coated Au nanoparticles (c-NGO/Au NPs), is synthesized and thoroughly characterized for photothermal applications. A systematic investigation of the role played by the synthetic parameters on the Au NPs decoration of the c-NGO platform is performed, comprehensively studying spectroscopic and morphological characteristics of the achieved nanostructures, thus elucidating their still not univocally explained synthesis mechanism. Remarkably, the Au NPs coating density of the c-NGO sheets is much higher than state-of-the-art systems with analogous composition prepared with different approaches, along with a higher NPs size dispersion. A novel theoretical approach for estimating the average number of NPs per sheet, combining DLS and TEM results, is developed. The assessment of the c-NGO/Au NPs photothermal activity is performed under continuous wave (CW) laser irradiation, at 532 nm and 800 nm, before and after functionalization with PEG-SH. c-NGO/Au NPs composite behaves as efficient photothermal agent, with a light into heat conversion ability higher than that of the single components. The c-NGO/Au NPs compatibility for photothermal therapy is assessed by in vitro cell viability tests, which show no significant effects of c-NGO/Au NPs, as neat and PEGylated, on cell metabolic activity under the investigated conditions. These results demonstrate the great potential held by the prepared hybrid nanocomposite for photothermal conversion technologies, indicating it as particularly promising platform for photothermal ablation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vischio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR-IPCF Bari Division, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Livianna Carrieri
- Personalized Medicine Laboratory, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. De Bellis", Via Turi 21, 70013 - Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Elisabetta Fanizza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR-IPCF Bari Division, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Principia Scavo
- Personalized Medicine Laboratory, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. De Bellis", Via Turi 21, 70013 - Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Luciano De Sio
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Research Center for Biophotonics, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Antonella Calogero
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Research Center for Biophotonics, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | | | - Angela Agostiano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR-IPCF Bari Division, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. De Bellis", Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Curri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR-IPCF Bari Division, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Bianco GV, Sacchetti A, Grande M, D'Orazio A, Milella A, Bruno G. Effective hole conductivity in nitrogen-doped CVD-graphene by singlet oxygen treatment under photoactivation conditions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8703. [PMID: 35610345 PMCID: PMC9130222 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen substitutional doping in the π-basal plane of graphene has been used to modulate the material properties and in particular the transition from hole to electron conduction, thus enlarging the field of potential applications. Depending on the doping procedure, nitrogen moieties mainly include graphitic-N, combined with pyrrolic-N and pyridinic-N. However, pyridine and pyrrole configurations of nitrogen are predominantly introduced in monolayer graphene:N lattice as prepared by CVD. In this study, we investigate the possibility of employing pyridinic-nitrogen as a reactive site as well as activate a reactive center at the adjacent carbon atoms in the functionalized C–N bonds, for additional post reaction like oxidation. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of the graphene:N surface in the production of singlet oxygen (1O2) is fully exploited for the oxidation of the graphene basal plane with the formation of pyridine N-oxide and pyridone structures, both having zwitterion forms with a strong p-doping effect. A sheet resistance value as low as 100 Ω/□ is reported for a 3-layer stacked graphene:N film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Valerio Bianco
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR‑NANOTEC, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Università Di Bari, via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Alberto Sacchetti
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR‑NANOTEC, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Università Di Bari, via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Grande
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR‑NANOTEC, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Università Di Bari, via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Politecnico Di Bari, via Orabona,4, 70123, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella D'Orazio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Politecnico Di Bari, via Orabona,4, 70123, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Milella
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR‑NANOTEC, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Università Di Bari, via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Di Bari, via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bruno
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR‑NANOTEC, Dipartimento Di Chimica, Università Di Bari, via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
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Scarfiello R, Prontera CT, Pugliese M, Bianco GV, Bruno G, Nobile C, Carallo S, Fiore A, Sibillano T, Giannini C, Giannuzzi R, Carbone L, Gigli G, Maiorano V. Electrochromic evaluation of airbrushed water-dispersible W 18O 49nanorods obtained by microwave-assisted synthesis. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:215709. [PMID: 33126233 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abc641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by the technological relevance of tungsten oxide nanostructures as valuable materials for energy saving technology, electrochemical and electrochromic characteristics of greener processed nanostructured W18O49-based electrodes are discussed in this work. For the purpose, microwave-assisted water-dispersible W18O49nanorods have been synthesized and processed into nanostructured electrodes. An airbrushing technique has been adopted as a cost-effective large-area scalable methodology to deposit the W18O49nanorods onto conductive glass. This approach preserves the morphological and crystallographic habit of native nanorods and allows highly homogeneous transparent coating where good electronic coupling between nanowires is ensured by a mild thermal treatment (250 °C, 30 min). Morphological and structural characteristics of active material were investigated from the synthesis to the nanocrystal deposition process by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The as-obtained nanostructured film exhibited good reversible electrochemical features through several intercalation-deintercalation cycles. The electrochromic properties were evaluated on the basis of spectro-electrochemical measurements and showed significant optical contrast in the near-infrared region and high coloration efficiency at 550 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Scarfiello
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carmela Tania Prontera
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marco Pugliese
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valerio Bianco
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari, via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bruno
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari, via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Concetta Nobile
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Sonia Carallo
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Teresa Sibillano
- IC-CNR, Institute of Crystallography, via Amendola 122/O, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- IC-CNR, Institute of Crystallography, via Amendola 122/O, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Giannuzzi
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi Carbone
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Maiorano
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotecne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Grande M, Bianco GV, Perna FM, Capriati V, Capezzuto P, Scalora M, Bruno G, D'Orazio A. Reconfigurable and optically transparent microwave absorbers based on deep eutectic solvent-gated graphene. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5463. [PMID: 30940845 PMCID: PMC6445085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41806-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrolytically tunable graphene “building blocks” for reconfigurable and optically transparent microwave surfaces and absorbers have been designed and fabricated by exploiting Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs). DESs have been first explored as electrolytic and environmentally friendly media for tuning sheet resistance and Fermi level of graphene together with its microwave response (reflection, transmission and absorption). We consider the tunability of the reconfigurable surfaces in terms of transmittance, absorption and reflectance, respectively, over the X and Ku bands when the gate voltage is varied in the −1.4/+1.4 V range. The numerical simulations and experimental measurements also show the ability of the absorber, in the Salisbury screen configuration, to achieve near perfect absorption with a modulation of about 20%. These results could find applications in several technological fields, ranging from electromagnetic pollution to integrated multi-physical regulation systems, thereby helping the advance of the performance of microwave cloaking systems, stealth windows, frequency selective surfaces, modulators and polarizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Grande
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Re David 200, 70125, Bari, Italy. .,Istituto di Nanotecnologia - CNR-NANOTEC, Via Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | | | - Filippo Maria Perna
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Capriati
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Pio Capezzuto
- Istituto di Nanotecnologia - CNR-NANOTEC, Via Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Michael Scalora
- Charles M. Bowden Research Center, RDECOM, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898-5000, USA
| | - Giovanni Bruno
- Istituto di Nanotecnologia - CNR-NANOTEC, Via Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella D'Orazio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Re David 200, 70125, Bari, Italy
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Operamolla A, Casalini S, Console D, Capodieci L, Di Benedetto F, Bianco GV, Babudri F. Tailoring water stability of cellulose nanopaper by surface functionalization. Soft Matter 2018; 14:7390-7400. [PMID: 30198543 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00433a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanopaper (CNP) features appealing properties, including transparency, flatness, a low thermal expansion coefficient and thermal stability, often outperforming conventional paper. However, free-standing crystalline cellulose films usually swell in water or upon moisture sorption, compromising part of their outstanding properties. This remains a major problem whenever working in a water environment is required. Freestanding cellulose nanopaper is prepared by solution casting water suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals with an average width of 10 nm and an average aspect ratio of 28, isolated from Avicel by acid hydrolysis and extensively characterized by AFM and FE-SEM measurements and GPC detection of their degree of polymerization. We demonstrate by elemental analyses, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, XRD measurements and water contact angle detection that wet treatment with lauroyl chloride results in surface hydrophobization of nanopaper. The hydrophobized nanopaper, C12-CNP, shows a more compact surface morphology than the starting CNP, due to the effect of chemical functionalization, and presents enhanced resistance to water, as assessed by electrochemical permeation experiments. The new hydrophobized nanopaper is a promising substrate for thin film devices designed to work in a humid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Operamolla
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
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Grande M, Bianco GV, Capezzuto P, Petruzzelli V, Prudenzano F, Scalora M, Bruno G, D'Orazio A. Amplitude and phase modulation in microwave ring resonators by doped CVD graphene. Nanotechnology 2018; 29:325201. [PMID: 29767629 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aac557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we numerically and experimentally demonstrate how to modulate the amplitude and phase of a microwave ring resonator by means of few-layers chemical vapour deposition graphene. In particular, both numerical and experimental results show a modulation of about 10 dB and a 90 degrees-shift (quadrature phase shift) when the graphene sheet-resistance is varied. These findings prove once again that graphene could be efficiently exploited for the dynamically tuning and modulation of microwave devices fostering the realization of (i) innovative beam-steering and beam-forming systems and (ii) graphene-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grande
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Re David 200, I-70125-Bari, Italy. Istituto di Nanotecnologia-CNR-NANOTEC, Via Orabona, 4, I-70125-Bari, Italy
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La Notte L, Villari E, Palma AL, Sacchetti A, Michela Giangregorio M, Bruno G, Di Carlo A, Bianco GV, Reale A. Laser-patterned functionalized CVD-graphene as highly transparent conductive electrodes for polymer solar cells. Nanoscale 2017; 9:62-69. [PMID: 27906382 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06156g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A five-layer (5L) graphene on a glass substrate has been demonstrated as a transparent conductive electrode to replace indium tin oxide (ITO) in organic photovoltaic devices. The required low sheet resistance, while maintaining high transparency, and the need of a wettable surface are the main issues. To overcome these, two strategies have been applied: (i) the p-doping of the multilayer graphene, thus reaching 25 Ω□-1 or (ii) the O2-plasma oxidation of the last layer of the 5L graphene that results in a contact angle of 58° and a sheet resistance of 134 Ω□-1. A Nd:YVO4 laser patterning has been implemented to realize the desired layout of graphene through an easy and scalable way. Inverted Polymer Solar Cells (PSCs) have been fabricated onto the patterned and modified graphene. The use of PEDOT:PSS has facilitated the deposition of the electron transport layer and a non-chlorinated solvent (ortho-xylene) has been used in the processing of the active layer. It has been found that the two distinct functionalization strategies of graphene have beneficial effects on the overall performance of the devices, leading to an efficiency of 4.2%. Notably, this performance has been achieved with an active area of 10 mm2, the largest area reported in the literature for graphene-based inverted PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca La Notte
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Grande M, Bianco GV, Vincenti MA, de Ceglia D, Capezzuto P, Petruzzelli V, Scalora M, Bruno G, D'Orazio A. Optically transparent microwave screens based on engineered graphene layers. Opt Express 2016; 24:22788-22795. [PMID: 27828344 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.022788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose an innovative approach for the realization of a microwave absorber fully transparent in the optical regime. This device is based on the Salisbury screen configuration, which consists of a lossless spacer, sandwiched between two graphene sheets whose sheet resistances are different and properly engineered. Experimental results show that it is possible to achieve near-perfect electromagnetic absorption in the microwave X-band. These findings are fully supported by an analytical approach based on an equivalent circuital model. Engineering and integration of graphene sheets could facilitate the realization of innovative microwave absorbers with additional electromagnetic and optical functionalities that could circumvent some of the major limitations of opaque microwave absorbers.
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Grande M, Bianco GV, Vincenti MA, de Ceglia D, Capezzuto P, Scalora M, D'Orazio A, Bruno G. Optically Transparent Microwave Polarizer Based On Quasi-Metallic Graphene. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17083. [PMID: 26603112 PMCID: PMC4658520 DOI: 10.1038/srep17083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report on the engineering and the realization of optically transparent graphene-based microwave devices using Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) graphene whose sheet resistance may be tailored down to values below 30 Ω/sq. In particular, we show that the process was successfully used to realize and characterize a simple, optically transparent graphene-based wire-grid polarizer at microwave frequencies (X band). The availability of graphene operating in a quasi-metallic region may allow the integration of graphene layers in several microwave components, thus leading to the realization of fully transparent (and flexible) microwave devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Grande
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | | | - Maria Antonietta Vincenti
- National Research Council, Charles M. Bowden Research Center, RDECOM, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama 35898-5000 - USA
| | - Domenico de Ceglia
- National Research Council, Charles M. Bowden Research Center, RDECOM, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama 35898-5000 - USA
| | - Pio Capezzuto
- Istituto di Nanotecnologia - CNR-NANOTEC, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Michael Scalora
- Charles M. Bowden Research Center, RDECOM, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama 35898-5000 - USA
| | - Antonella D'Orazio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bruno
- Istituto di Nanotecnologia - CNR-NANOTEC, Bari, 70126, Italy
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Giangregorio MM, Jiao W, Bianco GV, Capezzuto P, Brown AS, Bruno G, Losurdo M. Insights into the effects of metal nanostructuring and oxidation on the work function and charge transfer of metal/graphene hybrids. Nanoscale 2015; 7:12868-77. [PMID: 26158222 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr02610e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Graphene/metal heterojunctions are ubiquitous in graphene-based devices and, therefore, have attracted increasing interest of researchers. Indeed, the literature on the field reports apparently contradictory results about the effect of a metal on graphene doping. Here, we elucidate the effect of metal nanostructuring and oxidation on the metal work function (WF) and, consequently, on the charge transfer and doping of graphene/metal hybrids. We show that nanostructuring and oxidation of metals provide a valid support to frame WF and doping variation in metal/graphene hybrids. Chemical vapour-deposited monolayer graphene has been transferred onto a variety of metal surfaces, including d-metals, such as Ag, Au, and Cu, and sp-metals, such as Al and Ga, configured as thin films or nanoparticle (NP) ensembles of various average sizes. The metal-induced charge transfer and the doping of graphene have been investigated using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), and corroborated by Raman spectroscopy and plasmonic ellipsometric spectroscopy. We show that when the appropriate WF of the metal is considered, without any assumption, taking into account WF variations by nanostructure and/or oxidation, a linear relationship between the metal WF and the doping of graphene is found. Specifically, for all metals, nanostructuring lowers the metal WF. In addition, using gold as an example, a critical metal nanoparticle size is found at which the direction of charge transfer, and consequently graphene doping, is inverted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Giangregorio
- CNR-NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia and IMIP-Institute of Inorganic Methodologies and of Plasmas, via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Grande M, Vincenti MA, Stomeo T, Bianco GV, de Ceglia D, Aközbek N, Petruzzelli V, Bruno G, De Vittorio M, Scalora M, D'Orazio A. Graphene-based perfect optical absorbers harnessing guided mode resonances. Opt Express 2015; 23:21032-42. [PMID: 26367955 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.021032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate graphene-based optical absorbers that exploit guided mode resonances (GMRs) attaining theoretically perfect absorption over a bandwidth of few nanometers (over the visible and near-infrared ranges) with a 40-fold increase of the monolayer graphene absorption. We analyze the influence of the geometrical parameters on the absorption rate and the angular response for oblique incidence. Finally, we experimentally verify the theoretical predictions in a one-dimensional, dielectric grating by placing it near either a metallic or a dielectric mirror, thus achieving very good agreement between numerical predictions and experimental results.
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15
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Grande M, Vincenti MA, Stomeo T, Bianco GV, de Ceglia D, Aközbek N, Petruzzelli V, Bruno G, De Vittorio M, Scalora M, D'Orazio A. Graphene-based absorber exploiting guided mode resonances in one-dimensional gratings. Opt Express 2014; 22:31511-9. [PMID: 25607101 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.031511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A one-dimensional dielectric grating, based on a simple geometry, is proposed and investigated to enhance light absorption in a monolayer graphene exploiting guided mode resonances. Numerical findings reveal that the optimized configuration is able to absorb up to 60% of the impinging light at normal incidence for both TE and TM polarizations resulting in a theoretical enhancement factor of about 26 with respect to the monolayer graphene absorption (≈2.3%). Experimental results confirm this behavior showing CVD graphene absorbance peaks up to about 40% over narrow bands of a few nanometers. The simple and flexible design points to a way to realize innovative, scalable and easy-to-fabricate graphene-based optical absorbers.
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Ingrosso C, Bianco GV, Lopalco P, Tamborra M, Curri ML, Corcelli A, Bruno G, Agostiano A, Siciliano P, Striccoli M. Surface chemical functionalization of single walled carbon nanotubes with a bacteriorhodopsin mutant. Nanoscale 2012; 4:6434-6441. [PMID: 22961248 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31999c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been chemically functionalized at their walls with a membrane protein, namely the mutated bacteriorhodopsin D96N, integrated in its native archaeal lipid membrane. The modification of the SWNT walls with the mutant has been carried out in different buffer solutions, at pH 5, 7.5 and 9, to investigate the anchoring process, the typical chemical and physical properties of the component materials being dependent on the pH. The SWNTs modified by interactions with bacteriorhodopsin membrane patches have been characterized by UV-vis steady state, Raman and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and by atomic force and transmission electron microscopy. The investigation shows that the membrane protein patches wrap the carbon walls by tight chemical interactions undergoing a conformational change; such chemical interactions increase the mechanical strength of the SWNTs and promote charge transfers which p-dope the nano-objects. The functionalization, as well as the SWNT doping, is favoured in acid and basic buffer conditions; such buffers make the nanotube walls more reactive, thus catalysing the anchoring of the membrane protein. The direct electron communication among the materials can be exploited for effectively interfacing the transport properties of carbon nanotubes with both molecular recognition capability and photoactivity of the cell membrane for sensing and photoconversion applications upon integration of the achieved hybrid materials in sensors or photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ingrosso
- CNR-IMM, Via per Monteroni, Campus Universitario, Palazzina A3, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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