Unlocking biogas potential: Spatial analysis, economic viability, and climate resilience in southern regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Across the world, the growing embrace of anaerobic digestion for deriving energy from biogas presents substantial economic and environmental benefits. This strategic approach carries particular significance for Pakistan, which is actively striving to meet its renewable energy objectives. The study focuses on a comprehensive examination of the spatial distribution of biogas potential originating from livestock farm manure in the southern areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This factor plays a pivotal role in ascertaining the best location and economic feasibility of a bioenergy facility. The study employs a spatial analysis algorithm to estimate biogas production. By integrating livestock data, manure production metrics, and collection statistics, the algorithm provides a high-resolution assessment at 1 km interval. The analysis unveil a biogas potential of 1.40 billion cubic meters of bio-methane sourced from manure. District D.I.Khan emerges as the leading producer, generating 201.40 million cubic meters of bio-methane. Several maps illustrate optimal sites and potential capacities for biogas facilities utilizing manure. The study proposes the practicality of establishing 868 biogas plants within the surveyed geographic region. Collectively, these plants would generate a substantial 909.34 Megawatt electrical (Mwe), while individual capacities spanning from 120 Kilowatt electrical (Kwe) to an impressive 997 KWe. These findings offer a clear path for strategically siting biogas plants, a crucial component of the global battle against climate change. Moreover, the findings of this study have played a significant role in shaping guidelines aimed at mitigating methane emissions, promoting the generation of renewable energy, and advocating for sustainable waste management practices. These guidelines serve as invaluable tools for climate mitigation and adaptation endeavors.