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Lee WG, Asuelime GE, Asuelime-Smith MBT, Chen SY, Kim ES. Differential RNA Expression Between Metastatic and Primary Neuroblastoma Cells. J Surg Res 2024; 298:240-250. [PMID: 38631173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2024.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extra-cranial malignancy in children. Poor survival in high-risk NB is attributed to recurrent metastatic disease. To better study metastatic disease, we used a novel mouse model to investigate differential gene expression between primary tumor cells and metastatic cells. We hypothesized that metastatic NB cells have a different gene expression profile from primary tumor cells and cultured cells. METHODS Using three human NB cell lines (NGP, CHLA255, and SH-SY5Y), orthotopic xenografts were established in immunodeficient nod/scid gamma mice via subcapsular renal injection. Mice were sacrificed and NB cells were isolated from the primary tumor and from sites of metastasis (bone marrow, liver). RNA sequencing, gene set analysis, and pathway analysis were performed to identify differentially expressed genes and molecular pathways in the metastatic cells compared to primary tumor cells. RESULTS There were 266 differentially expressed genes in metastatic tumor cells (bone marrow and liver combined) compared to primary tumor cells. The top upregulated gene was KCNK1 and the top downregulated genes were PDE7B and NEBL. Top upregulated pathways in the metastatic cells were involved in ion transport, cell signaling, and cell proliferation. Top downregulated pathways were involved in DNA synthesis, transcription, and cellular metabolism. CONCLUSIONS In metastatic NB cells, our study identified the upregulation of biologic processes involved in cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Ongoing studies aim to validate downstream translation of these genomic alterations, as well as target these pathways to more effectively suppress and inhibit recurrent metastatic disease in NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Lee
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Grace E Asuelime
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Stephanie Y Chen
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eugene S Kim
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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2
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Lascano D, Zobel MJ, Lee WG, Chen SY, Zamora A, Asuelime GE, Choi SY, Chronopoulos A, Asgharzadeh S, Marachelian A, Park J, Sheard MA, Kim ES. Anti-CCL2 antibody combined with etoposide prolongs survival in a minimal residual disease mouse model of neuroblastoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19915. [PMID: 37964011 PMCID: PMC10645976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46968-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a monocyte chemoattractant that promotes metastatic disease and portends a poor prognosis in many cancers. To determine the potential of anti-CCL2 inhibition as a therapy for recurrent metastatic disease in neuroblastoma, a mouse model of minimal residual disease was utilized in which residual disease was treated with anti-CCL2 monoclonal antibody with etoposide. The effect of anti-CCL2 antibody on neuroblastoma cells was determined in vitro with cell proliferation, transwell migration, and 2-dimensional chemotaxis migration assays. The in vivo efficacy of anti-CCL2 antibody and etoposide against neuroblastoma was assessed following resection of primary tumors formed by two cell lines or a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) in immunodeficient NOD-scid gamma mice. In vitro, anti-CCL2 antibody did not affect cell proliferation but significantly inhibited neuroblastoma cell and monocyte migration towards an increasing CCL2 concentration gradient. Treatment of mice with anti-CCL2 antibody combined with etoposide significantly increased survival of mice after resection of primary tumors, compared to untreated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Lascano
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Zobel
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William G Lee
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Y Chen
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Abigail Zamora
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Grace E Asuelime
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - So Yung Choi
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Antonios Chronopoulos
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shahab Asgharzadeh
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Araz Marachelian
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jinseok Park
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Sheard
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eugene S Kim
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 116 N. Robertson Blvd, Suite PACT 700, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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3
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Tokatlian T, Asuelime GE, Mock JY, DiAndreth B, Sharma S, Toledo Warshaviak D, Daris ME, Bolanos K, Luna BL, Naradikian MS, Deshmukh K, Hamburger AE, Kamb A. Mesothelin-specific CAR-T cell therapy that incorporates an HLA-gated safety mechanism selectively kills tumor cells. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003826. [PMID: 35091455 PMCID: PMC8804709 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesothelin (MSLN) is a classic tumor-associated antigen that is expressed in lung cancer and many other solid tumors. However, MSLN is also expressed in normal mesothelium which creates a significant risk of serious inflammation for MSLN-directed therapeutics. We have developed a dual-receptor (Tmod™) system that exploits the difference between tumor and normal tissue in a subset of patients with defined heterozygous gene loss (LOH) in their tumors. Methods T cells engineered with the MSLN CAR Tmod construct described here contain (1) a novel MSLN-activated CAR and (2) an HLA-A*02-gated inhibitory receptor (blocker). A*02 binding is intended to override T-cell cytotoxicity, even in the presence of MSLN. The Tmod system is designed to treat heterozygous HLA class I patients, selected for HLA LOH. When A*02 is absent from tumors selected for LOH, the MSLN Tmod cells are predicted to mediate potent killing of the MSLN(+)A*02(−) malignant cells. Results The sensitivity of the MSLN Tmod cells is comparable with a benchmark MSLN CAR-T that was active but toxic in the clinic. Unlike MSLN CAR-T cells, the Tmod system robustly protects surrogate “normal” cells even in mixed-cell populations in vitro and in a xenograft model. The MSLN CAR can also be paired with other HLA class I blockers, supporting extension of the approach to patients beyond A*02 heterozygotes. Conclusions The Tmod mechanism exemplified by the MSLN CAR Tmod construct provides an alternative route to leverage solid-tumor antigens such as MSLN in safer, more effective ways than previously possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shruti Sharma
- A2 Biotherapeutics Inc, Agoura Hills, California, USA
| | | | - Mark E Daris
- A2 Biotherapeutics Inc, Agoura Hills, California, USA
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4
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Tokatlian T, Asuelime GE, Naradikian MS, Mock JY, Daris ME, Martin AD, Toledo Warshaviak D, Kamb A, Hamburger AE. Chimeric Antigen Receptors Directed at Mutant KRAS Exhibit an Inverse Relationship Between Functional Potency and Neoantigen Selectivity. Cancer Res Commun 2022; 2:58-65. [PMID: 36860694 PMCID: PMC9973398 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neoantigens are among the most intriguing potential immuno-oncology targets because, unlike many cancer targets that are expressed on normal tissues, they are by definition restricted to cancer cells. Medicines directed at common neoantigens such as mutant KRAS are especially interesting because they may offer the convenience and cost of an off-the-shelf therapy. However, all common KRAS mutations produce proteins that differ from the wild type at a single amino acid, creating challenges for molecular discrimination. We have undertaken an effort to optimize single-chain variable fragments (scFv) against peptide/major histocompatibility antigen complexes composed of HLA-A*11 and either G12V- or G12D-mutant KRAS peptides. These scFvs could in principle be used in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies for selected patients whose tumors bear either of these mutations. Here we show that optimization of such CARs involves a trade-off between potency and selectivity. We further show that targeting this family without high selectivity engenders risks of cross-reactivity against other members of the G-protein family to which KRAS belongs. Significance We report an effort to generate high potency, selective CARs directed at mutant KRAS peptides. Although the heavily optimized CARs maintain high selectivity against wild-type KRAS, they lose selectivity against other KRAS-related peptides derived from human proteins. To our knowledge, this work is the first to examine the trade-off between potency and selectivity with regard to KRAS pMHC-directed CARs, illustrating the challenge to achieve both sufficient potency and high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark E. Daris
- Research, A2 Biotherapeutics, Agoura Hills, California
| | | | | | | | - Agnes E. Hamburger
- Research, A2 Biotherapeutics, Agoura Hills, California.,Corresponding Author: Agnes E. Hamburger, Research, A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Road, Agoura Hills, CA 91301. Phone: 805-491-1988; E-mail:
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5
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Hamburger AE, DiAndreth B, Cui J, Daris ME, Munguia ML, Deshmukh K, Mock JY, Asuelime GE, Lim ED, Kreke MR, Tokatlian T, Kamb A. Engineered T cells directed at tumors with defined allelic loss. Mol Immunol 2020; 128:298-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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6
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Xu H, Hamburger AE, Mock JY, Wang X, Martin AD, Tokatlian T, Oh J, Daris ME, Negri KR, Gabrelow GB, Wu ML, Nampe DP, Asuelime GE, McElvain ME, Sandberg ML, Kamb A. Structure-function relationships of chimeric antigen receptors in acute T cell responses to antigen. Mol Immunol 2020; 126:56-64. [PMID: 32768859 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and their parent signaling molecule, the T cell receptor (TCR), are fascinating proteins of increasing relevance to disease therapy. Here we use a collection of 1221 pMHC-directed CAR constructs representing 10 pMHC targets to study aspects of CAR structure-activity relationships (SAR), with particular focus on the extracellular and transmembrane structural components. These experiments that involve pMHC targets whose number/cell can be manipulated by peptide dosing in vitro enable systematic analysis of the SAR of CARs in carefully controlled experimental situations (Harris and Kranz, 2016). We find that CARs tolerate a wide range of structural variation, with the ligand-binding domains (LBDs) dominating the SAR of CAR antigen sensitivity. Notwithstanding the critical role of the LBD, CAR antigen-binding on the cell surface, measured by pMHC tetramer staining, is not an effective predictor of functional sensitivity. These results have important implications for the design and testing of CARs aimed toward the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xu
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Agnes E Hamburger
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Jee-Young Mock
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Xueyin Wang
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Aaron D Martin
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Talar Tokatlian
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Julyun Oh
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Mark E Daris
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Kathleen R Negri
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Grant B Gabrelow
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Ming Lun Wu
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Daniel P Nampe
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Grace E Asuelime
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Michele E McElvain
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Mark L Sandberg
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States
| | - Alexander Kamb
- A2 Biotherapeutics, 30301 Agoura Rd., Agoura Hills, CA, 91301, United States.
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7
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Barry WE, Jackson JR, Asuelime GE, Wu HW, Sun J, Wan Z, Malvar J, Sheard MA, Wang L, Seeger RC, Kim ES. Activated Natural Killer Cells in Combination with Anti-GD2 Antibody Dinutuximab Improve Survival of Mice after Surgical Resection of Primary Neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:325-333. [PMID: 30232225 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunotherapy of neuroblastoma that remains after myeloablative chemotherapy with anti-GD2 antibody dinutuximab has increased the two-year event-free and overall survival of high-risk neuroblastoma patients; however, 40% of patients develop recurrent disease during or after this treatment. To determine the potential of such antibody-based immunotherapy earlier in treatment, a mouse model was developed in which surgical resection of the primary tumor was followed by therapy of residual disease with dinutuximab combined with ex vivo-activated human natural killer (aNK) cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effect of combining dinutuximab with human aNK cells was determined in vitro with cellular cytotoxicity and Matrigel invasion assays. The in vivo efficacy of dinutuximab and aNK cells against neuroblastoma was assessed following resection of primary tumors formed by two cell lines or a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) in immunodeficient NOD-scid gamma mice. RESULTS In vitro, the combination of aNK cells and dinutuximab caused cytotoxicity and decreased invasiveness of three human neuroblastoma cell lines. Treatment of mice with dinutuximab combined with aNK cells after surgical resection of primary intrarenal tumors formed by two cell lines or a PDX decreased tumor cells in liver and bone marrow as evaluated by histopathology and bioluminescence imaging. Survival of mice after resection of these tumors was most significantly increased by treatment with dinutuximab combined with aNK cells compared with that of untreated mice. CONCLUSIONS The combination of dinutuximab and adoptively transferred human aNK cells following surgical resection of primary neuroblastomas significantly improves survival of immunodeficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley E Barry
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeremy R Jackson
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Grace E Asuelime
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hong-Wei Wu
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jianping Sun
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zesheng Wan
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jemily Malvar
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael A Sheard
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Larry Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert C Seeger
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eugene S Kim
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. .,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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8
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Barry WE, Asuelime GE, Zhou S, Hammoudeh J, Ford HR, Kim ES. Congenital Perirectal Dermoid Cyst: A Rare Cause of Complex, Recurrent Pediatric Fistula-in-ano. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:143. [PMID: 29868530 PMCID: PMC5964207 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perianal abscess and fistula-in-ano are well-described in the pediatric population. They are most common in infants less than 1 year of age and often resolve with oral antibiotics; occasionally they require drainage or fistulotomy. The etiology is commonly associated with cryptoglandular obstruction and subsequent infection, however alternative diagnoses should be considered in cases of recurrent abscesses and fistulae that are refractory to standard treatments. In this report, we present the case of an 8-year-old boy with a complex, recurrent fistula-in-ano that resulted from a rare congenital perirectal dermoid cyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley E Barry
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Grace E Asuelime
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shengmei Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Hammoudeh
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Henri R Ford
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eugene S Kim
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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9
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Barry W, Jackson JR, Asuelime GE, Wan Z, Wu HW, Sun J, Wang L, Seeger RC, Kim ES. Effective Reduction of Metastasis and Improved Survival by Combining Activated Natural Killer Cells and Anti-GD2 Antibody in Chemo-Resistant Neuroblastoma. J Am Coll Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2017.07.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Asuelime GE, Shi Y. The little molecules that could: a story about microRNAs in neural stem cells and neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:176. [PMID: 23233833 PMCID: PMC3516804 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Asuelime
- Department of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Duarte, CA, USA ; Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona Pomona, CA, USA
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Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine is rapidly gaining momentum as an increasing number of reports emerge concerning the induced conversions observed in cellular fate reprogramming. While in recent years, much attention has been focused on the conversion of fate-committed somatic cells to an embryonic-like or pluripotent state, there are still many limitations associated with the applications of induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming, including relatively low reprogramming efficiency, the times required for the reprogramming event to take place, the epigenetic instability, and the tumorigenicity associated with the pluripotent state. On the other hand, lineage reprogramming involves the conversion from one mature cell type to another without undergoing conversion to an unstable intermediate. It provides an alternative approach in regenerative medicine that has a relatively lower risk of tumorigenesis and increased efficiency within specific cellular contexts. While lineage reprogramming provides exciting potential, there is still much to be assessed before this technology is ready to be applied in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Asuelime
- Department of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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