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Prochilo G, Pfeffer A, Du S, Kaneko N, Liebeskind DS, Hinman JD. Recent Translational Research Models of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease. Stroke 2024. [PMID: 38738375 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.124.044520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is a leading cause of ischemic stroke worldwide. However, research on the pathophysiology of ICAD is scarce due to the relative inaccessibility of histology samples and the lack of comprehensive experimental models. As a result, much of the current understanding of ICAD relies on research on extracranial atherosclerosis. This approach is problematic as intracranial and extracranial arteries are anatomically, structurally, physiologically, and metabolically distinct, indicating that intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis likely develop through different biologic pathways. The current standard of care for ICAD treatment relies predominantly on therapeutics developed to treat extracranial atherosclerosis and is insufficient given the alarmingly high risk of stroke. To provide a definitive treatment for the disease, a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology underlying ICAD is specifically required. True mechanistic understanding of disease pathogenesis is only possible using robust experimental models. In this review, we aim to identify the advantages and limitations of the existing in vivo and in vitro models of ICAD and basic atherosclerotic processes, which may be used to inform better models of ICAD in the future and drive new therapeutic strategies to reduce stroke risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Prochilo
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. (G.P., A.P., S.D., D.S.L., J.D.H.)
| | - Alissa Pfeffer
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. (G.P., A.P., S.D., D.S.L., J.D.H.)
| | - Stephanie Du
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. (G.P., A.P., S.D., D.S.L., J.D.H.)
| | - Naoki Kaneko
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. (N.K.)
| | - David S Liebeskind
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. (G.P., A.P., S.D., D.S.L., J.D.H.)
| | - Jason D Hinman
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. (G.P., A.P., S.D., D.S.L., J.D.H.)
- Department of Neurology, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (J.D.H.)
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Cottarelli A, Shahriar S, Arac A, Glendinning M, Tuohy MC, Prochilo G, Neal JB, Edinger AL, Agalliu D. Rab7a activation promotes degradation of select tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier after ischemic stroke. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.29.555373. [PMID: 37693406 PMCID: PMC10491261 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The stability of tight junctions (TJs) between endothelial cells (ECs) is essential to maintain blood-brain barrier (BBB) function in the healthy brain. Following ischemic stroke, TJ strand dismantlement due to protein degradation leads to BBB dysfunction, yet the mechanisms driving this process are poorly understood. Here, we show that endothelial-specific ablation of Rab7a, a small GTPase that regulates endolysosomal protein degradation, reduces stroke-induced TJ strand disassembly resulting in decreased paracellular BBB permeability and improved neuronal outcomes. Two pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNFα and IL1β, but not glucose and oxygen deprivation, induce Rab7a activation via Ccz1 in brain ECs in vitro, leading to increased TJ protein degradation and impaired paracellular barrier function. Silencing Rab7a in brain ECs in vitro reduces cytokine-driven endothelial barrier dysfunction by suppressing degradation of a key BBB TJ protein, Claudin-5. Thus, Rab7a activation by inflammatory cytokines promotes degradation of select TJ proteins leading to BBB dysfunction after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Cottarelli
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sanjid Shahriar
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ahmet Arac
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California in Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michael Glendinning
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Mary Claire Tuohy
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Grace Prochilo
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jason B. Neal
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Baylor Scott and White Health, Dallas, TX, 75226, USA
| | - Aimee L. Edinger
- Departments of Developmental and Cell Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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