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Erwin GS, Gursoy G, Al-Abri R, Hoerner C, Dolzhenko E, Eberle M, Fan A, Leppert J, Gerstein M, Snyder MP. Abstract 55: A genome-wide atlas of recurrent repeat expansions in human cancer genomes. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Expansion of a single repetitive DNA sequence, termed a tandem repeat (TR), is known to cause more than 40 neurodegenerative diseases. However, repeat expansions have not been systematically examined in contexts beyond neurological disorders. In a specific form of cancer, termed microsatellite instability (MSI), mutations accumulate in short (<50 bp) tracts of TRs, suggesting that cancer genomes may also harbor larger repeat expansions. Here, we developed a new method to systematically identify TR alterations and applied it to the analysis of 2,622 cancer genomes spanning 29 cancer types. We identified 160 recurrent repeat expansions (rREs) in 7 cancers; most (155/160) rREs were cancer-subtype specific. Surprisingly, rREs were not correlated with MSI status, demonstrating that they arise by a distinct process. We also found that rREs are situated closer to candidate cis-regulatory elements than expected by chance, suggesting a role in gene regulation. Interestingly, an rRE in the intron of UGT2B7, detected in 34% of renal cell carcinoma samples, is associated with a decrease in gene expression. Our results demonstrate that rREs are an important and unexplored source of genetic variation in human cancer and provide a large catalog for further study.
Citation Format: Graham S. Erwin, Gamze Gursoy, Rashid Al-Abri, Christian Hoerner, Egor Dolzhenko, Michael Eberle, Alice Fan, John Leppert, Mark Gerstein, Michael P. Snyder. A genome-wide atlas of recurrent repeat expansions in human cancer genomes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 55.
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Erwin GS, Grieshop MP, Ali A, Qi J, Lawlor M, Kumar D, Ahmad I, McNally A, Teider N, Worringer K, Sivasankaran R, Syed DN, Eguchi A, Ashraf M, Jeffery J, Xu M, Park PMC, Mukhtar H, Srivastava AK, Faruq M, Bradner JE, Ansari AZ. Synthetic transcription elongation factors license transcription across repressive chromatin. Science 2017; 358:1617-1622. [PMID: 29192133 PMCID: PMC6037176 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan6414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The release of paused RNA polymerase II into productive elongation is highly regulated, especially at genes that affect human development and disease. To exert control over this rate-limiting step, we designed sequence-specific synthetic transcription elongation factors (Syn-TEFs). These molecules are composed of programmable DNA-binding ligands flexibly tethered to a small molecule that engages the transcription elongation machinery. By limiting activity to targeted loci, Syn-TEFs convert constituent modules from broad-spectrum inhibitors of transcription into gene-specific stimulators. Here we present Syn-TEF1, a molecule that actively enables transcription across repressive GAA repeats that silence frataxin expression in Friedreich's ataxia, a terminal neurodegenerative disease with no effective therapy. The modular design of Syn-TEF1 defines a general framework for developing a class of molecules that license transcription elongation at targeted genomic loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Erwin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Matthew P Grieshop
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Asfa Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Matthew Lawlor
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Istaq Ahmad
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Anna McNally
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Natalia Teider
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Katie Worringer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rajeev Sivasankaran
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Deeba N Syed
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Asuka Eguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Md Ashraf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Justin Jeffery
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Mousheng Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Paul M C Park
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hasan Mukhtar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Achal K Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammed Faruq
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aseem Z Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
- The Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Abstract
Many DNA binding proteins utilize one-dimensional (1D) diffusion along DNA to accelerate their DNA target recognition. Although 1D diffusion of proteins along DNA has been studied for decades, a quantitative understanding is only beginning to emerge and few chemical tools are available to apply 1D diffusion as a design principle. Recently, we discovered that peptides can bind and slide along DNA-even transporting cargo along DNA. Such molecules are known as molecular sleds. Here, to advance our understanding of structure-function relationships governing sequence nonspecific DNA interaction of natural molecular sleds and to explore the potential for controlling sliding activity, we test the DNA binding and sliding activities of chemically modified peptides and analogs, and show that synthetic small molecules can slide on DNA. We found new ways to control molecular sled activity, novel small-molecule synthetic sleds, and molecular sled activity in N-methylpyrrole/N-methylimidazole polyamides that helps explain how these molecules locate rare target sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Xiong
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Graham S Erwin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Aseem Z Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Paul C Blainey
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
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Xiong K, Erwin GS, Ansari AZ, Blainey PC. Sliding on DNA: From Peptides to Small Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kan Xiong
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Biological Engineering; MIT; Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Graham S. Erwin
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Aseem Z. Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Paul C. Blainey
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Department of Biological Engineering; MIT; Cambridge MA 02142 USA
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Erwin GS, Grieshop MP, Bhimsaria D, Eguchi A, Rodríguez-Martínez JA, Ansari AZ. Genome-wide Mapping of Drug-DNA Interactions in Cells with COSMIC (Crosslinking of Small Molecules to Isolate Chromatin). J Vis Exp 2016:e53510. [PMID: 26863565 DOI: 10.3791/53510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome is the target of some of the most effective chemotherapeutics, but most of these drugs lack DNA sequence specificity, which leads to dose-limiting toxicity and many adverse side effects. Targeting the genome with sequence-specific small molecules may enable molecules with increased therapeutic index and fewer off-target effects. N-methylpyrrole/N-methylimidazole polyamides are molecules that can be rationally designed to target specific DNA sequences with exquisite precision. And unlike most natural transcription factors, polyamides can bind to methylated and chromatinized DNA without a loss in affinity. The sequence specificity of polyamides has been extensively studied in vitro with cognate site identification (CSI) and with traditional biochemical and biophysical approaches, but the study of polyamide binding to genomic targets in cells remains elusive. Here we report a method, the crosslinking of small molecules to isolate chromatin (COSMIC), that identifies polyamide binding sites across the genome. COSMIC is similar to chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), but differs in two important ways: (1) a photocrosslinker is employed to enable selective, temporally-controlled capture of polyamide binding events, and (2) the biotin affinity handle is used to purify polyamide-DNA conjugates under semi-denaturing conditions to decrease DNA that is non-covalently bound. COSMIC is a general strategy that can be used to reveal the genome-wide binding events of polyamides and other genome-targeting chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Erwin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | - Devesh Bhimsaria
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Asuka Eguchi
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | - Aseem Z Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; The Genome Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison;
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Erwin GS, Bhimsaria D, Eguchi A, Ansari AZ. Mapping polyamide-DNA interactions in human cells reveals a new design strategy for effective targeting of genomic sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10124-8. [PMID: 25066383 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the genome with sequence-specific synthetic molecules is a major goal at the interface of chemistry, biology, and personalized medicine. Pyrrole/imidazole-based polyamides can be rationally designed to target specific DNA sequences with exquisite precision in vitro; yet, the biological outcomes are often difficult to interpret using current models of binding energetics. To directly identify the binding sites of polyamides across the genome, we designed, synthesized, and tested polyamide derivatives that enabled covalent crosslinking and localization of polyamide-DNA interaction sites in live human cells. Bioinformatic analysis of the data reveals that clustered binding sites, spanning a broad range of affinities, best predict occupancy in cells. In contrast to the prevailing paradigm of targeting single high-affinity sites, our results point to a new design principle to deploy polyamides and perhaps other synthetic molecules to effectively target desired genomic sites in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Erwin
- Department of Biochemistry and The Genome Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
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Erwin GS, Bhimsaria D, Eguchi A, Ansari AZ. Mapping Polyamide-DNA Interactions in Human Cells Reveals a New Design Strategy for Effective Targeting of Genomic Sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Erwin GS, Crisostomo PR, Wang Y, Wang M, Markel TA, Guzman M, Sando IC, Sharma R, Meldrum DR. Estradiol-treated mesenchymal stem cells improve myocardial recovery after ischemia. J Surg Res 2008; 152:319-24. [PMID: 18511080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell therapy is a promising treatment modality for injured cardiac tissue. A novel mechanism for this cardioprotection may include paracrine actions. Our lab has recently shown that gender differences exist in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) paracrine function. Estrogen is implicated in the cardioprotection found in females. It remains unknown whether 17beta-estradiol (E2) affects MSC paracrine function and whether E2-treated MSCs may better protect injured cardiac tissue. We hypothesize that E2-exposed MSCs infused into hearts prior to ischemia may demonstrate increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production and greater protection of myocardial function compared to untreated MSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Untreated and E2-treated MSCs were isolated, cultured, and plated and supernatants were harvested for VEGF assay (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rat hearts (n = 13) were isolated and perfused via Langendorff model and subjected to 15 min equilibration, 25 min warm global ischemia, and 40 min reperfusion. Hearts were randomly assigned to perfusate vehicle, untreated male MSC, or E2-treated male MSC. Transcoronary delivery of 1 million MSCs was performed immediately prior to ischemia in experimental hearts. RESULTS E2-treated MSCs provoked significantly more VEGF production than untreated MSCs (933.2 +/- 64.9 versus 595.8 +/- 10.7 pg/mL). Postischemic recovery of left ventricular developed pressure was significantly greater in hearts infused with E2-treated MSCs (66.9 +/- 3.3%) than untreated MSCs (48.7 +/- 3.7%) and vehicle (28.9 +/- 4.6%) at end reperfusion. There was also greater recovery of the end diastolic pressure with E2-treated MSCs than untreated MSCs and vehicle. CONCLUSIONS Preischemic infusion of MSCs protects myocardial function and viability. E2-treated MSCs may enhance this paracrine protection, which suggests that ex vivo modification of MSCs may improve therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Erwin
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Sando IC, Wang Y, Crisostomo PR, Markel TA, Sharma R, Erwin GS, Guzman MJ, Meldrum DR, Wang M. Females exhibit relative resistance to depressive effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on the myocardium. J Surg Res 2008; 150:92-9. [PMID: 18222478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.12.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a critical role in myocardial dysfunction following acute injury. It is unknown, however, if a gender-specific response to TNF infusion exists in isolated rat hearts. Elucidating such mechanisms is important to understanding the myocardial gender differences during acute injury. We hypothesize that females will exhibit a relative resistance to TNF-induced myocardial dysfunction compared to males and that menstrual cycle would influence the degree of female myocardial resistance to TNF-induced myocardial functional depression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male, proestrus female, and metestrus/diestrus female hearts were subjected to 60 min of TNF infusion at 10,000 pg/mL.min via Langendorff. Myocardial contractile function (left ventricular developed pressure, and the positive/negative first derivative of pressure) was continuously recorded. RESULTS 10,000 pg/mL.min of TNF markedly depressed myocardial function in males compared with other doses of TNF. Myocardial function was significantly decreased in males compared to females following TNF infusion. Additionally, both the proestrus and the metestrus/diestrus females exhibited equal resistance to TNF-induced myocardial dysfunction. CONCLUSION Our study shows that females exhibit a significantly greater degree of resistance to TNF-induced myocardial depression. Moreover, data from this study suggest that fluctuations in estrogen during the reproductive cycle may have little to no influence on TNF-induced myocardial depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Sando
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Maxwell EV, Erwin GS. Four Cases of Anomalous Inferior Vena Cava with an Explanation of their Developmental Origin. J Anat 1928; 62:184-97. [PMID: 17104183 PMCID: PMC1250030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E V Maxwell
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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