1
|
Arao Y, Gruzdev A, Scott GJ, Ray MK, Donoghue LJ, Neufeld TI, Lierz SL, Stefkovich ML, Mathura E, Jefferson T, Foley JF, Mahler BW, Asghari A, Le C, McConnell BK, Stephen R, Berridge BR, Hamilton KJ, Hewitt SC, Umetani M, Korach KS. A Novel Mouse Model to Analyze Non-Genomic ERα Physiological Actions. J Endocr Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Nongenomic effects of estrogen receptor α (ERα) signaling have been described for decades. Several distinct animal models have been generated previously to analyze the nongenomic ERα signaling (eg, membrane-only ER, and ERαC451A). However, the mechanisms and physiological processes resulting solely from nongenomic signaling are still poorly understood. Herein, we describe a novel mouse model for analyzing nongenomic ERα actions named H2NES knock-in (KI). H2NES ERα possesses a nuclear export signal (NES) in the hinge region of ERα protein resulting in exclusive cytoplasmic localization that involves only the nongenomic action but not nuclear genomic actions. We generated H2NESKI mice by homologous recombination method and have characterized the phenotypes. H2NESKI homozygote mice possess almost identical phenotypes with ERα null mice except for the vascular activity on reendothelialization. We conclude that ERα-mediated nongenomic estrogenic signaling alone is insufficient to control most estrogen-mediated endocrine physiological responses; however, there could be some physiological responses that are nongenomic action dominant. H2NESKI mice have been deposited in the repository at Jax (stock no. 032176). These mice should be useful for analyzing nongenomic estrogenic responses and could expand analysis along with other ERα mutant mice lacking membrane-bound ERα. We expect the H2NESKI mouse model to aid our understanding of ERα-mediated nongenomic physiological responses and serve as an in vivo model for evaluating the nongenomic action of various estrogenic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukitomo Arao
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Artiom Gruzdev
- Knockout Mouse Core Facility, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Gregory J Scott
- Knockout Mouse Core Facility, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Manas K Ray
- Knockout Mouse Core Facility, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Lauren J Donoghue
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Thomas I Neufeld
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Sydney L Lierz
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Megan L Stefkovich
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Emilie Mathura
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Tanner Jefferson
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Julie F Foley
- National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Beth W Mahler
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc. , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Arvand Asghari
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Courtney Le
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Bradley K McConnell
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Robert Stephen
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Brian R Berridge
- National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Katherine J Hamilton
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Sylvia C Hewitt
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Michihisa Umetani
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston , Houston, TX , USA
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston, TX , USA
- HEALTH Research Institute, University of Houston , Houston, TX , USA
- Apeximmune Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Scott GJ. A review of root, tuber and banana crops in developing countries: past, present and future. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020; 56:1093-1114. [PMID: 33776223 PMCID: PMC7983897 DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For many of the developing world's poorest farmers and food‐insecure people, roots, tubers, bananas and plantain crops (RTBs) serve as a critical source of food, nutrition and cash income. RTBs have been particularly important in areas where local agri‐food systems are under stress. Under such circumstances, growers, processors and traders often see opportunities to improve food security or increase their incomes with those crops due to shifting tastes and preferences for food and non‐food products. Since the early 1990s, cassava output surged in sub‐Saharan Africa, while potato production expanded rapidly in Asia. RTBs are consumed by over three billion people in developing countries with a market value of US$ 339 billion. This paper analyses the major changes in production, utilisation and trade of RTBs over the last six decades, assesses estimates of their future trajectory and offers recommendations so that they might achieve their full potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Scott
- CENTRUM-PUCP Graduate Business School Jirón Daniel Alomía Robles 125, Santiago de Surco 15023 Lima 33 Perú.,Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel 15088 Lima 32 Perú
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current blastocyst injection protocol. Here we report that a simple rotation of the embryo, and injection through Trans-Inner cell mass (TICM) increased the percentage of chimeric mice from 31% to 50%, with no additional equipment or further specialized training. 26 different inbred clones, and 35 total clones were injected over a period of 9 months. There was no significant difference in either pregnancy rate or recovery rate of embryos between traditional injection techniques and TICM. Therefore, without any major alteration in the injection process and a simple positioning of the blastocyst and injecting through the ICM, releasing the ES cells into the blastocoel cavity can potentially improve the quantity of chimeric production and subsequent germline transmission.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, McNerny EG, Terajima M, Raghavan M, Romanowicz G, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Kamiya N, Tantillo M, Zhu P, Scott GJ, Ray MK, Lynch M, Ma PX, Morris MD, Yamauchi M, Kohn DH, Mishina Y. Loss of BMP signaling through BMPR1A in osteoblasts leads to greater collagen cross-link maturation and material-level mechanical properties in mouse femoral trabecular compartments. Bone 2016; 88:74-84. [PMID: 27113526 PMCID: PMC4899267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways play critical roles in skeletal development and new bone formation. Our previous study, however, showed a negative impact of BMP signaling on bone mass because of the osteoblast-specific loss of a BMP receptor (i.e. BMPR1A) showing increased trabecular bone volume and mineral density in mice. Here, we investigated the bone quality and biomechanical properties of the higher bone mass associated with BMPR1A deficiency using the osteoblast-specific Bmpr1a conditional knockout (cKO) mouse model. Collagen biochemical analysis revealed greater levels of the mature cross-link pyridinoline in the cKO bones, in parallel with upregulation of collagen modifying enzymes. Raman spectroscopy distinguished increases in the mature to immature cross-link ratio and mineral to matrix ratio in the trabecular compartments of cKO femora, but not in the cortical compartments. The mineral crystallinity was unchanged in the cKO in either the trabecular or cortical compartments. Further, we tested the intrinsic material properties by nanoindentation and found significantly higher hardness and elastic modulus in the cKO trabecular compartments, but not in the cortical compartments. Four point bending tests of cortical compartments showed lower structural biomechanical properties (i.e. strength and stiffness) in the cKO bones due to the smaller cortical areas. However, there were no significant differences in biomechanical performance at the material level, which was consistent with the nanoindentation test results on the cortical compartment. These studies emphasize the pivotal role of BMPR1A in the determination of bone quality and mechanical integrity under physiological conditions, with different impact on femoral cortical and trabecular compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuai Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | | | - Masahiko Terajima
- School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, USA
| | - Mekhala Raghavan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Genevieve Romanowicz
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Zhanpeng Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Honghao Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Nobuhiro Kamiya
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA; Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA; Faculty of Budo and Sport Studies, Tenri University, Nara, Japan
| | - Margaret Tantillo
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Peizhi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Gregory J Scott
- Knock Out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Manas K Ray
- Knock Out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Michelle Lynch
- Office of Research, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Peter X Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Michael D Morris
- Department of Chemistry, College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Mitsuo Yamauchi
- School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, USA
| | - David H Kohn
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA; Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA; Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; Knock Out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Komatsu Y, Yu PB, Kamiya N, Pan H, Fukuda T, Scott GJ, Ray MK, Yamamura KI, Mishina Y. Augmentation of Smad-dependent BMP signaling in neural crest cells causes craniosynostosis in mice. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1422-33. [PMID: 23281127 PMCID: PMC3638058 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis describes conditions in which one or more sutures of the infant skull are prematurely fused, resulting in facial deformity and delayed brain development. Approximately 20% of human craniosynostoses are thought to result from gene mutations altering growth factor signaling; however, the molecular mechanisms by which these mutations cause craniosynostosis are incompletely characterized, and the causative genes for diverse types of syndromic craniosynostosis have yet to be identified. Here, we show that enhanced bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling through the BMP type IA receptor (BMPR1A) in cranial neural crest cells, but not in osteoblasts, causes premature suture fusion in mice. In support of a requirement for precisely regulated BMP signaling, this defect was rescued on a Bmpr1a haploinsufficient background, with corresponding normalization of Smad phosphorylation. Moreover, in vivo treatment with LDN-193189, a selective chemical inhibitor of BMP type I receptor kinases, resulted in partial rescue of craniosynostosis. Enhanced signaling of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathway, which has been implicated in craniosynostosis, was observed in both mutant and rescued mice, suggesting that augmentation of FGF signaling is not the sole cause of premature fusion found in this model. The finding that relatively modest augmentation of Smad-dependent BMP signaling leads to premature cranial suture fusion suggests an important contribution of dysregulated BMP signaling to syndromic craniosynostoses and potential strategies for early intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yumoto K, Thomas PS, Lane J, Matsuzaki K, Inagaki M, Ninomiya-Tsuji J, Scott GJ, Ray MK, Ishii M, Maxson R, Mishina Y, Kaartinen V. TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (Tak1) mediates agonist-induced Smad activation and linker region phosphorylation in embryonic craniofacial neural crest-derived cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13467-80. [PMID: 23546880 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.431775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of Smad-independent TGF-β signaling in craniofacial development is poorly elucidated. RESULTS In craniofacial mesenchymal cells, Tak1 regulates both R-Smad C-terminal and linker region phosphorylation in TGF-β signaling. CONCLUSION Tak1 plays an irreplaceable role in craniofacial ecto-mesenchyme during embryogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the mechanisms of TGF-β signaling contributes to knowledge of pathogenetic mechanisms underlying common craniofacial birth defects. Although the importance of TGF-β superfamily signaling in craniofacial growth and patterning is well established, the precise details of its signaling mechanisms are still poorly understood. This is in part because of the concentration of studies on the role of the Smad-dependent (so-called "canonical") signaling pathways relative to the Smad-independent ones in many biological processes. Here, we have addressed the role of TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (Tak1, Map3k7), one of the key mediators of Smad-independent (noncanonical) TGF-β superfamily signaling in craniofacial development, by deleting Tak1 specifically in the neural crest lineage. Tak1-deficient mutants display a round skull, hypoplastic maxilla and mandible, and cleft palate resulting from a failure of palatal shelves to appropriately elevate and fuse. Our studies show that in neural crest-derived craniofacial ecto-mesenchymal cells, Tak1 is not only required for TGF-β- and bone morphogenetic protein-induced p38 Mapk activation but also plays a role in agonist-induced C-terminal and linker region phosphorylation of the receptor-mediated R-Smads. Specifically, we demonstrate that the agonist-induced linker region phosphorylation of Smad2 at Thr-220, which has been shown to be critical for full transcriptional activity of Smad2, is dependent on Tak1 activity and that in palatal mesenchymal cells TGFβRI and Tak1 kinases mediate both overlapping and distinct TGF-β2-induced transcriptional responses. To summarize, our results suggest that in neural crest-derived ecto-mesenchymal cells, Tak1 provides a critical point of intersection in a complex dialogue between the canonical and noncanonical arms of TGF-β superfamily signaling required for normal craniofacial development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yumoto
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Scott GJ, Holding S, Purcell A, Tutty S, Lindow SW. The influence of maternal opiate use in pregnancy on second trimester biochemical markers for Down syndrome. Prenat Diagn 2009; 29:863-5. [PMID: 19488976 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The object of this study is to examine the influence of maternal opiate use on the levels of second trimester biochemical markers for Down syndrome. Maternal opiate use is known to be associated with problems of placental origin and it is possible that the secretion of alpha-feto protein (AFP), free-beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and unconjugated oestriol (UE) differs from that of a normal population. METHOD Seventy nine women who used opiates in pregnancy were compared to a control group of seventy nine women who did not use opiates and their adjusted marker levels analysed. RESULTS The adjusted median MoM in the opiate and control groups respectively were: AFP (1.00 vs 0.94), HCG (0.95 vs 1.04) and UE (0.96 vs 1.02), with no significant difference between these groups. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the current practice of calculating the risk of Down syndrome from second trimester biochemistry in women using opiate can be performed using data derived from a normal population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Scott
- Women and Children's Hospital, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, East Yorkshire, HU3 2JZ, England
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Scott GJ, Ray MK, Ward T, McCann K, Peddada S, Jiang FX, Mishina Y. Abnormal glucose metabolism in heterozygous mutant mice for a type I receptor required for BMP signaling. Genesis 2009; 47:385-91. [PMID: 19358156 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BMPRIA and its high-affinity ligand BMP4 have recently been shown to be expressed in the beta-cells of the pancreas. Here, we report the abnormalities of heterozygous mice for Bmpr1a in glucose metabolism during the course of intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. The heterozygous mice had increased blood glucose levels throughout the first 2.5 h after the administration of glucose. Analysis of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) indicates that insulin secretion in the heterozygous mice is compromised, and induction of secreted insulin by stimulation is substantially lower compared with the wild-type controls. No apparent abnormalities in pancreas, thyroid, and liver were seen upon histological examination. Real-time PCR results of selected genes showed an increase in the mRNA level of Ins1 and Ins2 in the heterozygous group. These results indicate that the glucose-sensing pathway in these heterozygous mice is altered because of the heterozygosity in Bmpr1a. Together, our data suggest that BMP signaling through BMPRIA plays an important role in glucose metabolism and possibly working through the GSIS pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Scott
- Knock Out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
PURPOSE Ten percent of our cardiac surgical patients have preoperative anemia. Anemia diagnosed before scheduled cardiac surgery is a strong predictor of the need for homologous blood transfusion (RBC) perioperatively but the cause of this preoperative anemia is not known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the etiology of preoperative anemia. METHODS Seventy-five consecutive anemic cardiosurgical patients (Hb = < 120 g x L(-1) the day before surgery) were studied prospectively. All had multiple diagnostic blood tests done in the preoperative period to diagnose the cause of the anemia and subsequently underwent non-emergency cardiac surgery. Anesthesia and RBC transfusion were standardized according to the protocol. Data in respect to operation, RBC and other blood product transfusion during operation and hospital stay were recorded. RESULTS Hospital-acquired anemia was present in 37.3% of anemic patients (hemoglobin decrease during hospitalization before surgery > or =9 g x l(-1)). The second most common diagnosis was iron deficiency anemia (29.3% patients) followed by anemia of chronic renal disease (10.7% patients). When coronary angiography was performed close to operation time, patients had a higher decrease in hemoglobin concentration during hospitalization --suggesting that blood loss during angiography was, in part, responsible for anemia. Seventy-five percent of anemic patients were transfused with RBC perioperatively compared with our overall transfusion rate of 30% of cardiac surgery patients. CONCLUSIONS In the majority of patients, preoperative anemia is potentially preventable. Investigation and treatment of anemia before cardiac surgery should be a priority in preparing the patient for surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Karski
- Department of Anaesthesia, The Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Scott GJ, Herrera JE. [Agricultural products handling: methods of feasibility evaluation]. Arch Latinoam Nutr 1993; 43:105-18. [PMID: 7826183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Post-harvest problems are important constraints to the expansion of production of food in many Latin American countries. Besides problems of bulkiness, perishability and seasonal production patterns, the necessity of reducing transportation costs, increasing rural employment, and finding new markets for processed products, requires the development of processing technologies. Possible processed products include a vast range of alternatives. Given limited time and resources, it is not always feasible to carry out detailed studies. Hence a practical, low-cost methodology is needed to evaluate the available options. This paper presents a series of methods to evaluate different processing possibilities. It describes in detail each method including a rapid initial assessment, market and consumer research, farm-oriented research, costs and returns analysis and finally, some marketing and promotion strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Scott
- Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP) Lima, Perú
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Clark-Lewis I, Moser B, Walz A, Baggiolini M, Scott GJ, Aebersold R. Chemical synthesis, purification, and characterization of two inflammatory proteins, neutrophil activating peptide 1 (interleukin-8) and neutrophil activating peptide. Biochemistry 1991; 30:3128-35. [PMID: 2007144 DOI: 10.1021/bi00226a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two recently identified pro-inflammatory proteins, namely, neutrophil activating peptide 1 (NAP-1) [also termed interleukin-8 (IL-8)] and NAP-2, were chemically synthesized, purified, and characterized. The fully protected NAP-1/IL-8 (72 residues) and NAP-2 (70 residues) peptide chains were assembled by automated solid-phase methods with average stepwise yields of 99.5 and 99.3%, resulting in overall chain assembly yields of 70 and 62%, respectively. Deprotection resulted in crude products, which were allowed to fold by air oxidation, and were purified by two cycles of reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, yielding 27 mg of NAP-1/IL-8 and 22 mg of NAP-2. Purity was established by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and isoelectric focusing, and the primary structures of the purified products were verified by using mass spectrometry and Edman sequencing methods. Synthetic and recombinant NAP-1/IL-8 were equally active on human neutrophil granulocytes as determined by measuring the induction of cytosolic free calcium, elastase release, and chemotaxis. Synthetic NAP-2 was equivalent to purified natural NAP-2 in the elastase release and calcium mobilization assays, but it was consistently less potent (3-5-fold) as a stimulus of chemotaxis, perhaps indicative of additional chemotactic components in the natural preparation. The results indicate that by chemical synthesis these cytokines can be obtained in purity and quantities suitable for further structural analysis, as well as functional studies both in vivo and in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Clark-Lewis
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|