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Jonasdottir G, Becker T, Humphreys K, Palmgren J. Testing association in the presence of linkage using the GRE and multiple markers. Genet Epidemiol 2008; 32:425-33. [PMID: 18271023 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.20315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that testing for association in the presence of linkage using a score test based on a gamma random effects (GRE) model is substantially more powerful than using the Family-Based Association Test. A reason for the increased power lies in better specification of the within family correlation structure, induced by linkage. The GRE, as presented in (Jonasdottir et al. 2007 Genet Epidemiol. 31:528-540), only considers one marker at a time and does not readily handle missing parental information. Here we extend the GRE to incorporate information from more than one marker. This extension leads to a haplotype GRE test and also to efficient handling of missing data on parental genotypes. We show that the haplotype GRE, the H-GRE, is substantially more powerful than the haplotype FBAT, the Haplotype-Based-Association Test. We demonstrate the usefulness of the extended GRE, by reanalyzing the collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism data, allowing for missing parental information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Jonasdottir
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Smestad C, Brynedal B, Jonasdottir G, Lorentzen AR, Masterman T, Akesson E, Spurkland A, Lie BA, Palmgren J, Celius EG, Hillert J, Harbo HF. The impact of HLA-A and -DRB1 on age at onset, disease course and severity in Scandinavian multiple sclerosis patients. Eur J Neurol 2007; 14:835-40. [PMID: 17662002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II haplotype DRB1*15-DQB1*06 (DR15-DQ6) is associated with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS), and HLA class I associations in MS have also been reported. However, the influence of HLA class I and II alleles on clinical phenotypes in MS has not yet been completely studied. This study aimed at evaluating the impact of HLA-A and -DRB1 alleles on clinical variables in Scandinavian MS patients. The correlation between HLA-A or -DRB1 alleles and age at onset, disease course and Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) were studied in 1457 Norwegian and Swedish MS patients by regression analyses and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test. Presence of HLA-DRB1*15 was correlated with younger age at onset of disease (corrected P = 0.009). No correlation was found between HLA-A and the variables studied. This study analysed the effect of HLA-A on clinical variables in a large Scandinavian sample set, but could not identify any significant contribution from HLA-A on the clinical phenotype in MS. However, associations between HLA-DRB1*15 and age at onset of MS were reproduced in this extended Scandinavian MS cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Smestad
- Department of Neurology, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Brynedal B, Duvefelt K, Jonasdottir G, Roos IM, Akesson E, Palmgren J, Hillert J. HLA-A confers an HLA-DRB1 independent influence on the risk of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2007; 2:e664. [PMID: 17653284 PMCID: PMC1919434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent high-density linkage screen confirmed that the HLA complex contains the strongest genetic factor for the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). In parallel, a linkage disequilibrium analysis using 650 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers of the HLA complex mapped the entire genetic effect to the HLA-DR-DQ subregion, reflected by the well-established risk haplotype HLA-DRB1*15,DQB1*06. Contrary to this, in a cohort of 1,084 MS patients and 1,347 controls, we show that the HLA-A gene confers an HLA-DRB1 independent influence on the risk of MS (P = 8.4×10−10). This supports the opposing view, that genes in the HLA class I region indeed exert an additional influence on the risk of MS, and confirms that the class I allele HLA-A*02 is negatively associated with the risk of MS (OR = 0.63, P = 7×10−12) not explained by linkage disequilibrium with class II. The combination of HLA-A and HLA-DRB1 alleles, as represented by HLA-A*02 and HLA-DRB1*15, was found to influence the risk of MS 23-fold. These findings imply complex autoimmune mechanisms involving both the regulatory and the effector arms of the immune system in the triggering of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boel Brynedal
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
We present a score for testing association in the presence of linkage for binary traits. The score is robust to varying degrees of linkage, and it is valid under any ascertainment scheme based on trait values as well as under population stratification. The score test is derived from a mixed effects model where population level association is modeled using a fixed effect and where correlation among related individuals is allowed for by using log-gamma random effects. The score, as presented in this paper, does not assume full information about the inheritance pattern in families or parental genotypes. We compare the score to the semi-parametric family-based association test (FBAT), which has won ground because of its flexible and simple form. We show that a random effects formulation of co-inheritance can improve the power substantially. We apply the method to data from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. We compare our findings to previously published results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Jonasdottir
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Beyene J, Tritchler D, Bull SB, Cartier KC, Jonasdottir G, Kraja AT, Li N, Nock NL, Parkhomenko E, Rao JS, Stein CM, Sutradhar R, Waaijenborg S, Wang KS, Wang Y, Wolkow P. Multivariate analysis of complex gene expression and clinical phenotypes with genetic marker data. Genet Epidemiol 2007; 31 Suppl 1:S103-9. [PMID: 18046768 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.20286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper summarizes contributions to group 12 of the 15th Genetic Analysis Workshop. The papers in this group focused on multivariate methods and applications for the analysis of molecular data including genotypic data as well as gene expression microarray measurements and clinical phenotypes. A range of multivariate techniques have been employed to extract signals from the multi-feature data sets that were provided by the workshop organizers. The methods included data reduction techniques such as principal component analysis and cluster analysis; latent variable models including structural equations and item response modeling; joint multivariate modeling techniques as well as multivariate visualization tools. This summary paper categorizes and discusses individual contributions with regard to multiple classifications of multivariate methods. Given the wide variety in the data considered, the objectives of the analysis and the methods applied, direct comparison of the results of the various papers is difficult. However, the group was able to make many interesting comparisons and parallels between the various approaches. In summary, there was a consensus among authors in group 12 that the genetic research community should continue to draw experiences from other fields such as statistics, econometrics, chemometrics, computer science and linear systems theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Beyene
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
Most methods for testing association in the presence of linkage, using family-based studies, have been developed for continuous traits. FBAT (family-based association tests) is one of few methods appropriate for discrete outcomes. In this article we describe a new test of association in the presence of linkage for binary traits. We use a gamma random effects model in which association and linkage are modelled as fixed effects and random effects, respectively. We have compared the gamma random effects model to an FBAT and a generalized estimating equation-based alternative, using two regions in the Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 simulated data. One of these regions contained haplotypes associated with disease, and the other did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Jonasdottir
- Department of Mathematical Statistics, Stockholm University, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Juni Palmgren
- Department of Mathematical Statistics, Stockholm University, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Keith Humphreys
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
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Einarsdóttir K, Rylander-Rudqvist T, Humphreys K, Ahlberg S, Jonasdottir G, Weiderpass E, Chia KS, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Persson I, Liu J, Hall P, Wedrén S. CYP17 gene polymorphism in relation to breast cancer risk: a case-control study. Breast Cancer Res 2005; 7:R890-6. [PMID: 16280037 PMCID: PMC1410739 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The c.1-34T>C 5' promoter region polymorphism in cytochrome P450c17 (CYP17), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of estrogen, has been associated with breast cancer risk, but most previous studies have been relatively small. Methods We genotyped 1,544 incident cases of primary breast cancer and 1,502 population controls, all postmenopausal Swedish women, for the CYP17 c.1-34T>C polymorphism and calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from logistic regression models. Results No overall association was found between CYP17 c.1-34T>C and breast cancer risk, OR 1.0 (95% CI 0.8–1.3) for the A2/A2 (CC) carriers compared to the A1/A1 (TT) carriers, regardless of histopathology. We detected an interaction between CYP17 c.1-34T>C and age at menarche (P = 0.026) but regarded that as a chance finding as no dose-response pattern was evident. Other breast cancer risk factors, including menopausal hormone use and diabetes mellitus, did not modify the overall results. Conclusion It is unlikely that CYP17 c.1-34T>C has a role in breast cancer etiology, overall or in combination with established non-genetic breast cancer risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjana Einarsdóttir
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Population Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tove Rylander-Rudqvist
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Keith Humphreys
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Ahlberg
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gudrun Jonasdottir
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kee Seng Chia
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Persson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Population Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Wedrén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Population Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Zhang Z, Duvefelt K, Svensson F, Masterman T, Jonasdottir G, Salter H, Emahazion T, Hellgren D, Falk G, Olsson T, Hillert J, Anvret M. Two genes encoding immune-regulatory molecules (LAG3 and IL7R) confer susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2005; 6:145-52. [PMID: 15674389 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T-cell-mediated disease of the central nervous system, characterized by damage to myelin and axons, resulting in progressive neurological disability. Genes may influence susceptibility to MS, but results of association studies are inconsistent, aside from the identification of HLA class II haplotypes. Whole-genome linkage screens in MS have both confirmed the importance of the HLA region and uncovered non-HLA loci that may harbor susceptibility genes. In this two-stage analysis, we determined genotypes, in up to 672 MS patients and 672 controls, for 123 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 66 genes. Genes were chosen based on their chromosomal positions or biological functions. In stage one, 22 genes contained at least one SNP for which the carriage rate for one allele differed significantly (P<0.08) between patients and controls. After additional genotyping in stage two, two genes--each containing at least three significantly (P<0.05) associated SNPs--conferred susceptibility to MS: LAG3 on chromosome 12p13, and IL7R on 5p13. LAG3 inhibits activated T cells, while IL7R is necessary for the maturation of T and B cells. These results imply that germline allelic variation in genes involved in immune homeostasis--and, by extension, derangement of immune homeostasis--influence the risk of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Section for Genetics and Bioinformatics, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden
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Rylander-Rudqvist T, Wedrén S, Jonasdottir G, Ahlberg S, Weiderpass E, Persson I, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Cytochrome P450 1B1 gene polymorphisms and postmenopausal endometrial cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13:1515-20. [PMID: 15342454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen unopposed by progestins is a key factor in endometrial cancer etiology. Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1), responsible for the 4-hydroxylation of estrogen, may be important in endometrial carcinogenesis, either as a regulator of estrogen availability or as a producer of potentially genotoxic estrogen metabolites. We investigated the association of CYP1B1 genotype and endometrial cancer risk in a population-based case-control study of postmenopausal Swedish women. We used the Expectation-Maximization algorithm to estimate the haplotype frequencies in the population and calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals from conditional logistic regression models. In stratified analysis, we investigated the possible effects of CYP1B1 genotype on endometrial cancer risk in subgroups defined primarily by menopausal hormone use and also by body mass index, smoking, use of combined oral contraceptives, and family history. We genotyped 689 cases and 1,549 controls for the CYP1B1 single nucleotide polymorphisms m2, m3, and m4 and estimated the haplotype frequencies among controls to 0.086, 0.291, 0.452, and 0.169 for the CYP1B1*1, CYP1B1*2, CYP1B1*3, and CYP1B1*4 alleles, respectively. We found no evidence for an overall association between CYP1B1 genotype and endometrial cancer risk, nor was there any clear indication of gene-environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Rylander-Rudqvist
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Rylander-Rudqvist T, Wedrén S, Jonasdottir G, Ahlberg S, Weiderpass E, Persson I, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Cytochrome P450 1B1 Gene Polymorphisms and Postmenopausal Endometrial Cancer Risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.1515.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Estrogen unopposed by progestins is a key factor in endometrial cancer etiology. Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1), responsible for the 4-hydroxylation of estrogen, may be important in endometrial carcinogenesis, either as a regulator of estrogen availability or as a producer of potentially genotoxic estrogen metabolites. We investigated the association of CYP1B1 genotype and endometrial cancer risk in a population-based case-control study of postmenopausal Swedish women. We used the Expectation-Maximization algorithm to estimate the haplotype frequencies in the population and calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals from conditional logistic regression models. In stratified analysis, we investigated the possible effects of CYP1B1 genotype on endometrial cancer risk in subgroups defined primarily by menopausal hormone use and also by body mass index, smoking, use of combined oral contraceptives, and family history. We genotyped 689 cases and 1,549 controls for the CYP1B1 single nucleotide polymorphisms m2, m3, and m4 and estimated the haplotype frequencies among controls to 0.086, 0.291, 0.452, and 0.169 for the CYP1B1*1, CYP1B1*2, CYP1B1*3, and CYP1B1*4 alleles, respectively. We found no evidence for an overall association between CYP1B1 genotype and endometrial cancer risk, nor was there any clear indication of gene-environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Wedrén
- 2Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gudrun Jonasdottir
- 2Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Ahlberg
- 1Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine and
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- 2Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- 3IARC, Lyon, France
- 4Finnish Cancer Registry, Helsinki, Finland; Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Ingemar Persson
- 2Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- 5Swedish Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
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