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Liang C, Liu Z, Yuan JS, Li Y, Gu Y, Huang D, Lu S, Zuo GZ, Hu JS, Feng Y. Safety factor diagnostic for tokamak core plasma from three-dimensional reconstruction of pellet ablation trail. Rev Sci Instrum 2024; 95:043502. [PMID: 38563715 DOI: 10.1063/5.0198109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Using a stereo camera system, a new diagnostic for the safety factor of the core plasma based on the pellet ablation trail is applied on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). In EAST discharge No. 128 874, a shattered pellet injection system is applied to inject a shattered neon pellet into the EAST. Since the strong magnetic field in tokamaks binds the ablated pellet material, the orientation of the pellet ablation trail is the same as the local magnetic field direction. Thus, from the three-dimensional reconstruction result of the pellet ablation trail, the local safety factor q can be obtained. The motional Stark effect (MSE) diagnostic is applied to determine the safety factor q profile in this shot. The determined safety factor q results for this new diagnostic are in quantitative agreement with those from the MSE diagnostic with the mean relative difference of only 6.8%, confirming the effectiveness of this new diagnostic of the safety factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - J S Yuan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yichao Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yongqi Gu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Dong Huang
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Shaoyu Lu
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - G Z Zuo
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - J S Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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Lu N, Hu X, Jiang J, Guo H, Zuo GZ, Zhuo Z, Wu X, Zeng XC. Highly anisotropic and ultra-diffusive vacancies in α-antimonene. Nanoscale 2023; 15:4821-4829. [PMID: 36794788 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00194f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
α-Antimonene has recently been successfully fabricated in experiment; hence, it is timely to examine how various types of point defects in α-antimonene can affect its novel electronic properties. Herein, we present a comprehensive investigation of a total of nine possible types of point defects in α-antimonene via first-principles calculations. Particular attention is placed on the structural stability of the point defects and the effects of point defects on the electronic properties of α-antimonene. Compared with its structural analogs, such as phosphorene, graphene, and silicene, we find that most defects in α-antimonene can be more easily generated, and that among the nine types of point defects, the single vacancy SV-(5|9) is likely the most stable one while its presence can be orders of magnitude higher in concentration than that in phosphorene. Moreover, we find that the vacancy exhibits anisotropic and low diffusion barriers, of merely 0.10/0.30 eV in the zigzag/armchair direction. Notably, at room temperature, the migration of SV-(5|9) in the zigzag direction of α-antimonene is estimated to be three orders faster than that along the armchair direction, and also three orders faster than that of phosphorene in the same direction. Overall, the point defects in α-antimonene can significantly affect the electronic properties of the host two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor and thus the light absorption capability. The anisotropic, ultra-diffusive, and charge tunable single vacancies, along with the high oxidation resistance, render the α-antimonene sheet a unique 2D semiconductor (beyond the phosphorene) for developing vacancy-enabled nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectric Materials Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, and Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China.
| | - Xin Hu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectric Materials Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, and Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China.
| | - Jiaxin Jiang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectric Materials Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, and Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China.
| | - Hongyan Guo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectric Materials Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, and Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China.
| | - Gui Zhong Zuo
- Institute of Plasma Physics, HIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhuo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectric Materials Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, and Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China.
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong.
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Lu N, Wang K, Jiang J, Guo H, Zuo GZ, Zhuo Z, Wu X, Zeng XC. Ultrahigh Lithium Storage Capacity of Al 2C Monolayer in a Restricted Multilayered Growth Mechanism. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:35663-35672. [PMID: 35905446 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Designing anode materials with high lithium specific capacity is crucial to the development of high energy density lithium (ion) batteries. Herein, a distinctive lithium growth mechanism, namely, the restricted multilayered growth for lithium, and a strategy for lithium storage are proposed to achieve a balance between ultrahigh specific capacity and the need to avert uncontrolled dendritic growth of lithium. In particular, based on first-principles computation, we show that the Al2C monolayer with a planar tetracoordinate carbon structure can be an ideal platform for realizing the restricted multilayered growth mechanism as a two-dimensional (2D) anode material. Furthermore, the Al2C monolayer exhibits the ultrahigh specific capacity of lithium of 4059 mAh/g, yet with a low diffusion barrier of 0.039-0.17 eV and low open circuit voltage in the range of 0.002-0.34 V. These novel properties render the Al2C monolayer a promising anode material for future lithium (ion) batteries. Our study also offers a design of promising 2D anode materials with a high specific capacity, fast lithium-ion diffusion, and safe lithium storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectric Materials Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, and Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectric Materials Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, and Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Jiaxin Jiang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectric Materials Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, and Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectric Materials Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, and Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Gui Zhong Zuo
- Institute of Plasma Physics, HIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhuo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectric Materials Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, and Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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Zuo GZ, Hu JS, Maingi R, Yang QX, Sun Z, Huang M, Chen Y, Yuan XL, Meng XC, Xu W, Gentile C, Carpe A, Diallo A, Lunsford R, Mansfield D, Osborne T, Tritz K, Li JG. Upgraded flowing liquid lithium limiter for improving Li coverage uniformity and erosion resistance in EAST device. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:123506. [PMID: 29289198 DOI: 10.1063/1.4997806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on design and technology improvements for a flowing liquid lithium (FLiLi) limiter inserted into auxiliary heated discharges in the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak device. In order to enhance Li coverage uniformity and erosion resistance, a new liquid Li distributor with homogenous channels was implemented. In addition, two independent electromagnetic pumps and a new horizontal capillary structure contributed to an improvement in the observed Li flow uniformity (from 30% in the previous FLiLi design to >80% in this FLiLi design). To improve limiter surface erosion resistance, hot isostatic press technology was applied, which improved the thermal contact between thin stainless steel protective layers covering the Cu heat sink. The thickness of the stainless steel layer was increased from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm, which also helped macroscopic erosion resilience. Despite the high auxiliary heating power up to 4.5 MW, no Li bursts were recorded from FLiLi, underscoring the improved performance of this new design.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Z Zuo
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - J S Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - R Maingi
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Q X Yang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Z Sun
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - M Huang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Y Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - X L Yuan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - X C Meng
- Department of Applied Physics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - W Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - C Gentile
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - A Carpe
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - A Diallo
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - R Lunsford
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - D Mansfield
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - T Osborne
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - K Tritz
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21211, USA
| | - J G Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
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Hu JS, Sun Z, Guo HY, Li JG, Wan BN, Wang HQ, Ding SY, Xu GS, Liang YF, Mansfield DK, Maingi R, Zou XL, Wang L, Ren J, Zuo GZ, Zhang L, Duan YM, Shi TH, Hu LQ. Erratum: New Steady-State Quiescent High-Confinement Plasma in an Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 055001 (2015)]. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:169901. [PMID: 26550908 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.169901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Hu JS, Sun Z, Guo HY, Li JG, Wan BN, Wang HQ, Ding SY, Xu GS, Liang YF, Mansfield DK, Maingi R, Zou XL, Wang L, Ren J, Zuo GZ, Zhang L, Duan YM, Shi TH, Hu LQ. New steady-state quiescent high-confinement plasma in an experimental advanced superconducting tokamak. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:055001. [PMID: 25699449 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A critical challenge facing the basic long-pulse high-confinement operation scenario (H mode) for ITER is to control a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instability, known as the edge localized mode (ELM), which leads to cyclical high peak heat and particle fluxes at the plasma facing components. A breakthrough is made in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak in achieving a new steady-state H mode without the presence of ELMs for a duration exceeding hundreds of energy confinement times, by using a novel technique of continuous real-time injection of a lithium (Li) aerosol into the edge plasma. The steady-state ELM-free H mode is accompanied by a strong edge coherent MHD mode (ECM) at a frequency of 35-40 kHz with a poloidal wavelength of 10.2 cm in the ion diamagnetic drift direction, providing continuous heat and particle exhaust, thus preventing the transient heat deposition on plasma facing components and impurity accumulation in the confined plasma. It is truly remarkable that Li injection appears to promote the growth of the ECM, owing to the increase in Li concentration and hence collisionality at the edge, as predicted by GYRO simulations. This new steady-state ELM-free H-mode regime, enabled by real-time Li injection, may open a new avenue for next-step fusion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Z Sun
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - H Y Guo
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China and General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - J G Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - B N Wan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - H Q Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - S Y Ding
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - G S Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Y F Liang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China and Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Association EURATOM-FZ, Jülich D-52425, Germany
| | - D K Mansfield
- Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - R Maingi
- Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - X L Zou
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - L Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - J Ren
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - G Z Zuo
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - L Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Y M Duan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - T H Shi
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - L Q Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
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Ren J, Zuo GZ, Hu JS, Sun Z, Yang QX, Li JG, Zakharov LE, Xie H, Chen ZX. A flowing liquid lithium limiter for the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:023504. [PMID: 25725839 DOI: 10.1063/1.4907622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A program involving the extensive and systematic use of lithium (Li) as a "first," or plasma-facing, surface in Tokamak fusion research devices located at Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, was started in 2009. Many remarkable results have been obtained by the application of Li coatings in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) and liquid Li limiters in the HT-7 Tokamak-both located at the institute. In furtherance of the lithium program, a flowing liquid lithium (FLiLi) limiter system has been designed and manufactured for EAST. The design of the FLiLi limiter is based on the concept of a thin flowing film which was previously tested in HT-7. Exploiting the capabilities of the existing material and plasma evaluation system on EAST, the limiter will be pre-wetted with Li and mechanically translated to the edge of EAST during plasma discharges. The limiter will employ a novel electro-magnetic pump which is designed to drive liquid Li flow from a collector at the bottom of limiter into a distributor at its top, and thus supply a continuously flowing liquid Li film to the wetted plasma-facing surface. This paper focuses on the major design elements of the FLiLi limiter. In addition, a simulation of incoming heat flux has shown that the distribution of heat flux on the limiter surface is acceptable for a future test of power extraction on EAST.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ren
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, China
| | - G Z Zuo
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, China
| | - J S Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, China
| | - Z Sun
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, China
| | - Q X Yang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, China
| | - J G Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, China
| | - L E Zakharov
- USA Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - H Xie
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, China
| | - Z X Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, China
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Zuo GZ, Hu JS, Ren J, Sun Z, Yang QX, Li JG, Zakharov LE, Mansfield DK. Methods and preliminary measurement results of liquid Li wettability. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:023506. [PMID: 24593360 DOI: 10.1063/1.4865118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A test of lithium wettability was performed in high vacuum (< 3 × 10(-4) Pa). High magnification images of Li droplets on stainless steel substrates were produced and processed using the MATLAB(®) program to obtain clear image edge points. In contrast to the more standard "θ/2" or polynomial fitting methods, ellipse fitting of the complete Li droplet shape resulted in reliable contact angle measurements over a wide range of contact angles. Using the ellipse fitting method, it was observed that the contact angle of a liquid Li droplet on a stainless steel substrate gradually decreased with increasing substrate temperature. The critical wetting temperature of liquid Li on stainless steel was observed to be about 290 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Z Zuo
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - J S Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - J Ren
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Z Sun
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Q X Yang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - J G Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - L E Zakharov
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, MS-27 P.O. Box 451, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - D K Mansfield
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, MS-27 P.O. Box 451, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
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