Milk fat depression and plasma lipids in dairy cows and goats

This study examines the effects of diets supplemented with various lipids selected to induce divergent milk fat content responses (including a milk fat depression) between dairy cows and goats on plasma lipid composition. The objective was to better understand the mechanisms behind the regulation of milk fat secretion in these two ruminant species. Twelve Holstein cows and 12 Alpine goats were fed a basal diet not supplemented (CTL) or supplemented with corn oil plus wheat starch (COS, 5% DM intake (DMI)), marine algae powder of Schizochytrium sp. (MAP, 1.5% DMI), or hydrogenated palm oil (HPO, 3% DMI), in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, during 28 days. On day 27, blood samples were collected for lipid analysis. Plasma lipid classes were quantified by high-performance thin-layer chromatography, with triacylglycerol (TAG) and free fatty acid (FFA) fractions analysed for FA composition by GLC. Plasma molecular species of TAG and ceramides were determined by HPLC-high-resolution MS and by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole, respectively. Irrespective of diet, plasma total lipid content was higher in cows than goats (+61%), and TAG concentration was higher in goats than cows (+157%). In cows, conversely to goats, COS increased the trans-10 C18:1 proportion in the free FA (+248%) and the TAG (+195%) fractions. In cows and goats, MAP induced increases in cholesterol esters, cholesterol and phospholipids compared to CTL and changes in the plasma free FA and FA of TAG profiles. In both ruminant species, the concentrations of the lipid fractions were unchanged by HPO compared to CTL. Our results point to species specificities and different diet effects in plasma concentrations and compositions of lipid fractions in cows and goats. These new data highlight how diets, that induce large variations in milk fat secretions, affect the plasma lipid classes available for milk fat synthesis.

Short communication: Diets supplemented with starch and corn oil, marine algae, or hydrogenated palm oil differently affect selected metabolite concentrations in cow and goat milk

The objective was to investigate the effects of species (cow vs. goat) and of various dietary lipid supplements, known to modulate milk fat content, on selected metabolites and enzymes in milk and to explore their correlations with performance traits. Twelve Holstein cows and 12 Alpine goats, all multiparous and nonpregnant, and at 86 ± 24.9 and 61 ± 1.8 DIM, respectively, were fed a basal diet (45% forage + 55% concentrate) not supplemented (CTL) or supplemented with corn oil plus wheat starch [COS, 5% of diet dry matter (DM)], marine algae powder (MAP, 1.5% of diet DM), or hydrogenated palm oil (HPO, 3% of diet DM) in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 28-d experimental periods. Intake, milk production and composition, milk fatty acid profile, and plasma metabolite concentrations were previously reported. Concentrations of 9 milk metabolites [β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, isocitrate, choline, glutamate, urea, cholesterol, and free amino groups] and 2 milk enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase) were measured on d 24 of each experimental period. Dairy performance data showed marked species and diet effects on milk fat content. Irrespective of diet, cow milk was richer in alkaline phosphatase and glucose compared with goat milk (16 and 3 times more, respectively), whereas goat milk had greater urea and glucose-6-phosphate concentrations compared with cow milk (1.9 and 5.3 times more, respectively). In cows, COS decreased milk BHB and choline (-25 and -43%, respectively) compared with CTL, whereas no effects were observed in goats. The COS and MAP diets increased milk isocitrate compared with CTL in cows, but COS decreased isocitrate concentrations in goat milk. Milk choline was correlated with milk fat content in cows (Spearman r, r_S = +0.73) and goats (r_s = +0.58), and lactate dehydrogenase activity was correlated with milk somatic cell count (r_s = +0.66) in cows but not in goats. We provide evidence of different milk metabolite responses according to species and diets. Metabolites and enzymes secreted in milk may be indicators of specificities of lipid metabolism among ruminant species and may contribute to a better understanding of mechanisms regulating milk fat secretion. Changes in the concentrations of some metabolites considered minor components of milk may be valuable diagnostic tools of mammary gland and animal metabolism as well as of milk processing characteristics.

Effect of diets supplemented with starch and corn oil, marine algae, or hydrogenated palm oil on mammary lipogenic gene expression in cows and goats: A comparative study

A direct comparison of cow and goat performance and milk fatty acid (FA) responses to diets that either induce milk fat depression or increase milk fat content in cows suggests species-specific regulation of lipid metabolism, including mammary lipogenesis. This experiment was conducted to highlight potential mechanisms responsible for the differences in mammary lipogenesis due to diet and ruminant species. Twelve Holstein cows and 12 Alpine goats were fed a basal diet containing no additional lipid (CTL) or a similar diet supplemented with corn oil [5% dry matter intake (DMI)] and wheat starch (COS), marine algae powder (MAP; 1.5% DMI), or hydrogenated palm oil (HPO; 3% DMI), according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 28-d experimental periods. Milk yield, milk composition, FA profile, and secretions were measured. On d 27 of each experimental period, the mRNA abundance of 21 genes involved in lipid metabolism or enzyme activities or both were measured in mammary tissue sampled by biopsy. The results showed significant differences in the milk fat response of cows and goats to the dietary treatments. In cows, fat content was lowered by COS (-45%) and MAP (-22%) and increased by HPO (+13%) compared with CTL, and in goats only MAP had an effect compared with CTL, with a decrease of 15%. In both species, COS and MAP lowered the yields (mmol/d per kilogram of body weight) of <C16 and C16 FA. With COS, this decrease was compensated by an increase of >C16 FA in goats but not in cows, and the >C16 FA yield decreased with MAP in both species. Supplementation of HPO increased the yield of milk C16 FA (mmol/d per kilogram of body weight) in cows. These variations in milk fat content and FA secretion were not associated with modifications in the mammary expression of 21 genes involved in major lipid pathways, except for 3 transcription factors: PPARA, INSIG1, and SP1. This absence of large changes might be due to post-transcriptional regulation of these genes and related to the time of sampling of the mammary tissue relative to the previous meal and milking or to differences in the availability of substrate for the corresponding proteins. However, the abundance of 14 mRNA among the 21 encoding for genes studied in the mammary gland was significantly different among species, with 5 more abundant in cows (FADS3, ACSL1, PPARA, LXRA, and PPARG1) and 10 more abundant in goats (FASN, CD36, FABP3, LPL, GPAM, LPIN1, CSN2, MFGE8, and INSIG1). These species specificities of mammary lipid metabolism require further investigation.

Diets supplemented with starch and corn oil, marine algae, or hydrogenated palm oil differentially modulate milk fat secretion and composition in cows and goats: A comparative study

A direct comparative study of dairy cows and goats was performed to characterize the animal performance and milk fatty acid (FA) responses to 2 types of diets that induce milk fat depression in cows as well as a diet that increases milk fat content in cows but for which the effects in goats are either absent or unknown. Twelve Holstein cows and 12 Alpine goats, all multiparous, nonpregnant, and at 86 ± 24.9 and 61 ± 1.8 DIM, respectively, were allocated to 1 of 4 groups and fed diets containing no additional lipid (CTL) or diets supplemented with corn oil [5% dry matter intake (DMI)] and wheat starch (COS), marine algae powder (MAP; 1.5% DMI), or hydrogenated palm oil (HPO; 3% DMI), according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 28-d experimental periods. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on milk yield and DMI in both species, except for COS in cows, which decreased DMI by 17%. In cows, milk fat content was lowered by COS (-45%) and MAP (-22%) and increased by HPO (13%) compared with CTL, and in goats only MAP had an effect compared with CTL by decreasing milk fat content by 15%. In both species, COS and MAP lowered the yields (mmol/d per kg of BW) of <C16 and C16 FA. With COS, this decrease was compensated by an increase of >C16 FA in goats, but not in cows, and the >C16 FA yield decreased with MAP in both species. HPO supplementation increased the milk yield of C16 FA in cows. Compared with CTL, COS induced an increase of trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid by 18 fold in cows and 7 fold in goats and of trans-10 18:1 by 13 fold in cows and 3 fold in goats. Moreover, other conjugated linoleic acid isomers, such as trans-10,trans-12 and trans-7,cis-9, were increased to a greater extent in cows (8 and 4 fold, respectively) compared with goats (4 and 2 fold, respectively) on the COS treatment. In both species, the responses to MAP were characterized by a decrease in the milk concentration of 18:0 (3 fold, on average) and cis-9 18:1 (2 fold, on average) combined with a 3-fold increase in the total trans 18:1, with an increase in trans-10 18:1 only observed in cows. Compared with CTL, the response to HPO was distinguished by an increase in 16:0 (10%) in cows. This comparative study clearly demonstrated that each ruminant species responds differently to COS and HPO treatments, whereas MAP caused similar effects, and that goats are less sensitive than cows to diets that induce a shift from the trans-11 toward the trans-10 ruminal pathways.

The Water Transfer in Codfish Muscle Immersed in Sodium Chloride Solutions

Codfish muscle will imbibe water as long as the average concentration of the brine within the tissue does not exceed approximately 10 per cent. Beyond this concentration it loses water.

Le Séchage Artificiel du Capelan Frais

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