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Eckert B, Aschauer S, Huth M, Majewski P, Soltau H, Strüder L. How to Count Electrons with Pixelated Semiconductor Detectors. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:705-706. [PMID: 37613167 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Eckert
- PNDetector GmbH, München, Germany
- University of Siegen, Department of Physics, Siegen, Germany
| | | | - M Huth
- PNDetector GmbH, München, Germany
| | | | - H Soltau
- PNDetector GmbH, München, Germany
| | - L Strüder
- University of Siegen, Department of Physics, Siegen, Germany
- PNSensor GmbH, München, Germany
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Niculae A, Aschauer S, Bornschlegl M, Hermenau K, Heizinger K, Reinl S, Soltau H, Strüder L. Latest Improvements on Silicon Drift Detectors for Fast, High Resolution EDX Spectroscopy in Electron Microscopy. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:2087-2088. [PMID: 37613005 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - S Reinl
- PNDetector GmbH, München, Germany
| | - H Soltau
- PNDetector GmbH, München, Germany
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3
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Huth M, Eckert B, Aschauer S, Hedley E, Nellist P, Majewski P, Strüder L, Soltau H. Combine 4D STEM and EELS Using a Fast Pixelated Direct Detector with Center Hole. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:401-402. [PMID: 37613060 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Huth
- PNDetector GmbH, München, Germany
| | - B Eckert
- PNDetector GmbH, München, Germany
- University of Siegen, Department of Physics, Siegen, Germany
| | | | - E Hedley
- University of Oxford, Department of Materials, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - P Nellist
- University of Oxford, Department of Materials, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - L Strüder
- University of Siegen, Department of Physics, Siegen, Germany
- PNSensor GmbH, München, Germany
| | - H Soltau
- PNDetector GmbH, München, Germany
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4
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Müller-Caspary K, Duchamp M, Krause FF, Beche A, Winkler F, Löffler S, Soltau H, Zweck J, Schattschneider P, Verbeeck J, van Aert S, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Rosenauer A. Mapping atomic electric fields and charge densities by four-dimensional STEM. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273317094530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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5
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Yang H, Rutte RN, Jones L, Simson M, Sagawa R, Ryll H, Huth M, Pennycook TJ, Green MLH, Soltau H, Kondo Y, Davis BG, Nellist PD. Simultaneous atomic-resolution electron ptychography and Z-contrast imaging of light and heavy elements in complex nanostructures. Nat Commun 2016. [PMID: 27561914 DOI: 10.1038/ncommsl2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has emerged as a key tool for atomic resolution characterization of materials, allowing the use of imaging modes such as Z-contrast and spectroscopic mapping. The STEM has not been regarded as optimal for the phase-contrast imaging necessary for efficient imaging of light materials. Here, recent developments in fast electron detectors and data processing capability is shown to enable electron ptychography, to extend the capability of the STEM by allowing quantitative phase images to be formed simultaneously with incoherent signals. We demonstrate this capability as a practical tool for imaging complex structures containing light and heavy elements, and use it to solve the structure of a beam-sensitive carbon nanostructure. The contrast of the phase image contrast is maximized through the post-acquisition correction of lens aberrations. The compensation of defocus aberrations is also used for the measurement of three-dimensional sample information through post-acquisition optical sectioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, UK
| | - R N Rutte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK
| | - L Jones
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, UK
| | - M Simson
- PNDetector GmbH, Sckellstrasse 3, 81667 München, Germany
| | - R Sagawa
- JEOL Ltd 3-1-2 Musashino Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - H Ryll
- PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, Germany
| | - M Huth
- PNDetector GmbH, Sckellstrasse 3, 81667 München, Germany
| | - T J Pennycook
- Department of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M L H Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK
| | - H Soltau
- PNDetector GmbH, Sckellstrasse 3, 81667 München, Germany
| | - Y Kondo
- JEOL Ltd 3-1-2 Musashino Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - B G Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK
| | - P D Nellist
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, UK
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6
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Yang H, Rutte RN, Jones L, Simson M, Sagawa R, Ryll H, Huth M, Pennycook TJ, Green MLH, Soltau H, Kondo Y, Davis BG, Nellist PD. Simultaneous atomic-resolution electron ptychography and Z-contrast imaging of light and heavy elements in complex nanostructures. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12532. [PMID: 27561914 PMCID: PMC5007440 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has emerged as a key tool for atomic resolution characterization of materials, allowing the use of imaging modes such as Z-contrast and spectroscopic mapping. The STEM has not been regarded as optimal for the phase-contrast imaging necessary for efficient imaging of light materials. Here, recent developments in fast electron detectors and data processing capability is shown to enable electron ptychography, to extend the capability of the STEM by allowing quantitative phase images to be formed simultaneously with incoherent signals. We demonstrate this capability as a practical tool for imaging complex structures containing light and heavy elements, and use it to solve the structure of a beam-sensitive carbon nanostructure. The contrast of the phase image contrast is maximized through the post-acquisition correction of lens aberrations. The compensation of defocus aberrations is also used for the measurement of three-dimensional sample information through post-acquisition optical sectioning. The use of ptychography with electrons has been limited. Here, Yang et al. demonstrate that the combination of Z-contrast and phase imaging reveals the structure of complex nanomaterials. This practical tool can be used to solve the structure of a beam-sensitive carbon nanostructure at atomic-resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, UK
| | - R N Rutte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK
| | - L Jones
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, UK
| | - M Simson
- PNDetector GmbH, Sckellstrasse 3, 81667 München, Germany
| | - R Sagawa
- JEOL Ltd 3-1-2 Musashino Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - H Ryll
- PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, Germany
| | - M Huth
- PNDetector GmbH, Sckellstrasse 3, 81667 München, Germany
| | - T J Pennycook
- Department of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M L H Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK
| | - H Soltau
- PNDetector GmbH, Sckellstrasse 3, 81667 München, Germany
| | - Y Kondo
- JEOL Ltd 3-1-2 Musashino Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - B G Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK
| | - P D Nellist
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, UK
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7
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Yang H, Jones L, Ryll H, Simson M, Soltau H, Kondo Y, Sagawa R, Banba H, MacLaren I, Nellist PD. 4D STEM: High efficiency phase contrast imaging using a fast pixelated detector. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/644/1/012032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Müller K, Ryll H, Ordavo I, Schowalter M, Zweck J, Soltau H, Ihle S, Strüder L, Volz K, Potapov P, Rosenauer A. STEM strain analysis at sub-nanometre scale using millisecond frames from a direct electron read-out CCD camera. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/471/1/012024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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Starodub D, Aquila A, Bajt S, Barthelmess M, Barty A, Bostedt C, Bozek JD, Coppola N, Doak RB, Epp SW, Erk B, Foucar L, Gumprecht L, Hampton CY, Hartmann A, Hartmann R, Holl P, Kassemeyer S, Kimmel N, Laksmono H, Liang M, Loh ND, Lomb L, Martin AV, Nass K, Reich C, Rolles D, Rudek B, Rudenko A, Schulz J, Shoeman RL, Sierra RG, Soltau H, Steinbrener J, Stellato F, Stern S, Weidenspointner G, Frank M, Ullrich J, Strüder L, Schlichting I, Chapman HN, Spence JCH, Bogan MJ. Single-particle structure determination by correlations of snapshot X-ray diffraction patterns. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1276. [PMID: 23232406 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffractive imaging with free-electron lasers allows structure determination from ensembles of weakly scattering identical nanoparticles. The ultra-short, ultra-bright X-ray pulses provide snapshots of the randomly oriented particles frozen in time, and terminate before the onset of structural damage. As signal strength diminishes for small particles, the synthesis of a three-dimensional diffraction volume requires simultaneous involvement of all data. Here we report the first application of a three-dimensional spatial frequency correlation analysis to carry out this synthesis from noisy single-particle femtosecond X-ray diffraction patterns of nearly identical samples in random and unknown orientations, collected at the Linac Coherent Light Source. Our demonstration uses unsupported test particles created via aerosol self-assembly, and composed of two polystyrene spheres of equal diameter. The correlation analysis avoids the need for orientation determination entirely. This method may be applied to the structural determination of biological macromolecules in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Starodub
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
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10
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Graves CE, Reid AH, Wang T, Wu B, de Jong S, Vahaplar K, Radu I, Bernstein DP, Messerschmidt M, Müller L, Coffee R, Bionta M, Epp SW, Hartmann R, Kimmel N, Hauser G, Hartmann A, Holl P, Gorke H, Mentink JH, Tsukamoto A, Fognini A, Turner JJ, Schlotter WF, Rolles D, Soltau H, Strüder L, Acremann Y, Kimel AV, Kirilyuk A, Rasing T, Stöhr J, Scherz AO, Dürr HA. Nanoscale spin reversal by non-local angular momentum transfer following ultrafast laser excitation in ferrimagnetic GdFeCo. Nat Mater 2013; 12:293-8. [PMID: 23503010 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast laser techniques have revealed extraordinary spin dynamics in magnetic materials that equilibrium descriptions of magnetism cannot explain. Particularly important for future applications is understanding non-equilibrium spin dynamics following laser excitation on the nanoscale, yet the limited spatial resolution of optical laser techniques has impeded such nanoscale studies. Here we present ultrafast diffraction experiments with an X-ray laser that probes the nanoscale spin dynamics following optical laser excitation in the ferrimagnetic alloy GdFeCo, which exhibits macroscopic all-optical switching. Our study reveals that GdFeCo displays nanoscale chemical and magnetic inhomogeneities that affect the spin dynamics. In particular, we observe Gd spin reversal in Gd-rich nanoregions within the first picosecond driven by the non-local transfer of angular momentum from larger adjacent Fe-rich nanoregions. These results suggest that a magnetic material's microstructure can be engineered to control transient laser-excited spins, potentially allowing faster (~ 1 ps) spin reversal than in present technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Graves
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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11
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Loh ND, Hampton CY, Martin AV, Starodub D, Sierra RG, Barty A, Aquila A, Schulz J, Lomb L, Steinbrener J, Shoeman RL, Kassemeyer S, Bostedt C, Bozek J, Epp SW, Erk B, Hartmann R, Rolles D, Rudenko A, Rudek B, Foucar L, Kimmel N, Weidenspointner G, Hauser G, Holl P, Pedersoli E, Liang M, Hunter MS, Gumprecht L, Coppola N, Wunderer C, Graafsma H, Maia FRNC, Ekeberg T, Hantke M, Fleckenstein H, Hirsemann H, Nass K, White TA, Tobias HJ, Farquar GR, Benner WH, Hau-Riege SP, Reich C, Hartmann A, Soltau H, Marchesini S, Bajt S, Barthelmess M, Bucksbaum P, Hodgson KO, Strüder L, Ullrich J, Frank M, Schlichting I, Chapman HN, Bogan MJ. Erratum: Fractal morphology, imaging and mass spectrometry of single aerosol particles in flight. Nature 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/nature11426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Loh ND, Hampton CY, Martin AV, Starodub D, Sierra RG, Barty A, Aquila A, Schulz J, Lomb L, Steinbrener J, Shoeman RL, Kassemeyer S, Bostedt C, Bozek J, Epp SW, Erk B, Hartmann R, Rolles D, Rudenko A, Rudek B, Foucar L, Kimmel N, Weidenspointner G, Hauser G, Holl P, Pedersoli E, Liang M, Hunter MS, Hunter MM, Gumprecht L, Coppola N, Wunderer C, Graafsma H, Maia FRNC, Ekeberg T, Hantke M, Fleckenstein H, Hirsemann H, Nass K, White TA, Tobias HJ, Farquar GR, Benner WH, Hau-Riege SP, Reich C, Hartmann A, Soltau H, Marchesini S, Bajt S, Barthelmess M, Bucksbaum P, Hodgson KO, Strüder L, Ullrich J, Frank M, Schlichting I, Chapman HN, Bogan MJ. Fractal morphology, imaging and mass spectrometry of single aerosol particles in flight. Nature 2012; 486:513-7. [PMID: 22739316 DOI: 10.1038/nature11222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The morphology of micrometre-size particulate matter is of critical importance in fields ranging from toxicology to climate science, yet these properties are surprisingly difficult to measure in the particles' native environment. Electron microscopy requires collection of particles on a substrate; visible light scattering provides insufficient resolution; and X-ray synchrotron studies have been limited to ensembles of particles. Here we demonstrate an in situ method for imaging individual sub-micrometre particles to nanometre resolution in their native environment, using intense, coherent X-ray pulses from the Linac Coherent Light Source free-electron laser. We introduced individual aerosol particles into the pulsed X-ray beam, which is sufficiently intense that diffraction from individual particles can be measured for morphological analysis. At the same time, ion fragments ejected from the beam were analysed using mass spectrometry, to determine the composition of single aerosol particles. Our results show the extent of internal dilation symmetry of individual soot particles subject to non-equilibrium aggregation, and the surprisingly large variability in their fractal dimensions. More broadly, our methods can be extended to resolve both static and dynamic morphology of general ensembles of disordered particles. Such general morphology has implications in topics such as solvent accessibilities in proteins, vibrational energy transfer by the hydrodynamic interaction of amino acids, and large-scale production of nanoscale structures by flame synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Loh
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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13
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Gorkhover T, Adolph M, Rupp D, Schorb S, Epp SW, Erk B, Foucar L, Hartmann R, Kimmel N, Kühnel KU, Rolles D, Rudek B, Rudenko A, Andritschke R, Aquila A, Bozek JD, Coppola N, Erke T, Filsinger F, Gorke H, Graafsma H, Gumprecht L, Hauser G, Herrmann S, Hirsemann H, Hömke A, Holl P, Kaiser C, Krasniqi F, Meyer JH, Matysek M, Messerschmidt M, Miessner D, Nilsson B, Pietschner D, Potdevin G, Reich C, Schaller G, Schmidt C, Schopper F, Schröter CD, Schulz J, Soltau H, Weidenspointner G, Schlichting I, Strüder L, Ullrich J, Möller T, Bostedt C. Nanoplasma dynamics of single large xenon clusters irradiated with superintense x-ray pulses from the linac coherent light source free-electron laser. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:245005. [PMID: 23004284 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.245005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The plasma dynamics of single mesoscopic Xe particles irradiated with intense femtosecond x-ray pulses exceeding 10(16) W/cm2 from the Linac Coherent Light Source free-electron laser are investigated. Simultaneous recording of diffraction patterns and ion spectra allows eliminating the influence of the laser focal volume intensity and particle size distribution. The data show that for clusters illuminated with intense x-ray pulses, highly charged ionization fragments in a narrow distribution are created and that the nanoplasma recombination is efficiently suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gorkhover
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Martin AV, Loh ND, Hampton CY, Sierra RG, Wang F, Aquila A, Bajt S, Barthelmess M, Bostedt C, Bozek JD, Coppola N, Epp SW, Erk B, Fleckenstein H, Foucar L, Frank M, Graafsma H, Gumprecht L, Hartmann A, Hartmann R, Hauser G, Hirsemann H, Holl P, Kassemeyer S, Kimmel N, Liang M, Lomb L, Maia FRNC, Marchesini S, Nass K, Pedersoli E, Reich C, Rolles D, Rudek B, Rudenko A, Schulz J, Shoeman RL, Soltau H, Starodub D, Steinbrener J, Stellato F, Strüder L, Ullrich J, Weidenspointner G, White TA, Wunderer CB, Barty A, Schlichting I, Bogan MJ, Chapman HN. Femtosecond dark-field imaging with an X-ray free electron laser. Opt Express 2012; 20:13501-12. [PMID: 22714377 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.013501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of femtosecond diffractive imaging with X-ray lasers has enabled pioneering structural studies of isolated particles, such as viruses, at nanometer length scales. However, the issue of missing low frequency data significantly limits the potential of X-ray lasers to reveal sub-nanometer details of micrometer-sized samples. We have developed a new technique of dark-field coherent diffractive imaging to simultaneously overcome the missing data issue and enable us to harness the unique contrast mechanisms available in dark-field microscopy. Images of airborne particulate matter (soot) up to two microns in length were obtained using single-shot diffraction patterns obtained at the Linac Coherent Light Source, four times the size of objects previously imaged in similar experiments. This technique opens the door to femtosecond diffractive imaging of a wide range of micrometer-sized materials that exhibit irreproducible complexity down to the nanoscale, including airborne particulate matter, small cells, bacteria and gold-labeled biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Martin
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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15
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Scharf O, Ihle S, Ordavo I, Arkadiev V, Bjeoumikhov A, Bjeoumikhova S, Buzanich G, Gubzhokov R, Günther A, Hartmann R, Kühbacher M, Lang M, Langhoff N, Liebel A, Radtke M, Reinholz U, Riesemeier H, Soltau H, Strüder L, Thünemann AF, Wedell R. Compact pnCCD-based X-ray camera with high spatial and energy resolution: a color X-ray camera. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2532-8. [PMID: 21355541 DOI: 10.1021/ac102811p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For many applications there is a requirement for nondestructive analytical investigation of the elemental distribution in a sample. With the improvement of X-ray optics and spectroscopic X-ray imagers, full field X-ray fluorescence (FF-XRF) methods are feasible. A new device for high-resolution X-ray imaging, an energy and spatial resolving X-ray camera, is presented. The basic idea behind this so-called "color X-ray camera" (CXC) is to combine an energy dispersive array detector for X-rays, in this case a pnCCD, with polycapillary optics. Imaging is achieved using multiframe recording of the energy and the point of impact of single photons. The camera was tested using a laboratory 30 μm microfocus X-ray tube and synchrotron radiation from BESSY II at the BAMline facility. These experiments demonstrate the suitability of the camera for X-ray fluorescence analytics. The camera simultaneously records 69,696 spectra with an energy resolution of 152 eV for manganese K(α) with a spatial resolution of 50 μm over an imaging area of 12.7 × 12.7 mm(2). It is sensitive to photons in the energy region between 3 and 40 keV, limited by a 50 μm beryllium window, and the sensitive thickness of 450 μm of the chip. Online preview of the sample is possible as the software updates the sums of the counts for certain energy channel ranges during the measurement and displays 2-D false-color maps as well as spectra of selected regions. The complete data cube of 264 × 264 spectra is saved for further qualitative and quantitative processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Scharf
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Harrach HSV, Dona P, Freitag B, Soltau H, Niculae A, Rohde M. An integrated multiple silicon drift detector system for transmission electron microscopes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/241/1/012015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Fiorini C, Gola A, Peloso R, Longoni A, Lechner P, Soltau H, Strüder L, Ottobrini L, Martelli C, Lui R, Madaschi L, Belloli S. The DRAGO gamma camera. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:044301. [PMID: 20441357 DOI: 10.1063/1.3378686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present the results of the experimental characterization of the DRAGO (DRift detector Array-based Gamma camera for Oncology), a detection system developed for high-spatial resolution gamma-ray imaging. This camera is based on a monolithic array of 77 silicon drift detectors (SDDs), with a total active area of 6.7 cm(2), coupled to a single 5-mm-thick CsI(Tl) scintillator crystal. The use of an array of SDDs provides a high quantum efficiency for the detection of the scintillation light together with a very low electronics noise. A very compact detection module based on the use of integrated readout circuits was developed. The performances achieved in gamma-ray imaging using this camera are reported here. When imaging a 0.2 mm collimated (57)Co source (122 keV) over different points of the active area, a spatial resolution ranging from 0.25 to 0.5 mm was measured. The depth-of-interaction capability of the detector, thanks to the use of a Maximum Likelihood reconstruction algorithm, was also investigated by imaging a collimated beam tilted to an angle of 45 degrees with respect to the scintillator surface. Finally, the imager was characterized with in vivo measurements on mice, in a real preclinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fiorini
- Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy.
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Strüder L, Meidinger N, Stotter D, Kemmer J, Lechner P, Leutenegger P, Soltau H, Eggert F, Rohde M, Schulein T. High-Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy Close to Room Temperature. Microsc Microanal 1998; 4:622-631. [PMID: 10087285 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927698980606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
: Originally designed as position-sensitive detectors for particle tracking, silicon drift detectors (SDDs) are now used for high-count rate X-ray spectroscopy, operating close to room temperature. Their low-capacitance read-node concept places them among the fastest high-resolution detector systems. They have been used in a new spectrum of experiments in the wide field of X-ray spectroscopy: fluorescent analysis, diffractometry, materials analysis, and synchrotron experiments such as X-ray holography and element imaging in scanning electron microscopes. The fact that the detector system can be used at room temperature with good spectroscopic performance and at -10 degrees C with excellent energy resolution, avoiding liquid nitrogen for cooling and high-quality vacuum, guarantees a large variety of new applications, independent of the laboratory environment. A brief description of the device principles is followed by basics on low noise amplification. The performance results of a complete detector system are presented as well as some dedicated applications already realized, including use in a surface mapping instrument and use of a "mini-spectrometer" for the analysis of works of art. Fully depleted pn-charge-coupled devices (pn-CCDs) have been fabricated for the European X-ray Multi-Mirror mission (XMM) and the German X-ray satellite ABRIXAS, enabling high-speed, low-noise, position-resolving X-ray spectroscopy. The detector was designed and fabricated with a homogeneously sensitive area of 36 cm2. At -70 degrees C it has a noise of 4 e- rms, with a readout time of the total focal plane array of 4 msec. The maximum count rate for single photon counting was 10(5) cps under flat field conditions. In the integration mode, more than 10(9) cps can be detected at 6 keV. Its position resolution is on the order of 100 µm. The quantum efficiency is higher than 90%, ranging from carbon K X-rays (277 eV) up to 10 keV.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Strüder
- MPI für Extraterrestrische Physik, Halbleiterlabor, Paul-Gerhardt-Allee 42, D-81245 Munich, Germany
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Strüder L, Fiorini C, Gatti E, Hartmann R, Holl P, Krause N, Lechner P, Longoni A, Lutz G, Kemmer J, Meidinger N, Popp M, Soltau H, Weber U, Von Zanthier C. High-Resolution High-Count-Rate X-ray Spectroscopy with State-of-the-Art Silicon Detectors. J Synchrotron Radiat 1998; 5:268-274. [PMID: 15263490 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049597014052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/1997] [Accepted: 10/20/1997] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
For the European X-ray multi-mirror (XMM) satellite mission and the German X-ray satellite ABRIXAS, fully depleted pn-CCDs have been fabricated, enabling high-speed low-noise position-resolving X-ray spectroscopy. The detector was designed and fabricated with a homogeneously sensitive area of 36 cm(2). At 150 K it has a noise of 4 e(-) r.m.s., with a readout time of the total focal plane array of 4 ms. The maximum count rate for single-photon counting was 10(5) counts s(-1) under flat-field conditions. In the integration mode more than 10(9) counts s(-1) can be detected at 6 keV. Its position resolution is of the order of 100 micro m. The quantum efficiency is higher than 90% from carbon K X-rays (277 eV) up to 10 keV. New cylindrical silicon drift detectors have been designed, fabricated and tested. They comprise an integrated on-chip amplifier system with continuous reset, on-chip voltage divider, electron accumulation layer stabilizer, large area, homogeneous radiation entrance window and a drain for surface-generated leakage current. At count rates as high as 2 x 10(6) counts cm(-2) s(-1), they still show excellent spectroscopic behaviour at room-temperature operation in single-photon detection mode. The energy resolution at room temperature is 220 eV at 6 keV X-ray energy and 140 eV at 253 K, being achieved with Peltier coolers. These systems were operated at synchrotron light sources (ESRF, HASYLAB and NLS) as X-ray fluorescence spectrometers in scanning electron microscopes and as ultra low noise photodiodes. The operation of a multi-channel silicon drift detector system is already foreseen at synchrotron light sources for X-ray holography experiments. All systems are fabricated in planar technology having the detector and amplifiers monolithically integrated on high-resistivity silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Strüder
- MPI für Extraterrestrische Physik, Halbleiterlabor, Paul-Gerhardt-Allee 42, D-81245 München, Germany
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Gohla SH, Haubeck HD, Schrum S, Soltau H, Neth RD. Activation of CD4-positive T cells by polysaccharide fractions isolated from the Cupressaceae Thuja occidentalis L. (Arborvitae). Haematol Blood Transfus 1989; 32:268-72. [PMID: 2576234 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-74621-5_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S H Gohla
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University Clinic, Hamburg, FRG
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Rabe K, Rehpenning W, Winkler K, Heinisch B, Krause U, Soltau H, Neth R. Persistent deficiency of myeloperoxidase and lactoferrin in granulopoietic cells of patients with acute leukemia. Haematol Blood Transfus 1983; 28:362-5. [PMID: 6305804 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-68761-7_70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Beckmann H, Neth R, Soltau H, Mertelsmann R, Winkler K, Hausmann K, Hellwege H, Skrandies G. Cytologie and cytochemistry of colony cells in soft agar gel culture from normal and leukemic bone marrow. Hamatol Bluttransfus 1976; 19:21-32. [PMID: 1087619 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-87524-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to judge differentiation of cells in soft agar colonies, cytological and cytochemical classification of single cells within these colonies is necessary. In this study, 1,026 colonies from 15 normal and 95 leukemic bone marrows have been evaluated using cytological, cytochemical, and immunocytochemical techniques. In 180 colonies from 15 normal controls no segmented neutrophils have been observed. The colonies mostly consisted of monocytes and macrophages, rarely pure eosinophil colonies were observed. The number of monocyte/macrophage colonies in untreated AML and the percentage of pure eosinophil colonies in AML and ALL in remission are reduced, as compared to normal controls. In 174 colonies from a total of 926 colonies derived from bone marrows of leukemic patients, plasma cells and in 20 colonies, blast cells have been observed. In contrast to normal colonies, growth of colonies containing blast cells does not depend upon the conditioned medium of the leukocyte feederlayer. This investigation has demonstrated the necessity of cytological and cytochemical classification in addition to quantiative evaluation of soft agar colonies when studying the effect of factors on proliferation and differentiation of normal and leukemic stem cells.
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Beckmann H, Soltau H, Garbrecht M, Winkler K. [Plasma cell colonies from leukaemic bone marrow in vitro. Differentiation by cytological and cytochemical methods (author's transl)]. Klin Wochenschr 1974; 52:603-5. [PMID: 4527485 DOI: 10.1007/bf01468505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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