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Borrell P, Cobos CJ, Croce De Cobos AE, Hippler H, Luther K, Ravishankara AR, Tree J. Radical Association Reactions in Gases at High Pressures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19850890344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hippler H, Otto B, Schroeder J, Schubert V, Troe J. Diffusion Controlled Atom Recombination and Photolytic Cage Effect of Halogens in Compressed Gases and Liquids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19850890308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hippler H, Otto B, Troe J. Collisional Energy Transfer of Vibrationally Highly Excited Molecules. VI. Energy Dependence of 〈Δ E〉 in Azulene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19890930404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hippler H. Direct Observations of Energy Transfer of Vibrationally Highly Excited Triatomic and Large Polyatomic Molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19850890329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Internal conversion processes of 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene (CHT) and its perdeuterated counterpart (CHT-d8) in liquid cyclohexane have been studied by performing pump–probe experiments. The excitation and probe wavelength were 263 nm and 395 nm, respectively; the time resolution was 50 fs. Temporal absorption and transient anisotropy profiles were monitored. The experimental findings are consistent with the following mechanism: After excitation, the system undergoes a fast internal conversion associated with a molecular reorientation. The characteristic times are (110±10) fs for CHT and (150±20) fs for CHT-d8. The transient anisotropy as well as the isotope effect are consistent with a [1,7] hydrogen shift as reorientation mechanism. Moreover, initial anisotropies indicate that coherence effects between two excited states at early times may occur.
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Hippler H, Krasteva N, Striebel F. Reply to the ‘Comment on “The thermal unimolecular decomposition of HCO: effects of state specific rate constants on the thermal rate constant” ’ by L. N. Krasnoperov, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2005,7, DOI: 10.1039/b418813f. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b501415h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Yang JP, Kappes MM, Hippler H, Unterreiner AN. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of single-walled carbon nanotubes in aqueous surfactant suspensions: Determination of the lifetime of the lowest excited state. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005; 7:512-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b415524f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Brands H, Chandrasekhar N, Hippler H, Unterreiner AN. Ultrafast dynamics of excess electrons in molten salts: Part II. Femtosecond investigations of Na–NaBr and Na–NaI melts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005; 7:3963-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b511392j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hippler H, Unterreiner AN, Yang JP, Lebedkin S, Kappes MM. Evidence of ultrafast optical switching behaviour in individual single-walled carbon nanotubes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b401133c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Giri BR, Hippler H, Olzmann M, Unterreiner AN. The rate coefficient of the C3H3 + C3H3reaction from UV absorption measurements after photolysis of dipropargyl oxalate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b308518j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Cobos CJ, Hippler H, Troe J. Falloff curves of the recombination reaction O + SO + M .fwdarw. SO2 + M in a variety of bath gases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100255a048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brouwer LD, Hippler H, Lindemann L, Troe J. Measurement of internal energies by hot ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy: spectra of excited azulene molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100267a039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cobos CJ, Hippler H, Troe J. High-pressure falloff curves and specific rate constants for the reactions atomic hydrogen + molecular oxygen .dblharw. perhydroxyl .dblharw. hydroxyl + atomic oxygen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100248a033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hippler H, Schranz HW, Troe J. Trajectory calculations of intermolecular energy transfer in sulfur dioxide-argon collisions. 1. Method and representative results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100281a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cobos CJ, Croce de Cobos AE, Hippler H, Castellano E. Direct determination of the limiting high-pressure rate constants of the system fluorosulfate radical + fluorosulfate radical .dblharw. peroxydisulfuryl difluoride over the temperature range 293-381 K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100345a042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ackermann L, Hippler H, Pagsberg P, Reihs C, Troe J. Pulse radiolysis, flash-photolysis, and shock wave study of the recombination hydrogen atom + benzyl .fwdarw. toluene at 300 and 1300-1650 K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100376a015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Heymann M, Hippler H, Nahr D, Plach HJ, Troe J. UV absorption study of collisional energy transfer in vibrationally highly excited sulfur dioxide molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100330a035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hippler H, Riehn C, Troe J, Weitzel KM. Carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bond splits of laser-excited aromatic molecules. 3. UV multiphoton excitation studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100379a032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Croce de Cobos AE, Hippler H, Troe J. Study of the recombination reaction nitrogen dioxide + nitrogen trioxide + M .fwdarw. nitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) + M at high pressures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j150665a057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Damm M, Deckert F, Hippler H, Troe J. Isomerization and collisional deactivation of highly vibrationally excited azulene molecules after UV excitation at 248 and 193 nm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100158a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cobos CJ, Hippler H, Luther K, Ravishankara AR, Troe J. High-pressure falloff curves and specific rate constants for the reaction methyl + molecular oxygen .dblharw. CH3O2 .dblharw. CH3O + atomic oxygen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100266a036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brand U, Hippler H, Lindemann L, Troe J. Carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bond splits of laser-excited aromatic molecules. 1. Specific and thermally averaged rate constants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100379a030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hippler H, Troe J. Thermodynamic properties of benzyl radicals: enthalpy of formation from toluene, benzyl iodide, and dibenzyl dissociation equilibria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100372a083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Goos E, Hippler H, Hoyermann K, Jürges B. Reactions of methyl radicals with propene at temperatures between 750 and 1000 K. Faraday Discuss 2002:243-53; discussion 255-74. [PMID: 11877994 DOI: 10.1039/b102411f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pyrolysis of propene, initiated by methyl radicals, has been studied in the temperature range 750-1000 K and at a pressure of 0.13 bar in a quasi-wall-free reactor using laser heating by fast vibrational-translational (V-T) energy transfer. This is a convenient method to study homogeneous high-temperature kinetics since the reactor walls remain cold. The radial temperature distribution in the reactor has been investigated by four different methods: a stationary heat balance, optical absorption, pressure rise, and the temperature dependence of the rate of an isomerization reaction. Methyl radicals were produced via the fast thermal dissociation of di-tert-butyl-peroxide and the products were analysed using GC-MS. The main products of the overall reaction of the model system propene and methyl (C3H6 + CH3) were isopentane (iso-C5H12) and but-1-ene (1-C4H8), whereas allene (C3H4), trans-but-2-ene (trans-2-C4H8) and cis-but-2-ene (cis-2-C4H8) were minor components, all showing a strong dependence on temperature. The product distribution and the temperature dependence were analysed by a kinetic model of 61 species and 166 reactions developed for the high-temperature oxidation of butane and the low-temperature oxidation of n-pentane and isopentane. It was necessary to include a few missing reactions and to adjust some rate constants to make the modeling agree with the experimental investigations. This extended mechanism has to be evaluated further in forthcoming experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Goos
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Goos E, Hippler H, Kachiani C, Svedung H. Collisional energy transfer in CH3radical decomposition—experiment versus theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b110267m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Reznickova J, Hippler H, Striebel F, Tevzadze L. A Saturated LIF Study on the High Pressure Limiting Rate Constant of the Reaction CN + NO + M → NCNO + M between 200 and 600 K. Z PHYS CHEM 2000. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2000.214.8.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The reaction CN + NO + M ↔ NCNO + M was studied in the bath gas helium at temperatures between 200 and 600 K and in the pressure range between 1 and 100 bar. CN radicals were generated by laser flash photolysis of BrCN at 193 nm in the presence of NO and high helium pressures. The concentration of CN radicals was detected by recording their non-resonant fluorescence yield at 420 nm after delayed excitation in the (0, 1)-band of the X
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Hertwig A, Hippler H, Unterreiner AN. Reply to the ‘Comment on “Direct time-resolved UV-absorption study on the ultrafast internal conversion of cycloheptatriene in solution’'’ by S. A. Trushin, W. Fuß and W. E. Schmid, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2000, 2, 1435. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1039/b000898m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hippler H, Siefke M, Stark H, Troe J. New studies of the unimolecular reaction NO2O+NO. Part 1. High pressure range of the O+NO recombination between 200 and 400 K. Phys Chem Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1039/a806520i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Damm M, Deckert F, Hippler H, Rink G. Specific rate constants for the fragmentation of vibrationally excited benzyl radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1039/a806219f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Devolder P, Fittschen C, Frenzel A, Hippler H, Poskrebyshev G, Striebel F, Viskolcz. Complete falloff curves for the unimolecular decomposition of i-propoxy radicals between 330 and 408 K. Phys Chem Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1039/a808091g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fulle D, Hamann HF, Hippler H, Troe J. Temperature and pressure dependence of the addition reactions of HO to NO and to NO2. IV. Saturated laser-induced fluorescence measurements up to 1400 bar. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Eng R, Fittschen C, Gebert A, Hibomvschi P, Hippler H, Unterreiner AN. Kinetic investigations of the reactions of toluene and of p-xylene with molecular oxygen between 1050 and 1400 K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0082-0784(98)80407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Sommer
- Institut für Verbrennung und Gasdynamik, Gerhard-Mercator-Universität Duisburg, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany
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- Institut für Verbrennung und Gasdynamik, Gerhard-Mercator-Universität Duisburg, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany
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- Institut für Verbrennung und Gasdynamik, Gerhard-Mercator-Universität Duisburg, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - H. Hippler
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Fulle D, Hamann HF, Hippler H, Troe J. High pressure range of addition reactions of HO. II. Temperature and pressure dependence of the reaction HO+CO⇔HOCO→H+CO2. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Fulle D, Hamann HF, Hippler H, Troe J. High‐pressure range of the addition of HO to HO. III. Saturated laser‐induced fluorescence measurements between 200 and 700 K. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Hippler H, Neunaber H, Troe J. Shock wave studies of the reactions HO+H2O2→H2O+HO2 and HO+HO2→H2O+O2 between 930 and 1680 K. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.470235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Forster R, Frost M, Fulle D, Hamann HF, Hippler H, Schlepegrell A, Troe J. High pressure range of the addition of HO to HO, NO, NO2, and CO. I. Saturated laser induced fluorescence measurements at 298 K. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.470482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Campuzano‐Jost P, Croce AE, Hippler H, Siefke M, Troe J. Kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the F+O2 reaction system under high pressure and low temperature conditions. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.469258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abel B, Hippler H, Lange N, Schuppe J, Troe J. Competition between unimolecular C–Br–bond fission and Br2 elimination in vibrationally highly excited CF2Br2. J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.467933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Morguet AJ, Körber B, Abel B, Hippler H, Wiegand V, Kreuzer H. Autofluorescence spectroscopy using a XeCl excimer laser system for simultaneous plaque ablation and fluorescence excitation. Lasers Surg Med 1994; 14:238-48. [PMID: 8208050 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.1900140306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced fluorescence may be used to guide laser ablation of atherosclerotic lesions. This study was performed to evaluate arterial autofluorescence spectroscopy in vitro using a single XeCl excimer laser (308 nm) for simultaneous tissue ablation and fluorescence excitation. The laser beam was coupled to a 600-microns silica fiber transmitting 40-50 mJ/mm2 per pulse. The fluorescence radiation emanating retrogradely from the fiber was collected by a concave mirror spectroscopic analysis over a range of 321-657 nm. The arterial media (n = 26), lipid plaques (n = 26), and calcified lesions (n = 27) of aortic specimens from ten human cadavers were investigated in air, saline, and blood. Whereas the spectrum of calcified lesions changed with the surrounding optical medium, the other spectra remained constant. In air and blood, the spectra of arterial media, lipid plaques, and calcified lesions could be differentiated qualitatively and quantitatively (P < 0.0001). In saline, there was no clearcut spectroscopic difference between lipid plaques and calcified lesions. However, normal arterial media and atherosclerotic lesions (lipid plaques plus calcified lesions) could still be discriminated. Thus spectroscopy and plaque ablation can be combined using a single XeCl excimer laser. These encouraging results should stimulate further studies to determine the potential use of this approach to guide laser angioplasty in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Morguet
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
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Abel B, Hippler H, Troe J. Infrared multiphoton excitation dynamics of CF3I. II. Collisional effects on vibrational and rotational state populations. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.462244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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