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Tajadini H, Cornelissen JJLM, Zadegan R, Ravan H. An approach for state differentiation in nucleic acid circuits: Application to diagnostic DNA computing. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1294:342266. [PMID: 38336407 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiating between different states in nucleic acid circuits is crucial for various biological applications. One approach, there is a requirement for complicated sequential summation, which can be excessive for practical purposes. By selectively labeling biologically significant states, this study tackles the issue and presents a more cost-effective and streamlined solution. The challenge is to efficiently distinguish between different states in a nucleic acid circuit. RESULTS An innovative method is introduced in this study to distinguish between states in a nucleic acid circuit, emphasizing the biologically relevant ones. The circuit comprises four DNA logic gates and two detection modules, one for determining fetal gender and the other for diagnosing X-linked genetic disorders. The primary module generates a G-quadruplex DNAzyme when activated by specific biomarkers, which leads to a distinct colorimetric signal. The secondary module responds to hemophilia and choroideremia biomarkers, generating one or two DNAzymes. The absence of female fetus indicators results in no DNAzyme or color change. The circuit can differentiate various fetal states by producing one to four active DNAzymes in response to male fetus biomarkers. A single-color solution for state differentiation is provided by this approach, which promises significant advancements in DNA computing and diagnostic applications. SIGNIFICANCE The innovative approach used in this study to distinguish states in nucleic acid circuits holds great significance. By selectively labeling biologically relevant states, circuit design is simplified and complexity is reduced. This advancement enables cost-effective and efficient diagnostic applications and contributes to DNA computing, providing a valuable solution to a fundamental problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanie Tajadini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jeroen J L M Cornelissen
- Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, AE, 7500, the Netherlands
| | - Reza Zadegan
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Hadi Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran; Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, AE, 7500, the Netherlands.
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Moazami Goodarzi M, Taghizadeh Pirposhteh R, Ravan H, Vahidian F, Kheirkhah O, Fotouhi Ardakani R, Fotouhi F. A Comprehensive Comparison of Rapid RNA Extraction Methods for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 as the Infectious Agent of the Upper Respiratory Tract using Direct RT-LAMP Assay. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:261. [PMID: 38192891 PMCID: PMC10772793 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_63_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for faster and more cost-effective diagnostic methods. The RNA extraction step in current diagnostic methods, such as real-time qPCR, increases the cost and time required for testing. Reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) is a promising technique for developing diagnostic tests with desired sensitivity and specificity without the need for RNA extraction. Materials and Methods An RT-LAMP assay was developed to detect SARS-CoV-2 with a sensitivity of 0.5 copies of positive control plasmid per microliter in 40 min. Several rapid RNA extraction protocols were evaluated using different reagents, including bovine serum albumin, Triton X-100, Tween 20, proteinase K, guanidine hydrochloride, guanidinium isothiocyanate (GITC), and thermal treatment. Finally, the sensitivity and specificity of the developed direct RT-LAMP were determined using 150 upper respiratory tract samples. Results Method 10 was selected as the most efficient protocol for the RNA extraction step. The sensitivity and specificity of the developed direct RT-LAMP assay with clinical samples were estimated at 98.4% and 88.8%, respectively. Conclusion These results suggest that the combination of GITC and Triton X-100 detergent is a highly efficient method for RNA extraction and direct RT-LAMP detection of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples, providing a valuable tool for the rapid and cost-effective diagnosis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moazami Goodarzi
- Department of Research and Development, Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 3159915111 Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, 76169-14111 Kerman, Iran
| | - Farnaz Vahidian
- Department of Biology, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Omolbani Kheirkhah
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Fotouhi Ardakani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, 3736175513, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Department of Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Hashemabadi M, Sasan H, Amandadi M, Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani K, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Ravan H. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Disruption of ZNF543 Gene: An Approach Toward Discovering Its Relation to TRIM28 Gene in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:243-251. [PMID: 35467255 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies of familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have shown that the ZNF543 gene is a candidate gene that operates relevant to this disease. However, until now, there is no evidence for ZNF543 gene function in PD, and mechanisms resulting from its mutation have not been elucidated. Given the same genetic location of the ZNF543 gene with TRIM28 and their effects on PD pathogenesis, we surmised that ZNF543 might act as a transcription factor for TRIM28 gene expression. By knocking out the ZNF543 gene via the CRISPR/Cas9 editing platform, we assessed the functional effect of loss of expression of this gene on TRIM28 gene expression. Four sgRNAs with different PAM sequences were designed against two parts of the regulatory region of ZNF543 gene, and highly efficient disruption of ZNF543 expression in human neuroblastoma cell line was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and T7 endonuclease assay. Moreover, evaluation of TRIM28 gene expression in ZNF543-knocked-out cells indicated a significant increase in TRIM28 gene expression, suggesting that ZNF543 probably regulates the expression of TRIM28. This approach offers a window into pinpointing the mechanism by which ZNF543 gene mutations mediate PD pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hashemabadi
- Department of Genetic, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosseinali Sasan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mojdeh Amandadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R.Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hadi Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Mirzaiebadizi A, Ravan H, Dabiri S, Mohammadi P, Shahba A, Ziasistani M, Khatami M. An intelligent DNA nanorobot for detection of MiRNAs cancer biomarkers using molecular programming to fabricate a logic-responsive hybrid nanostructure. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1781-1797. [PMID: 36125526 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we designed a DNA framework-based intelligent nanorobot using toehold-mediated strand displacement reaction-based molecular programming and logic gate operation for the selective and synchronous detection of miR21 and miR125b, which are known as significant cancer biomarkers. Moreover, to investigate the applicability of our design, DNA nanorobots were implemented as capping agents onto the pores of MSNs. These agents can develop a logic-responsive hybrid nanostructure capable of specific drug release in the presence of both targets. The prosperous synthesis steps were verified by FTIR, XRD, BET, UV-visible, FESEM-EDX mapping, and HRTEM analyses. Finally, the proper release of the drug in the presence of both target microRNAs was studied. This Hybrid DNA Nanostructure was designed with the possibility to respond to any target oligonucleotides with 22 nucleotides length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mirzaiebadizi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hadi Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Shahriar Dabiri
- Department of Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Pourya Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arezoo Shahba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ziasistani
- Department of Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Khatami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Mirzayi S, Ravan H, Soltanian S. Borderline Boolean states improve the biosensing applications of DNA circuits. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:1005-1010. [PMID: 35378164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular circuits have been used in a wide range of diagnosis applications, from the detection of chemical molecules in solution to the complex processing of cell surface receptors. One of the most important challenges of these systems is the lack of distinguishability between different circuit states when each circuit state represents a specific disease. In this work, we designed a molecular amplification circuit with borderline Boolean states that each state can be distinguished with different color intensity. For this purpose, two DNA complexes and four DNA hairpin structures were designed to detect miR-218 and miR-215 biomarkers. One of the designed DNA complexes has two G-quadruplex structures and the other has only one G-quadruplex structure. In the absence of the inputs, all three G-quadruplex structures are active and produce a high-intensity signal, while in the other three states, including the presence of miR-218, the presence of miR-215, and the presence of both inputs, respectively, one, two, and zero G-quadruplex structures are active. Therefore, the designed system can identify two different biomarkers simultaneously with different signal ratios, which can easily distinguish the different states of the circuit. This strategy is very promising to identify diseases in which any combination of biomarkers leads to a particular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedighe Mirzayi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hadi Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Sara Soltanian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Khajouei S, Hosseinzadeh E, Ravan H, Mohammadi A. Binary detection of protein and nucleic acid enabled cancer diagnosis through branched hybridization chain reaction. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1205:339755. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ebrahimi A, Ravan H, Mehrabani M. Multiplex monitoring of Alzheimer associated miRNAs based on the modular logic circuit operation and doping of catalytic hairpin assembly. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 170:112710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Khajouei S, Ravan H, Ebrahimi A. Developing a colorimetric nucleic acid-responsive DNA hydrogel using DNA proximity circuit and catalytic hairpin assembly. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1137:1-10. [PMID: 33153592 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of powerful techniques for sensitive detection of nucleic acids has attracted much attention for fabricating accurate biosensors in various fields, such as genomics, clinical diagnostics, and forensic sciences. Up to now, different systems have been introduced, the majority of which are expensive, time-consuming, and relatively low selectivity/limit of detection. These limitations caught our attention to fabricate a nucleic acid responsive system by combining three layers of signal amplification strategy, namely a split proximity circuit (SPC), a catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA), and a DNA hydrogel. Herein, by SPC operation, two initiators and a target strand were assembled and activated the CHA reaction in the presence of three 5'-cytosine (C)-rich hairpins. Then, produced C-rich embedded three-way junction structures could form i-motif structures under acidic environment followed by a transition from sol to gel state. To acquire a quantitative and colorimetric measurement, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were used that encapsulated and sediment by the gel formation. The resulting platform detected the target with a limit of detection of 1 pM and considerable selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Khajouei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hadi Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ali Ebrahimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Sasan H, Hashemabadi M, Amandadi M, Ravan H. Alteration in the Expression of Parkinson’s-Related Genes in Rat Hippocampus by Exercise and Morphine Treatments. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795420040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ravan H, Amandadi M, Hassanshahian M, Pourseyedi S. Dual catalytic DNA circuit-induced gold nanoparticle aggregation: An enzyme-free and colorimetric strategy for amplified detection of nucleic acids. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:896-903. [PMID: 32169450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme-free dual catalytic DNA circuit for amplified detection of nucleic acids has been developed. The system functions based on a cyclic self-assembly of two auxiliary hairpins (H1 and H2) and three biotinylated hairpin oligonucleotides (H3, H4 and H5), in the format of two molecular circuits. In the upstream circuit, a target initiator (I) besides H1 and H2 hairpins constructs H1-H2 duplexes that trigger the operation of a subsequent circuit. In the downstream circuit, the H1-H2 duplex initiates cascaded self-assembly reactions, produces triplex H3-H4-H5, as sensing system, and releases the H1-H2 duplex as the catalyst for the self-assembly of additional hairpins. The H3-H4-H5 triplex acts as the scaffolds for assembling and orienting the streptavidin-functionalized gold nanoparticles (SA-AuNPs) into a lattice-like arrangement that generates a DNA-SA-AuNP cross-linked network, resulting in a dramatic pale red-to-blue color change. By ingeniously engaging two catalytic circuits with feedback amplification capabilities, the system can detect the target nucleic acid with an LOD value of 5 femtomolar and unambiguously discriminate spurious targets (i.e. targets containing substitution, insertion, and deletion nucleotides) without instrumentation. Simple and convenient operation of the assay makes the DNA circuit appropriate for point-of-care monitoring in resource-constrained settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mojdeh Amandadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hassanshahian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shahram Pourseyedi
- Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Abstract
DNA hydrogels as special members in the DNA nanotechnology have provided crucial prerequisites to create innovative gels owing to their sufficient stability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and tunable multifunctionality. These properties have tailored DNA hydrogels for various applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, sensors, and cancer therapy. Recently, DNA-based materials have attracted substantial consideration for the exploration of smart hydrogels, in which their properties can change in response to chemical or physical stimuli. In other words, these gels can undergo switchable gel-to-sol or sol-to-gel transitions upon application of different triggers. Moreover, various functional motifs like i-motif structures, antisense DNAs, DNAzymes, and aptamers can be inserted into the polymer network to offer a molecular recognition capability to the complex. In this manuscript, a comprehensive discussion will be endowed with the recognition capability of different kinds of DNA hydrogels and the alternation in physicochemical behaviors upon target introducing. Finally, we offer a vision into the future landscape of DNA based hydrogels in sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Khajouei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hadi Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ali Ebrahimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Khaleghi M, Khorrami S, Ravan H. Identification of Bacillus thuringiensis bacterial strain isolated from the mine soil as a robust agent in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles with strong antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ravan H, Fozooni T, Amandadi M, Sasan H, Norouzi A. DNAzyme-embedded hyperbranched DNA dendrimers as signal amplifiers for colorimetric determination of nucleic acids. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:443. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Pouresmaeili-Babaki E, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Abbasnejad M, Ravan H. Protective Effect of Neuropeptide Apelin-13 on 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Dopaminergic Cells: Involvement of Its Antioxidant and Antiapoptotic Properties. Rejuvenation Res 2018; 21:162-167. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Pouresmaeili-Babaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abbasnejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hadi Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Norouzi A, Ravan H, Mohammadi A, Hosseinzadeh E, Norouzi M, Fozooni T. Aptamer-integrated DNA nanoassembly: A simple and sensitive DNA framework to detect cancer cells. Anal Chim Acta 2018. [PMID: 29534792 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of powerful techniques to detect cancer cells at early stages plays a notable role in diagnosing and prognosing cancer patients and reducing mortality. This paper reports on a novel functional DNA nanoassembly capable of detecting cancer cells based on structural DNA nanotechnology. DNA nanoassemblies were constructed by the self-assembly of a DNA concatemer to a plenty of sticky-ended three-way junctions. While an aptamer moiety guided the nanoassembly to the target cancer cell, the peroxidase-mimicking DNAzymes embedded in the nanoassemblies were used as the sensing element to produce colorimetric signals. As proof-of-concept, as low as 175 cancer cells were detected by the assay, and color change was clearly distinguished by the naked eyes. The proposed system enjoys potential applications for point-of-care cancer diagnosis, with its excellent sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Norouzi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hadi Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Abbas Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Elyas Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Norouzi
- Department of Nursing, Islamic Azad University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tahereh Fozooni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Fozooni T, Ravan H, Sasan H. Signal Amplification Technologies for the Detection of Nucleic Acids: from Cell-Free Analysis to Live-Cell Imaging. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:1224-1253. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ravan H, Amandadi M, Esmaeili-Mahani S. DNA Domino-Based Nanoscale Logic Circuit: A Versatile Strategy for Ultrasensitive Multiplexed Analysis of Nucleic Acids. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6021-6028. [PMID: 28459545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the analytical application of logical nanodevices has attracted much attention for making accurate decisions on molecular diagnosis. Herein, a DNA domino-based nanoscale logic circuit has been constructed by integrating three logic gates (AND-AND-YES) for simultaneous analysis of multiple nucleic acid biomarkers. In the first AND gate, a chimeric target DNA comprising of four biomarkers was hybridized to three biomarker-specific oligonucleotides (TRs) via their 5'-end regions and to a capture probe-magnetic microparticle. After harvesting the complex, 3' overhang regions of the TRs were labeled with three distinct monolayer double-stranded (ds) DNA-gold nanoparticles (DNA-AuNPs). Upon gleaning the complex and addition of initiator oligonucleotide, a series of toehold-mediated strand displacement reactions, which are reminiscent of a domino chain, spontaneously occurred between the confined dsDNAs on the nanoparticles' surface in the second AND gate. The output of the second gate entered into the last gate and triggered an exponential hairpin assembly to form four-way junction nanostructures. The resulting nanostructures bear split parts of DNAzyme at each end of the four arms which, in the presence of hemin, form catalytic hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzymes with peroxidase activity. The smart biosensor has exhibited a turn-on signal when all biomarkers are present in the sample. In fact, should any of the biomarkers be nonexistent, the signal remains turned-off. The biosensor can detect the biomarkers with a LOD value of 100 aM and a noticeable capability to discriminate single-nucleotide substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman , Kerman, Iran 7616914111
| | - Mojdeh Amandadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman , Kerman, Iran 7616914111
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman , Kerman, Iran 7616914111
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Sanadgol N, Golab F, Mostafaie A, Mehdizadeh M, Abdollahi M, Sharifzadeh M, Ravan H. Ellagic acid ameliorates cuprizone-induced acute CNS inflammation via restriction of microgliosis and down-regulation of CCL2 and CCL3 pro-inflammatory chemokines. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2016; 62:24-30. [PMID: 27894396 DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2016.62.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ellagic acid (EA) is a natural phenol antioxidant with various therapeutic activities. However, the efficacy of EA has not been examined in neuro-inflammatory conditions. Microglia making the innate immune system of the central nervous system (CNS) and are imperative cellular mediators of neuro-inflammatory processes. In this study, neuro-protective effects of EA on cuprizone (Cup)-induced acute CNS inflammation evaluated. C57BL/6J mice were fed with chow containing 0.2 % Cup for 3 weeks to induce acute neuro-inflammation predominantly in the corpus callosum (CC). EA was administered at different doses (40 or 80 mg/kg body weight/day/i.p) from the first day of the Cup diet. Microglia activation (microgliosis) and expression of microglia related chemokines during Cup challenge were examined. Results shows that EA significantly decreased the number of activated microglia cells (Iba-1+ cells) and also restricted proliferation of these cell population (Iba-1+/Ki67+ cells) in dose dependent manner. Consequently, concentration of microglial pro-inflammatory chemokines including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (MCP-1/CCL2), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha/Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (MIP-1-α/CCL3) dramatically reduced in CC after EA treatment. According to this results, we conclude that EA is a suitable therapeutic agent for moderation brain damages in neuro-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sanadgol
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Golab
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Mostafaie
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - M Mehdizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Abdollahi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Sharifzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Ravan H, Amandadi M, Sanadgol N. A highly specific and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Microb Pathog 2015; 91:161-5. [PMID: 26724736 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
E. coli O157:H7 is one of the most important foodborne pathogen that causes some human illnesses such as bloody diarrhea, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and kidney failure. We developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay with six special primers that target a highly specific 299-bp region of the Z3276 gene for the detection of E. coli O157:H7. Among 117 bacterial strains tested in this study, positive results were only obtained from E. coli O157:H7 strains. The sensitivity level of the Z3276-LAMP assay was determined to be 5 CFU/reaction tube in pure bacterial culture. Moreover, the LAMP assay was successfully applied to artificially contaminated ground beef with a sensitivity level of 10(3) CFU/mL without pre-enrichment and 10 CFU/mL after a 4-h pre-enrichment. In conclusion, the present LAMP assay would be a useful and powerful tool for the rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnosis of E. coli O157:H7 strains in resource limited laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mojdeh Amandadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nima Sanadgol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran; Pharmaceutical Science Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Ramroodi N, Khani M, Ganjali Z, Javan MR, Sanadgol N, Khalseh R, Ravan H, Sanadgol E, Abdollahi M. Prophylactic Effect of BIO-1211 Small-Molecule Antagonist of VLA-4 in the EAE Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Immunol Invest 2015; 44:694-712. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1085391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ravan H, Amandadi M. Analysis of yeh Fimbrial Gene Cluster in Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Order to Find a Genetic Marker for this Serotype. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:274-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Badoei-Dalfard A, Karami Z, Ravan H. Purification and characterization of a thermo- and organic solvent-tolerant alkaline protease from Bacillus sp. JER02. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 45:128-43. [PMID: 24845261 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2014.907176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus sp. JER02 is a bacterial strain that can be grown in a medium containing organic solvents and produce a protease enzyme. JER02 protease was purified with a yield of 31.9% of total protein and 328.83-fold purification. Km and Vmax of this protease were established as 0.826 µM and 7.18 µmol/min, respectively. JER02 protease stability was stimulated about 80% by cyclohexane. It exhibited optimum temperature activity at 70°C. Furthermore, this enzyme was active in a wide range of pH (4-12) and showed maximum activity at pH 9.0. The nonionic detergents Tween-20 and Triton X-100 improved the protease activity by 30 and 20%, respectively. In addition, this enzyme was shown to be very stable in the presence of strong anionic surfactants and oxidizing agents, since it retained 77%, 93%, and 98% of its initial activity, after 1 hr of incubation at room temperature with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium perborate (1%, v/v) and H2O2 (1%, v/v), respectively. Overall, the unique properties of the Bacillus sp. JER02 protease suggested that this thermo- and detergent-stable, solvent-tolerant protease has great potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arastoo Badoei-Dalfard
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences , Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman , Kerman , Iran
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Sanchooli J, Ramroodi N, Sanadgol N, Sarabandi V, Ravan H, Rad RS. Relationship between metalloproteinase 2 and 9 concentrations and soluble CD154 expression in Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2014; 30:235-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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26
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Saeidi S, Ravan H, Sanadgol N, Khaleghi M, Bazi S, Shojaei P. Methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus in Southeast Iran: Herbal
Control and Detection Methods Comparison. J of Medical Sciences 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2014.123.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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27
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Ravan H, Kashanian S, Sanadgol N, Badoei-Dalfard A, Karami Z. Strategies for optimizing DNA hybridization on surfaces. Anal Biochem 2013; 444:41-6. [PMID: 24121011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Specific and predictable hybridization of the polynucleotide sequences to their complementary counterparts plays a fundamental role in the rational design of new nucleic acid nanodevices. Generally, nucleic acid hybridization can be performed using two major strategies, namely hybridization of DNA or RNA targets to surface-tethered oligonucleotide probes (solid-phase hybridization) and hybridization of the target nucleic acids to randomly distributed probes in solution (solution-phase hybridization). Investigations into thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of these two strategies showed that hybridization on surfaces is less favorable than that of the same sequence in solution. Indeed, the efficiency of DNA hybridization on surfaces suffers from three constraints: (1) electrostatic repulsion between DNA strands on the surface, (2) steric hindrance between tethered DNA probes, and (3) nonspecific adsorption of the attached oligonucleotides to the solid surface. During recent years, several strategies have been developed to overcome the problems associated with DNA hybridization on surfaces. Optimizing the probe surface density, application of a linker between the solid surface and the DNA-recognizing sequence, optimizing the pH of DNA hybridization solutions, application of thiol reagents, and incorporation of a polyadenine block into the terminal end of the recognizing sequence are among the most important strategies for enhancing DNA hybridization on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University, 76169-14111 Kerman, Iran.
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Ravan H, Yazdanparast R. Loop region-specific oligonucleotide probes for loop-mediated isothermal amplification–enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay truly minimize the instrument needed for detection process. Anal Biochem 2013; 439:102-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ravan H, Yazdanparast R. Development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method in conjunction with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for specific detection of Salmonella serogroup D. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 733:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Ravan H, Yazdanparast R. Development of a new loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for prt (rfbS) gene to improve the identification of Salmonella serogroup D. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2101-6. [PMID: 22806032 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a promising nucleic acid assay for rapid and cost-effective detection of pathogen-specific sequences within a sample. Development of an appropriate taxonomic group-specific LAMP assay highly relies on the design of proper primers to cover all major members of the taxon. Regarding this fact, we designed and evaluated a new LAMP primer set specific to prt (rfbS) gene for rapid identification of Salmonella serogroup D serotypes. Unlike the previously reported LAMP assay for serogroup D which detects solely the non-typhoidal serotypes; the new LAMP primers set detects both typhoidal and non-typhoidal serotypes of this serogroup with a detection limit of 10 CFU/rection. Furthermore, the technique was successfully applied to artificially contaminated meat samples with an inoculation level of 1-5 CFU/250 ml of Salmonella Enteritidis, following a 5-h pre-enrichment step in tryptic soy broth. Overall, the new LAMP assay and its optimized setup would be useful for fast diagnosis of food poisoning incidents caused by these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Ravan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
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Kashanian S, Rafipour R, Tarighat F, Ravan H. Immobilisation of cobaltferritin onto gold electrode based on self-assembled monolayers. IET Nanobiotechnol 2012; 6:102-9. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2011.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Kashanian S, Paknejad M, Ghobadi S, Omidfar K, Ravan H. Effect of osmolytes on the conformational stability of mouse monoclonal antidigoxin antibody in long-term storage. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2008; 27:99-106. [PMID: 18642674 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2007.0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The natural selection of small organic molecules (osmolytes) that protect cellular proteins against denaturing stresses is characteristic of plants and animals that have adapted to environmental extremes. In this study the role of osmolytes on the structural stability of antibody in long-term storage was investigated. Native antibody preparations isolated from cell culture supernatant were formulated with different additives for storage stabilization. The additives studied were arginine, proline, and sorbitol. Structural stability of antibody investigated and effect of these osmolytes on retaining the native structure in long-term storage were established. CD spectra of native IgG showed the characteristics expected for beta-proteins. After the passing of given time, the beta-sheet structure of IgG was reduced but the addition of the osmolyte to antibody solution prevented loosing the ordered structures. These results can be effective for stabilization of proteins in commercial and industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Kashanian
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Nanotechnology Research Center (NNRC), Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Kashanian S, Gholivand MB, Ahmadi F, Ravan H. Interaction of Diazinon with DNA and the Protective Role of Selenium in DNA Damage. DNA Cell Biol 2008; 27:325-32. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2007.0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Kashanian
- Department of Chemistry and Sensor and Biosensor Research Center (SBRC), Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Gholivand
- Department of Chemistry and Sensor and Biosensor Research Center (SBRC), Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farhad Ahmadi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hadi Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Kashanian S, Ghobadi S, Omidfar K, Ravan H. Structural and Functional Study of Mouse Antidigoxin Monoclonal Antibody Against Thermal Variation. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2008; 27:123-30. [DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2007.0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Kashanian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sirous Ghobadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kobra Omidfar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Medical Sciences/Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Ravan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Kashanian S, Ravan H, Ghobadi S, Omidfar K, Askari S. Structural and functional study of rabbit polyclonal antibody for immunoassay purposes. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2008; 27:48-53. [PMID: 18294077 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2007.0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of some denaturants, such as urea and heat, on structure and function of rabbit polyclonal antibody and its Fab fragments. Thermal unfolding studies by circular dichroism of antibody and Fab fragments showed that in acidic pH, antibody has multi-transitions whereas Fab fragments have one transition curve; however in neutral pH, thermal unfolding of both had one transition. Effects of urea on the structure of antibody and Fab were studied through fluorescence spectroscopy. Despite exposure of protein to high concentration of denaturant, partial unfolding occurred in both antibody and Fab, but the denaturation of Fab was more considerable than that of antibody. Functional studies indicated that urea and heat causes a decrease in affinity in both antibody and Fab, but deactivation of Fab is more considerable in comparison with the antibody molecule. Turbidity study of antibody and Fab showed that aggregation of Fab occurred at lower temperatures than that of antibody. Our results indicate that Fab has higher sensitivity in comparison with antibody in the unfolding, deactivation, and aggregation processes. Therefore, our data proposes a stabilizing role for Fc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Kashanian
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Research Center (NNRC), Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
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