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Amang à Ngnoung GA, Nganso Ditchou YO, Leutcha PB, Dize D, Tatsimo SJN, Tchokouaha LRY, Kowa TK, Tembeni B, Mamoudou H, Poka M, Demana PH, Siwe Noundou X, Fekam Boyom F, Meli Lannang A. Antiplasmodial and Antileishmanial Activities of a New Limonoid and Other Constituents from the Stem Bark of Khaya senegalensis. Molecules 2023; 28:7227. [PMID: 37894704 PMCID: PMC10609173 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania sp. resistance to antiparasitic drugs has become a major concern in malaria and leishmaniasis control. These diseases are public health problems with significant socioeconomic impacts, and mostly affect disadvantaged populations living in remote tropical areas. This challenge emphasizes the need to search for new chemical scaffolds that preferably possess novel modes of action to contribute to antimalarial and antileishmanial research programs. This study aimed to investigate the antimalarial and antileishmanial properties of a methanol extract (KS-MeOH) of the stem bark of the Cameroonian medicinal plant Khaya senegalensis and its isolated compounds. The purification of KS-MeOH led to the isolation of a new ordered limonoid derivative, 21β-hydroxybourjotinolone A (1a), together with 15 known compounds (1bc-14) using a repeated column chromatography. Compound 1a was obtained in an epimeric mixture of 21α-melianodiol (1b) and 21β-melianodiol (1c). Structural characterization of the isolated compounds was achieved with HRMS, and 1D- and 2D-NMR analyses. The extracts and compounds were screened using pre-established in vitro methods against synchronized ring stage cultures of the multidrug-resistant Dd2 and chloroquine-sensitive/sulfadoxine-resistant 3D7 strains of Plasmodium falciparum and the promastigote form of Leishmania donovani (1S(MHOM/SD/62/1S). In addition, the samples were tested for cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 macrophages. Positive controls consisted of artemisinin and chloroquine for P. falciparum, amphotericin B for L. donovani, and podophyllotoxin for cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells. The extract and fractions exhibited moderate to potent antileishmanial activity with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) ranging from 5.99 ± 0.77 to 2.68 ± 0.42 μg/mL, while compounds displayed IC50 values ranging from 81.73 ± 0.12 to 6.43 ± 0.06 μg/mL. They were weakly active against the chloroquine-sensitive/sulfadoxine-resistant Pf3D7 strain but highly potent toward the multidrug-resistant PfDd2 (extracts, IC50 2.50 ± 0.12 to 4.78 ± 0.36 μg/mL; compounds IC50 2.93 ± 0.02 to 50.97 ± 0.37 μg/mL) with selectivity indices greater than 10 (SIDd2 > 10) for the extract and fractions and most of the derived compounds. Of note, the limonoid mixture [21β-hydroxylbourjotinolone A (1a) + 21α-melianodiol (1b) + 21β-melianodiol (1c)] exhibited moderate activity against P. falciparum and L. donovani. This novel antiplasmodial and antileishmanial chemical scaffold qualifies as a promising starting point for further medicinal chemistry-driven development of a dually active agent against two major infectious diseases affecting humans in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Ange Amang à Ngnoung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon; (G.A.A.à.N.); (P.B.L.)
| | - Yves Oscar Nganso Ditchou
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon; (G.A.A.à.N.); (P.B.L.)
| | - Peron Bosco Leutcha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon; (G.A.A.à.N.); (P.B.L.)
- Natural Product and Environmental Chemistry Group (NAPEC), Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 55, Cameroon; (S.J.N.T.); (A.M.L.)
| | - Darline Dize
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon; (D.D.); (F.F.B.)
| | - Simplice Joël Ndendoung Tatsimo
- Natural Product and Environmental Chemistry Group (NAPEC), Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 55, Cameroon; (S.J.N.T.); (A.M.L.)
| | - Lauve Rachel Yamthe Tchokouaha
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon;
| | - Theodora Kopa Kowa
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon;
| | - Babalwa Tembeni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa; (B.T.); (M.P.); (P.H.D.)
| | - Hamadou Mamoudou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon;
| | - Madan Poka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa; (B.T.); (M.P.); (P.H.D.)
| | - Patrick Hulisani Demana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa; (B.T.); (M.P.); (P.H.D.)
| | - Xavier Siwe Noundou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa; (B.T.); (M.P.); (P.H.D.)
| | - Fabrice Fekam Boyom
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon; (D.D.); (F.F.B.)
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon;
- Advanced Research and Health Innovation Hub (ARHIH), Yaoundé P.O. Box 20133, Cameroon
| | - Alain Meli Lannang
- Natural Product and Environmental Chemistry Group (NAPEC), Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 55, Cameroon; (S.J.N.T.); (A.M.L.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Mineral Industries, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere P.O. Box 454, Cameroon
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