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Congdon EE, Chukwu JE, Shamir DB, Deng J, Ujla D, Sait HBR, Neubert TA, Kong XP, Sigurdsson EM. Tau antibody chimerization alters its charge and binding, thereby reducing its cellular uptake and efficacy. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:157-173. [PMID: 30910484 PMCID: PMC6492224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bringing antibodies from pre-clinical studies to human trials requires humanization, but this process may alter properties that are crucial for efficacy. Since pathological tau protein is primarily intraneuronal in Alzheimer's disease, the most efficacious antibodies should work both intra- and extracellularly. Thus, changes which impact uptake or antibody binding will affect antibody efficacy. Methods Initially, we examined four tau mouse monoclonal antibodies with naturally differing charges. We quantified their neuronal uptake, and efficacy in preventing toxicity and pathological seeding induced by human-derived pathological tau. Later, we generated a human chimeric 4E6 (h4E6), an antibody with well documented efficacy in multiple tauopathy models. We compared the uptake and efficacy of unmodified and chimeric antibodies in neuronal and differentiated neuroblastoma cultures. Further, we analyzed tau binding using ELISA assays. Findings Neuronal uptake of tau antibodies and their efficacy strongly depends on antibody charge. Additionally, their ability to prevent tau toxicity and seeding of tau pathology does not necessarily go together. Particularly, chimerization of 4E6 increased its charge from 6.5 to 9.6, which blocked its uptake into human and mouse cells. Furthermore, h4E6 had altered binding characteristics despite intact binding sites, compared to the mouse antibody. Importantly, these changes in uptake and binding substantially decreased its efficacy in preventing tau toxicity, although under certain conditions it did prevent pathological seeding of tau. Conclusions These results indicate that efficacy of chimeric/humanized tau antibodies should be thoroughly characterized prior to clinical trials, which may require further engineering to maintain or improve their therapeutic potential. Fund National Institutes of Health (NS077239, AG032611, R24OD18340, R24OD018339 and RR027990, Alzheimer's Association (2016-NIRG-397228) and Blas Frangione Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Congdon
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and The Neuroscience Institute, 435 E 30th St. SB1123, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Jessica E Chukwu
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 550 First Ave, MSB 398, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Dov B Shamir
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and The Neuroscience Institute, 435 E 30th St. SB1123, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Jingjing Deng
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, 540 First Avenue, Skirball Institute Lab 5-18, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Devyani Ujla
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and The Neuroscience Institute, 435 E 30th St. SB1123, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Hameetha B R Sait
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and The Neuroscience Institute, 435 E 30th St. SB1123, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, 540 First Avenue, Skirball Institute Lab 5-18, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 550 First Ave, MSB 398, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Einar M Sigurdsson
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and The Neuroscience Institute, 435 E 30th St. SB1123, New York, NY 10016, United States of America; New York University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 435 E 30th St. Science Building SB1115, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
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Planque SA, Nishiyama Y, Sonoda S, Lin Y, Taguchi H, Hara M, Kolodziej S, Mitsuda Y, Gonzalez V, Sait HBR, Fukuchi KI, Massey RJ, Friedland RP, O'Nuallain B, Sigurdsson EM, Paul S. Specific amyloid β clearance by a catalytic antibody construct. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10229-41. [PMID: 25724648 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.641738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical immunization methods do not generate catalytic antibodies (catabodies), but recent findings suggest that the innate antibody repertoire is a rich catabody source. We describe the specificity and amyloid β (Aβ)-clearing effect of a catabody construct engineered from innate immunity principles. The catabody recognized the Aβ C terminus noncovalently and hydrolyzed Aβ rapidly, with no reactivity to the Aβ precursor protein, transthyretin amyloid aggregates, or irrelevant proteins containing the catabody-sensitive Aβ dipeptide unit. The catabody dissolved preformed Aβ aggregates and inhibited Aβ aggregation more potently than an Aβ-binding IgG. Intravenous catabody treatment reduced brain Aβ deposits in a mouse Alzheimer disease model without inducing microgliosis or microhemorrhages. Specific Aβ hydrolysis appears to be an innate immune function that could be applied for therapeutic Aβ removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Planque
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yasuhiro Nishiyama
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sari Sonoda
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yan Lin
- the Departments of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Hiroaki Taguchi
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Mariko Hara
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Steven Kolodziej
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yukie Mitsuda
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Veronica Gonzalez
- the Departments of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Hameetha B R Sait
- the Departments of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Ken-ichiro Fukuchi
- the Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois 61605
| | | | - Robert P Friedland
- the Department of Neurology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, and
| | - Brian O'Nuallain
- the Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Einar M Sigurdsson
- the Departments of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016,
| | - Sudhir Paul
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030,
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Congdon EE, Gu J, Sait HBR, Sigurdsson EM. Antibody uptake into neurons occurs primarily via clathrin-dependent Fcγ receptor endocytosis and is a prerequisite for acute tau protein clearance. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35452-65. [PMID: 24163366 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.491001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau immunotherapy is effective in transgenic mice, but the mechanisms of Tau clearance are not well known. To this end, Tau antibody uptake was analyzed in brain slice cultures and primary neurons. Internalization was rapid (<1 h), saturable, and substantial compared with control mouse IgG. Furthermore, temperature reduction to 4 °C, an excess of unlabeled mouse IgG, or an excess of Tau antibodies reduced uptake in slices by 63, 41, and 62%, respectively (p = 0.002, 0.04, and 0.005). Uptake strongly correlated with total and insoluble Tau levels (r(2) = 0.77 and 0.87 and p = 0.002 and 0.0002), suggesting that Tau aggregates influence antibody internalization and/or retention within neurons. Inhibiting phagocytosis did not reduce uptake in slices or neuronal cultures, indicating limited microglial involvement. In contrast, clathrin-specific inhibitors reduced uptake in neurons (≤ 78%, p < 0.0001) and slices (≤ 35%, p = 0.03), demonstrating receptor-mediated endocytosis as the primary uptake pathway. Fluid phase endocytosis accounted for the remainder of antibody uptake in primary neurons, based on co-staining with internalized dextran. The receptor-mediated uptake is to a large extent via low affinity FcγII/III receptors and can be blocked in slices (43%, p = 0.04) and neurons (53%, p = 0.008) with an antibody against these receptors. Importantly, antibody internalization appears to be necessary for Tau reduction in primary neurons. Overall, these findings clarify that Tau antibody uptake is primarily receptor-mediated, that these antibodies are mainly found in neurons with Tau aggregates, and that their intracellular interaction leads to clearance of Tau pathology, all of which have major implications for therapeutic development of this approach.
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Shao CY, Mirra SS, Sait HBR, Sacktor TC, Sigurdsson EM. Postsynaptic degeneration as revealed by PSD-95 reduction occurs after advanced Aβ and tau pathology in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 122:285-92. [PMID: 21630115 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of synaptic plasticity underlies memory dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Molecules involved in this plasticity such as PSD-95, a major postsynaptic scaffold protein at excitatory synapses, may play an important role in AD pathogenesis. We examined the distribution of PSD-95 in transgenic mice of amyloidopathy (5XFAD) and tauopathy (JNPL3) as well as in AD brains using double-labeling immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. In wild type control mice, PSD-95 primarily labeled neuropil with distinct distribution in hippocampal apical dendrites. In 3-month-old 5XFAD mice, PSD-95 distribution was similar to that of wild type mice despite significant Aβ deposition. However, in 6-month-old 5XFAD mice, PSD-95 immunoreactivity in apical dendrites markedly decreased and prominent immunoreactivity was noted in neuronal soma in CA1 neurons. Similarly, PSD-95 immunoreactivity disappeared from apical dendrites and accumulated in neuronal soma in 14-month-old, but not in 3-month-old, JNPL3 mice. In AD brains, PSD-95 accumulated in Hirano bodies in hippocampal neurons. Our findings support the notion that either Aβ or tau can induce reduction of PSD-95 in excitatory synapses in hippocampus. Furthermore, this PSD-95 reduction is not an early event but occurs as the pathologies advance. Thus, the time-dependent PSD-95 reduction from synapses and accumulation in neuronal soma in transgenic mice and Hirano bodies in AD may mark postsynaptic degeneration that underlies long-term functional deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Y Shao
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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Manuel SGA, Ragunath C, Sait HBR, Izano EA, Kaplan JB, Ramasubbu N. Role of active-site residues of dispersin B, a biofilm-releasing beta-hexosaminidase from a periodontal pathogen, in substrate hydrolysis. FEBS J 2007; 274:5987-99. [PMID: 17949435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dispersin B (DspB), a family 20 beta-hexosaminidase from the oral pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, cleaves beta(1,6)-linked N-acetylglucosamine polymer. In order to understand the substrate specificity of DspB, we have undertaken to characterize several conserved and nonconserved residues in the vicinity of the active site. The active sites of DspB and other family 20 hexosaminidases possess three highly conserved acidic residues, several aromatic residues and an arginine at subsite -1. These residues were mutated using site-directed mutagenesis and characterized for their enzyme activity. Our results show that a highly conserved acid pair in beta-hexosaminidases D183 and E184, and E332 play a critical role in the hydrolysis of the substrates. pH activity profile analysis showed a shift to a higher pH (6.8) in the optimal activity for the E184Q mutant, suggesting that this residue might act as the acid/base catalyst. The reduction in k(cat) observed for Y187A and Y278A mutants suggests that the Y187 residue (unique to DspB) located on a loop might play a role in substrate specificity and be a part of subsite +1, whereas the hydrogen-bond interaction between Y278A and the N-acetyl group might help to stabilize the transition state. Mutation of W237 and W330 residues abolished hydrolytic activity completely suggesting that alteration at these positions might collapse the binding pocket for the N-acetyl group. Mutation of the conserved R27 residue (to R27A or R27K) also caused significant reduction in k(cat) suggesting that R27 might be involved in stabilization of the transition state. From these results, we conclude that in DspB, and possibly in other structurally similar family 20 hydrolases, some residues at the active site assist in orienting the N-acetyl group to participate in the substrate-assisted mechanism, whereas other residues such as R27 and E332 assist in holding the terminal N-acetylglucosamine during the hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suba G A Manuel
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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