1
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Sartelli M, Kluger Y, Ansaloni L, Hardcastle TC, Rello J, Watkins RR, Bassetti M, Giamarellou E, Coccolini F, Abu-Zidan FM, Adesunkanmi AK, Augustin G, Baiocchi GL, Bala M, Baraket O, Beltran MA, Jusoh AC, Demetrashvili Z, De Simone B, de Souza HP, Cui Y, Davies RJ, Dhingra S, Diaz JJ, Di Saverio S, Dogjani A, Elmangory MM, Enani MA, Ferrada P, Fraga GP, Frattima S, Ghnnam W, Gomes CA, Kanj SS, Karamarkovic A, Kenig J, Khamis F, Khokha V, Koike K, Kok KYY, Isik A, Labricciosa FM, Latifi R, Lee JG, Litvin A, Machain GM, Manzano-Nunez R, Major P, Marwah S, McFarlane M, Memish ZA, Mesina C, Moore EE, Moore FA, Naidoo N, Negoi I, Ofori-Asenso R, Olaoye I, Ordoñez CA, Ouadii M, Paolillo C, Picetti E, Pintar T, Ponce-de-Leon A, Pupelis G, Reis T, Sakakushev B, Kafil HS, Sato N, Shah JN, Siribumrungwong B, Talving P, Tranà C, Ulrych J, Yuan KC, Catena F. Raising concerns about the Sepsis-3 definitions. World J Emerg Surg 2018; 13:6. [PMID: 29416555 PMCID: PMC5784683 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-018-0165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery appreciates the great effort of the task force who derived and validated the Sepsis-3 definitions and considers the new definitions an important step forward in the evolution of our understanding of sepsis. Nevertheless, more than a year after their publication, we have a few concerns regarding the use of the Sepsis-3 definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoram Kluger
- 2Department of General Surgery, Division of Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Luca Ansaloni
- 3General Surgery Department, Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy
| | - Timothy C Hardcastle
- Trauma Service, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Surgery, Nelson R Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jordi Rello
- 5Department of Clinical Research & Innovation in Pneumonia and Sepsis, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard R Watkins
- 6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, OH USA.,7Department of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH USA
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- 8Infectious Diseases Division, Santa Maria Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Eleni Giamarellou
- 96th Department of Internal Medicine, Hygeia General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Fikri M Abu-Zidan
- 10Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Goran Augustin
- 12Department of Surgery, University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gian L Baiocchi
- 13Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Miklosh Bala
- 14Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Marcelo A Beltran
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital San Juan de Dios de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | - Asri Che Jusoh
- Department of General Surgery, Kuala Krai Hospital, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zaza Demetrashvili
- Department General Surgery, Kipshidze Central University Hospital, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Hamilton P de Souza
- 20Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Yunfeng Cui
- 21Department of Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical School of Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - R Justin Davies
- 22Colorectal Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sameer Dhingra
- 23School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Uriah Butler Highway, Champ Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Jose J Diaz
- 24Division of Acute Care Surgery, Program in Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Salomone Di Saverio
- 22Colorectal Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Agron Dogjani
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Trauma, Tirana, Albania
| | - Mutasim M Elmangory
- 26Sudan National Public Health Laboratory, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mushira A Enani
- 27Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paula Ferrada
- 28Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Gustavo P Fraga
- 29Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP Brazil
| | | | - Wagih Ghnnam
- 31Department of General Surgery, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Carlos A Gomes
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Universitário Terezinha de Jesus, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Souha S Kanj
- 33Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Jakub Kenig
- 35Third Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Faryal Khamis
- 36Department of Internal Medicine, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Vladimir Khokha
- Department of Emergency Surgery, City Hospital, Mozyr, Belarus
| | - Kaoru Koike
- 38Department of Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenneth Y Y Kok
- Department of Surgery, The Brunei Cancer Centre, Jerudong Park, Jerudong, Brunei
| | - Arda Isik
- 40Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | | | - Rifat Latifi
- 42Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Jae G Lee
- 43Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Andrey Litvin
- 44Surgical Disciplines, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University/Regional Clinical Hospital, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
| | - Gustavo M Machain
- 45Department of Surgery, Universidad Nacional de Asuncion, Asuncion, Paraguay
| | | | - Piotr Major
- 472nd Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sanjay Marwah
- 48Department of Surgery, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, India
| | - Michael McFarlane
- 49Department of Surgery, Radiology, University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Ziad A Memish
- 50Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,76College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cristian Mesina
- Second Surgical Clinic, Emergency Hospital of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ernest E Moore
- 52Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver, CO USA
| | - Frederick A Moore
- 53Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, and Center for Sepsis and Critical Illness Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Noel Naidoo
- 54Department of Surgery, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ionut Negoi
- Department of Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Iyiade Olaoye
- 57Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin, Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Carlos A Ordoñez
- 58Department of Surgery and Critical Care, Universidad del Valle, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | - Mouaqit Ouadii
- Department of Surgery, Hassan II University Hospital, Medical School of Fez, Sidi Mohamed Benabdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Ciro Paolillo
- 60Department of Emergency Medicine, Santa Maria Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Edoardo Picetti
- 61Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Tadeja Pintar
- 62Department of Surgery, UMC Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alfredo Ponce-de-Leon
- 63Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guntars Pupelis
- 64Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Riga East University Hospital "Gailezers", Riga, Latvia
| | - Tarcisio Reis
- Emergency Post-Operative Department, Otavio De Freitas Hospital, Recife, Brazil.,Osvaldo Cruz Hospital Recife, Recife, Brazil
| | - Boris Sakakushev
- General Surgery Department, Medical University, University Hospital St George, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- 67Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Norio Sato
- 68Department of Aeromedical Services for Emergency and Trauma Care, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Jay N Shah
- 69Department of Surgery, Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Boonying Siribumrungwong
- 70Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Thammasat University, Rangsit, Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Peep Talving
- Department of Surgery, North Estonia Medical Center, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Cristian Tranà
- Department of Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Macerata, Italy
| | - Jan Ulrych
- 72First Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.,78General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kuo-Ching Yuan
- 73Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fausto Catena
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Parma Maggiore Hospital, Parma, Italy
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2
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Sartelli M, Labricciosa FM, Barbadoro P, Pagani L, Ansaloni L, Brink AJ, Carlet J, Khanna A, Chichom-Mefire A, Coccolini F, Di Saverio S, May AK, Viale P, Watkins RR, Scudeller L, Abbo LM, Abu-Zidan FM, Adesunkanmi AK, Al-Dahir S, Al-Hasan MN, Alis H, Alves C, Araujo da Silva AR, Augustin G, Bala M, Barie PS, Beltrán MA, Bhangu A, Bouchra B, Brecher SM, Caínzos MA, Camacho-Ortiz A, Catani M, Chandy SJ, Jusoh AC, Cherry-Bukowiec JR, Chiara O, Colak E, Cornely OA, Cui Y, Demetrashvili Z, De Simone B, De Waele JJ, Dhingra S, Di Marzo F, Dogjani A, Dorj G, Dortet L, Duane TM, Elmangory MM, Enani MA, Ferrada P, Esteban Foianini J, Gachabayov M, Gandhi C, Ghnnam WM, Giamarellou H, Gkiokas G, Gomi H, Goranovic T, Griffiths EA, Guerra Gronerth RI, Haidamus Monteiro JC, Hardcastle TC, Hecker A, Hodonou AM, Ioannidis O, Isik A, Iskandar KA, Kafil HS, Kanj SS, Kaplan LJ, Kapoor G, Karamarkovic AR, Kenig J, Kerschaever I, Khamis F, Khokha V, Kiguba R, Kim HB, Ko WC, Koike K, Kozlovska I, Kumar A, Lagunes L, Latifi R, Lee JG, Lee YR, Leppäniemi A, Li Y, Liang SY, Lowman W, Machain GM, Maegele M, Major P, Malama S, Manzano-Nunez R, Marinis A, Martinez Casas I, Marwah S, Maseda E, McFarlane ME, Memish Z, Mertz D, Mesina C, Mishra SK, Moore EE, Munyika A, Mylonakis E, Napolitano L, Negoi I, Nestorovic MD, Nicolau DP, Omari AH, Ordonez CA, Paiva JA, Pant ND, Parreira JG, Pędziwiatr M, Pereira BM, Ponce-de-Leon A, Poulakou G, Preller J, Pulcini C, Pupelis G, Quiodettis M, Rawson TM, Reis T, Rems M, Rizoli S, Roberts J, Pereira NR, Rodríguez-Baño J, Sakakushev B, Sanders J, Santos N, Sato N, Sawyer RG, Scarpelini S, Scoccia L, Shafiq N, Shelat V, Sifri CD, Siribumrungwong B, Søreide K, Soto R, de Souza HP, Talving P, Trung NT, Tessier JM, Tumbarello M, Ulrych J, Uranues S, Van Goor H, Vereczkei A, Wagenlehner F, Xiao Y, Yuan KC, Wechsler-Fördös A, Zahar JR, Zakrison TL, Zuckerbraun B, Zuidema WP, Catena F. The Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery: defining a model for antimicrobial stewardship-results from an international cross-sectional survey. World J Emerg Surg 2017; 12:34. [PMID: 28775763 PMCID: PMC5540347 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-017-0145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs) have been promoted to optimize antimicrobial usage and patient outcomes, and to reduce the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant organisms. However, the best strategies for an ASP are not definitively established and are likely to vary based on local culture, policy, and routine clinical practice, and probably limited resources in middle-income countries. The aim of this study is to evaluate structures and resources of antimicrobial stewardship teams (ASTs) in surgical departments from different regions of the world. METHODS A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted in 2016 on 173 physicians who participated in the AGORA (Antimicrobials: A Global Alliance for Optimizing their Rational Use in Intra-Abdominal Infections) project and on 658 international experts in the fields of ASPs, infection control, and infections in surgery. RESULTS The response rate was 19.4%. One hundred fifty-six (98.7%) participants stated their hospital had a multidisciplinary AST. The median number of physicians working inside the team was five [interquartile range 4-6]. An infectious disease specialist, a microbiologist and an infection control specialist were, respectively, present in 80.1, 76.3, and 67.9% of the ASTs. A surgeon was a component in 59.0% of cases and was significantly more likely to be present in university hospitals (89.5%, p < 0.05) compared to community teaching (83.3%) and community hospitals (66.7%). Protocols for pre-operative prophylaxis and for antimicrobial treatment of surgical infections were respectively implemented in 96.2 and 82.3% of the hospitals. The majority of the surgical departments implemented both persuasive and restrictive interventions (72.8%). The most common types of interventions in surgical departments were dissemination of educational materials (62.5%), expert approval (61.0%), audit and feedback (55.1%), educational outreach (53.7%), and compulsory order forms (51.5%). CONCLUSION The survey showed a heterogeneous organization of ASPs worldwide, demonstrating the necessity of a multidisciplinary and collaborative approach in the battle against antimicrobial resistance in surgical infections, and the importance of educational efforts towards this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco M. Labricciosa
- 0000 0001 1017 3210grid.7010.6Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pamela Barbadoro
- 0000 0001 1017 3210grid.7010.6Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Leonardo Pagani
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Bolzano Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Luca Ansaloni
- 0000 0004 1757 8431grid.460094.fGeneral Surgery Department, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Adrian J. Brink
- 0000 0004 0634 9246grid.415666.6Department of Clinical microbiology, Ampath National Laboratory Services, Milpark Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
- 0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDivision of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape town, South Africa
| | - Jean Carlet
- World Alliance against Antibiotics Resistance, Rome, Italy
| | - Ashish Khanna
- 0000 0001 0675 4725grid.239578.2Center for Critical Care, Anaesthesiology Institute and Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Alain Chichom-Mefire
- Department of Surgery and Obstetrics/Gynaecology, Regional Hospital, Limbe, Cameroon
| | | | - Salomone Di Saverio
- 0000 0004 1759 7093grid.416290.8Department of Surgery, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Addison K. May
- 0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Pierluigi Viale
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Sant’Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Richard R. Watkins
- 0000 0001 0675 4725grid.239578.2Division of Infectious Diseases, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, OH USA
- 0000 0004 0459 7529grid.261103.7Department of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH USA
| | - Luigia Scudeller
- 0000 0004 1760 3027grid.419425.fClinical Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lilian M. Abbo
- 0000 0004 1936 8606grid.26790.3aDivision of Infectious Diseases, Jackson Health System, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Fikri M. Abu-Zidan
- 0000 0001 2193 6666grid.43519.3aDepartment of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulrashid K. Adesunkanmi
- 0000 0001 2183 9444grid.10824.3fDepartment of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Sara Al-Dahir
- 0000 0000 9679 3586grid.268355.fDivision of Clinical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Majdi N. Al-Hasan
- 0000 0000 9075 106Xgrid.254567.7Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Halil Alis
- 0000 0004 0419 1043grid.414177.0General Surgery Department, Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Instanbul, Turkey
| | - Carlos Alves
- 0000 0000 9375 4688grid.414556.7Unit of Prevention and Infection Control, Center of Hospital Epidemiology, São João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Goran Augustin
- 0000 0004 0397 9648grid.412688.1Department of Surgery, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Miklosh Bala
- 0000 0001 2221 2926grid.17788.31Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Philip S. Barie
- 000000041936877Xgrid.5386.8Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Marcelo A. Beltrán
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital San Juan de Dios de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | - Aneel Bhangu
- 0000 0001 2177 007Xgrid.415490.dAcademic Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Belefquih Bouchra
- Department of Microbiology National Reference Laboratory Cheikh Khalifa Ibn Zaid Hospital, Mohammed 6th University of Health Sciences, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Stephen M. Brecher
- 0000 0004 4657 1992grid.410370.1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, VA Boston HealthCare System, Boston, MA USA
- 0000 0004 0367 5222grid.475010.7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Miguel A. Caínzos
- 0000 0000 8816 6945grid.411048.8Department of Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Adrian Camacho-Ortiz
- 0000 0004 1760 058Xgrid.464574.0Hospital Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Dr Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Marco Catani
- grid.417007.5Department of Emergency, Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Sujith J. Chandy
- 0000 0004 1781 1790grid.448741.aDepartment of Pharmacology, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla, Kerala India
| | - Asri Che Jusoh
- Department of General Surgery, Kuala Krai Hospital, Kuala Krai, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Jill R. Cherry-Bukowiec
- 0000000086837370grid.214458.eDivision of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | | | - Elif Colak
- Department of General Surgery, Health Sciences University, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Oliver A. Cornely
- 0000 0000 8580 3777grid.6190.eDepartment of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yunfeng Cui
- 0000 0000 9792 1228grid.265021.2Department of Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical School of Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zaza Demetrashvili
- Department General Surgery, Kipshidze Central University Hospital, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Belinda De Simone
- 0000 0004 1795 3510grid.418062.9Department of Digestive Surgery, Cannes Hospital, Cannes, France
| | - Jan J. De Waele
- 0000 0004 0626 3303grid.410566.0Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sameer Dhingra
- grid.430529.9School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Uriah Butler Highway, Champ Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago
| | | | - Agron Dogjani
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Trauma, Tirana, Albania
| | - Gereltuya Dorj
- grid.444534.6School of Pharmacy and Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Laurent Dortet
- 0000 0001 2171 2558grid.5842.bDepartment of Microbiology, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris-Sud University, La Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Therese M. Duane
- Department of Surgery, John Peter Smith Health Network, Fort Worth, Texas USA
| | - Mutasim M. Elmangory
- grid.414827.cSudan National Public Health Laboratory, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mushira A. Enani
- 0000 0004 0593 1832grid.415277.2Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paula Ferrada
- 0000 0004 0458 8737grid.224260.0Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | | | - Mahir Gachabayov
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Vladimir City Clinical Hospital of Emergency Medicine, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Chinmay Gandhi
- Department of Surgery, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Medical College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra India
| | - Wagih Mommtaz Ghnnam
- 0000000103426662grid.10251.37Department of General Surgery, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Helen Giamarellou
- grid.414012.2Sixth Department of Internal Medicine, Hygeia General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Gkiokas
- 0000 0001 2155 0800grid.5216.0Second Department of Surgery, Aretaieion University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Harumi Gomi
- 0000 0001 2369 4728grid.20515.33Center for Global Health, Mito Kyodo General Hospital, University of Tsukuba, Mito, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Tatjana Goranovic
- University Department for Tumours, Sestre Milosrrdnice UHC, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ewen A. Griffiths
- 0000 0001 2177 007Xgrid.415490.dGeneral and Upper GI Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Julio C. Haidamus Monteiro
- 0000 0001 2198 9354grid.415169.eDepartment of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Santa Casa Hospital, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Timothy C. Hardcastle
- 0000 0001 0723 4123grid.16463.36Trauma and Trauma ICU, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andreas Hecker
- 0000 0000 8584 9230grid.411067.5Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Adrien M. Hodonou
- grid.440525.2Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Parakou, BP 123 Parakou, Benin
| | - Orestis Ioannidis
- 0000000109457005grid.4793.9Fourth Surgical Department, General Hospital G. Papanikolaou, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Arda Isik
- 0000 0001 1498 7262grid.412176.7Department of General Surgery, Erzincan University, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Katia A. Iskandar
- Department of Pharmacy, Lebanese, International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hossein S. Kafil
- 0000 0001 2174 8913grid.412888.fDrug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Souha S. Kanj
- 0000 0004 1936 9801grid.22903.3aDivision of Infectious Diseases, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lewis J. Kaplan
- 0000 0004 1936 8972grid.25879.31Department of Surgery Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Garima Kapoor
- grid.415285.fDepartment of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, India
| | - Aleksandar R. Karamarkovic
- 0000 0001 2166 9385grid.7149.bClinic for Emergency Surgery, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jakub Kenig
- 0000 0001 2162 9631grid.5522.0Third Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ivan Kerschaever
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Regional Hospital of Tienen, Tienen, Belgium
| | - Faryal Khamis
- 0000 0004 1772 5665grid.416132.3Department of Internal Medicine, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Vladimir Khokha
- Department of Emergency Surgery, City Hospital, Mozyr, Belarus
| | - Ronald Kiguba
- 0000 0004 0620 0548grid.11194.3cDepartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hong B. Kim
- 0000 0004 0647 3378grid.412480.bDepartment of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- 0000 0004 0639 0054grid.412040.3Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kaoru Koike
- 0000 0004 0372 2033grid.258799.8Department of Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Iryna Kozlovska
- Department of Surgery n. 2, Higher educational institutions of Ukraine Bukovina State Medical University, Chernivtci City, Ukraine
| | - Anand Kumar
- 0000 0004 1936 9609grid.21613.37Section of Critical Care Medicine and Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology/Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Leonel Lagunes
- 0000 0004 0633 6808grid.414410.4Hospital Central Dr Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Rifat Latifi
- 0000 0001 2168 186Xgrid.134563.6Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Jae G. Lee
- 0000 0004 0470 5454grid.15444.30Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young R. Lee
- grid.449754.fTexas Tech University, Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Abilene, TX USA
| | - Ari Leppäniemi
- Abdominal Center, University Hospital Meilahti, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yousheng Li
- 0000 0001 2314 964Xgrid.41156.37Department of Surgery, Inling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Stephen Y. Liang
- 0000 0001 2355 7002grid.4367.6Division of Infectious Diseases, Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Warren Lowman
- 0000 0004 1937 1135grid.11951.3dClinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gustavo M. Machain
- 0000 0001 2289 5077grid.412213.7Department of Surgery, Universidad Nacional de Asuncion, Asuncion, Paraguay
| | - Marc Maegele
- 0000 0000 9024 6397grid.412581.bDepartment for Traumatology and Orthopedic Surgery, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Cologne, Germany
| | - Piotr Major
- 0000 0001 2162 9631grid.5522.0Second Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sydney Malama
- 0000 0000 8914 5257grid.12984.36Health Research Program, Institute of Economic and Social Research, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Athanasios Marinis
- grid.417374.2First Department of Surgery, Tzaneion General Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | | | - Sanjay Marwah
- 0000 0004 1771 1642grid.412572.7Department of Surgery, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, India
| | - Emilio Maseda
- Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario La Paz Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael E. McFarlane
- 0000 0004 0500 5353grid.412963.bDepartment of Surgery, Radiology, University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Ziad Memish
- grid.415696.9Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dominik Mertz
- 0000 0004 1936 8227grid.25073.33Departments of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Cristian Mesina
- Second Surgical Clinic, Emergency Hospital of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Shyam K. Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ernest E. Moore
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO USA
| | - Akutu Munyika
- Department of Surgery, Onandjokwe Hospital, Ondangwa, Namibia
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- 0000 0004 1936 9094grid.40263.33Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI USA
| | - Lena Napolitano
- 0000000086837370grid.214458.eDepartment of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Ionut Negoi
- Department of Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Milica D. Nestorovic
- 0000 0004 0517 2741grid.418653.dClinic for General Surgery, Clinical Centre, Nis, Serbia
| | - David P. Nicolau
- Center of Anti-Infective Research and Development, Hartford, CT USA
| | - Abdelkarim H. Omari
- 0000 0004 0411 3985grid.460946.9Department of Surgery, King Abdullah University Hospital, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Carlos A. Ordonez
- 0000 0001 2295 7397grid.8271.cDepartment of Surgery and Critical Care, Universidad del Valle, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | - José-Artur Paiva
- 0000 0001 1503 7226grid.5808.5Intensive Care Medicine Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Narayan D. Pant
- grid.461024.5Department of Microbiology, Grande International Hospital, Dhapasi, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jose G. Parreira
- 0000 0004 0576 9812grid.419014.9Department of Surgery, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michal Pędziwiatr
- 0000 0001 1216 0093grid.412700.0Department of General and Emergency Surgery, University Hospital Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bruno M. Pereira
- 0000 0001 0723 2494grid.411087.bDepartment of Surgery, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Ponce-de-Leon
- 0000 0001 0698 4037grid.416850.eLaboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Garyphallia Poulakou
- 0000 0004 0622 4662grid.411449.dFourth Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Unit, National and Kapodstrian University-Medical School, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Jacobus Preller
- John Farman Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Céline Pulcini
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, University Hospital of Nancy, and EA 4360 APEMAC, Lorraine University, Nancy, France
| | - Guntars Pupelis
- Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Riga East University Hospital ‘Gailezers’, Riga, Latvia
| | - Martha Quiodettis
- 0000 0004 0465 2778grid.461067.2Department of Trauma, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama, Panama
| | - Timothy M. Rawson
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Tarcisio Reis
- Emergency Post-operative Department, Otavio de Freitas Hospital and Hosvaldo Cruz Hospital, Recife, Brazil
| | - Miran Rems
- Department of General Surgery, Jesenice General Hospital, Jesenice, Slovenia
| | - Sandro Rizoli
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Trauma and Acute Care Service, St Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason Roberts
- 0000 0000 9320 7537grid.1003.2Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - Nuno Rocha Pereira
- 0000 0000 9375 4688grid.414556.7Unit of Prevention and Infection Control, Center of Hospital Epidemiology, São João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Baño
- 0000 0001 2168 1229grid.9224.dUnidad Clínica Intercentros de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen Macarena y Virgen del Rocío-IBiS and Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Boris Sakakushev
- 0000 0001 0726 0380grid.35371.33General Surgery Department, Medical University, University Hospital St George, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Norio Sato
- 0000 0001 1011 3808grid.255464.4Department of Aeromedical Services for Emergency and Trauma Care, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Robert G. Sawyer
- 0000 0004 1936 9932grid.412587.dDepartment of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Sandro Scarpelini
- 0000 0004 1937 0722grid.11899.38Department of Surgery, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Nusrat Shafiq
- 0000 0004 1767 2903grid.415131.3Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vishalkumar Shelat
- grid.240988.fDepartment of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Tan Tock Seng, Singapore
| | - Costi D. Sifri
- 0000 0004 1936 9932grid.412587.dOffice of Hospital Epidemiology/Infection Prevention and Control, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Boonying Siribumrungwong
- 0000 0004 1937 1127grid.412434.4Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kjetil Søreide
- 0000 0004 0627 2891grid.412835.9Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- 0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rodolfo Soto
- Department of Emergency Surgery and Critical Care, Centro Medico Imbanaco, Cali, Colombia
| | - Hamilton P. de Souza
- 0000 0001 2166 9094grid.412519.aDepartment of Surgery, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Peep Talving
- Department of Surgery, North Estonia Medical Center, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ngo Tat Trung
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tran Hung Dao Hospital, No 1, Tran Hung Dao Street, Hai Ba Trung Dist, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jeffrey M. Tessier
- Department of Infectious Diseases, John Peter Smith Health Network, Fort Worth, Texas USA
| | - Mario Tumbarello
- 0000 0001 0941 3192grid.8142.fInstitute of Infectious Diseases, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Jan Ulrych
- 0000 0000 9100 9940grid.411798.2First Department of Surgery—Department of Abdominal, Thoracic Surgery and Traumatology, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Selman Uranues
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harry Van Goor
- 0000 0004 0444 9382grid.10417.33Department of Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andras Vereczkei
- 0000 0001 0663 9479grid.9679.1Department of Surgery, Medical School University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Florian Wagenlehner
- 0000 0001 2165 8627grid.8664.cDepartment of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Medical Faculty of the Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yonghong Xiao
- 0000 0004 1759 700Xgrid.13402.34State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affilliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kuo-Ching Yuan
- 0000 0004 1756 1461grid.454210.6Trauma and Emergency Surgery Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Agnes Wechsler-Fördös
- 0000 0004 0522 8258grid.413303.6Department of Antibiotics and Infection Control, Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Ralph Zahar
- Infection Control Unit, Angers University, CHU d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Tanya L. Zakrison
- 0000 0004 1936 8606grid.26790.3aDivision of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - Brian Zuckerbraun
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Wietse P. Zuidema
- 0000 0004 0435 165Xgrid.16872.3aVU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fausto Catena
- Department of General Surgery, Maggiore Hospital, Parma, Italy
| |
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