1
|
Hossain M, Tiffany C, Raychaudhuri A, Nguyen D, Tai G, Alcorn H, Preston RA, Marbury T, Dumont E. Pharmacokinetics of Gepotidacin in Renal Impairment. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2020; 9:560-572. [PMID: 32429000 PMCID: PMC7384084 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Gepotidacin is a novel triazaacenaphthylene bacterial topoisomerase inhibitor. In this phase 1, nonrandomized, open-label, parallel-group, multicenter, multipart study, the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of a single intravenous (IV) dose of gepotidacin 750 mg over 2 hours were evaluated in subjects with normal renal function, in those with moderate and severe renal impairment, and in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on and not on dialysis. Administration of IV gepotidacin 750 mg was safe and generally tolerated in the study subjects. Dosing in severe renal impairment with and without hemodialysis resulted in significant increases in plasma drug levels and decreases in clearance. The geometric mean elimination half-life (t½ ) was minimally impacted (range 9.45 to 11.5 hours) in all the renal-impairment groups relative to normal renal function. Regardless of renal function, urine gepotidacin concentrations remained considerably high over a 12-hour period. Saliva concentrations displayed a linear relationship with plasma concentrations. The t½ in saliva was not impacted in the moderate-impairment and ESRD subjects and was comparable to t½ in plasma. Over a 4-hour dialysis, approximately 6% of the gepotidacin dose was removed. Overall, subjects with severe renal impairment and ESRD with and without hemodialysis may require adjustment in dose or dosing frequency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aparna Raychaudhuri
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA.,Currently CSL Behring, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dung Nguyen
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guoying Tai
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harry Alcorn
- DaVita Clinical Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Richard A Preston
- University of Miami, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Wertheim College of Medicine, and Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hoover RK, Alcorn H, Lawrence L, Paulson SK, Quintas M, Cammarata SK. Delafloxacin Pharmacokinetics in Subjects With Varying Degrees of Renal Function. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 58:514-521. [PMID: 29251785 PMCID: PMC5901045 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Delafloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, has activity against gram-positive organisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and fluoroquinolone-susceptible and -resistant gram-negative organisms. This study was conducted to determine delafloxacin pharmacokinetics after a single intravenous infusion or oral dose administration in subjects with varying degrees of renal function. The study was an open-label, parallel-group crossover study in subjects with normal renal function or with mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment. Subjects received 300 mg delafloxacin intravenously, placebo intravenously, and 400 mg delafloxacin orally in 3 periods separated by ≥14-day washouts. Blood and urine pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental methods. Delafloxacin total clearance decreased with decreasing renal function, with a corresponding increase in AUC0-∞ . After intravenous administration, mean total clearance was 13.7 and 7.07 L/h, and mean AUC0-∞ was 22.6 and 45.0 μg·h/mL in normal and severe renal subjects, respectively. Mean renal clearance as determined by urinary excretion was 6.03 and 0.44 L/h in normal and severe renal impairment subjects, respectively. Total clearance exhibited linear relationships to eGFR and CLCR . Similar observations were found after oral administration of delafloxacin. Single doses of delafloxacin 300 mg intravenously and 400 mg orally were well tolerated in all groups. In conclusion, renal insufficiency has an effect on delafloxacin clearance; a dosing adjustment for intravenous dosing is warranted for patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR < 30 mL/min).
Collapse
|
3
|
Hoover RK, Alcorn H, Lawrence L, Paulson SK, Quintas M, Luke DR, Cammarata SK. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Sulfobutylether-β-Cyclodextrin in Patients With Varying Degrees of Renal Impairment. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 58:814-822. [PMID: 29578585 PMCID: PMC6718009 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Delafloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, has activity against Gram-positive organisms including methicillin-resistant S aureus and fluoroquinolone-susceptible and -resistant Gram-negative organisms. The intravenous formulation of delafloxacin contains the excipient sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBECD), which is eliminated by renal filtration. This study examined the pharmacokinetics and safety of SBECD after single intravenous (IV) infusions in subjects with renal impairment. The study was an open-label, parallel-group, crossover study in subjects with normal renal function or mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment, and those with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis. Subjects received 300 mg delafloxacin IV or placebo IV, containing 2400 mg SBECD, in 2 periods separated by ≥14-day washouts. SBECD total clearance decreased with decreasing renal function, with a corresponding increase in area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞ ). After IV delafloxacin 300 mg administration, SBECD mean total clearance was 6.28 and 1.24 L/h, mean AUC0-∞ was 387 and 2130 h·μg/mL, and mean renal clearance was 5.36 and 1.14 L/h in normal and severe renal subjects, respectively. Similar values were obtained after IV placebo administration. In subjects with end-stage renal disease, delafloxacin 300 mg IV produced mean SBECD AUC0-48 values of 2715 and 7861 h·μg/mL when dosed before and after hemodialysis, respectively. Total SBECD clearance exhibited linear relationships to estimated glomerular filtration rate and creatinine clearance. Single doses of IV delafloxacin 300 mg and IV placebo were well tolerated in all groups. In conclusion, decreasing renal function causes reduced SBECD clearance and increased exposures, but SBECD continues to exhibit a good safety and tolerability profile in IV formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David R Luke
- Melinta Therapeutics, Inc, Lincolnshire, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hoover R, Alcorn H, Lawrence L, Paulson SK, Quintas M, Cammarata SK. Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Delafloxacin in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease. J Clin Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
5
|
Abstract
The clinical research industry is changing, and the number of protocols requiring specialty populations for early-phase clinical studies is increasing. In particular, the demand for studies on renal specialty populations has grown, given the prominent role of the renal system in excreting drugs from the body. Understanding the challenges associated with the use of specialty populations is critical to ensure that the study design will allow for the timely and successful completion of the project, while minimizing costs and safety risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William B Smith
- 1 New Orleans Center for Clinical Research & Volunteer Research Group, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Harry Alcorn
- 2 Davita Clinical Research, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Townsend RW, Akhtar S, Alcorn H, Berg JK, Kowalski DL, Mujais S, Desai AV. Phase I trial to investigate the effect of renal impairment on isavuconazole pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 73:669-678. [PMID: 28271239 PMCID: PMC5423998 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-017-2213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of renal impairment (RI) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of isavuconazole and the inactive cleavage product, BAL8728. Methods A single intravenous dose of the prodrug isavuconazonium sulfate (372 mg, equivalent to 200 mg isavuconazole and 75 mg of BAL8728 cleavage product) was administered to healthy controls (parts 1 and 2) and participants with mild, moderate, or severe RI (part 2) or ESRD (part 1); ESRD participants received two doses of 200 mg isavuconazole, 1 h post-dialysis (day 1) and prior to dialysis (day 15). Plasma PK parameters for isavuconazole included maximum concentration (Cmax), area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) from time of dose to 72 h (AUC72), AUC extrapolated to infinity (AUC∞), AUC to last measurable concentration (AUClast), half-life (t½ h), volume of distribution (Vz), and total clearance (CL), for the healthy control group versus those with mild, moderate, or severe RI or ESRD. Results Isavuconazole Cmax values were 4% higher in mild RI and 7, 14, and 21% lower in participants with moderate RI, severe RI, or ESRD versus the healthy control group, respectively. When hemodialysis occurred post-dose (day 15), participants with ESRD had a 30% increase in AUC72 for isavuconazole in parallel with reduction of extracellular volume induced by dialysis. Exposure (AUC∞ and AUClast) was not significantly different for participants with mild, moderate, or severe RI versus healthy controls although there was considerable variability. The t1/2 (day 1) was 125.5 ± 63.6 h (healthy control group), 204.5 ± 82.6 h (ESRD group) in part 1, and 140.5 ± 77.7 h (healthy control group), 117.0 ± 66.2 h (mild RI), 158.5 ± 56.4 h (moderate RI), and 145.8 ± 65.8 L/h (severe RI) in part 2. CL was 2.4 ± 0.8 L/h (healthy control group) and 2.9 ± 1.3 L/h (ESRD group) in part 1 and 2.4 ± 1.2 L/h (healthy control group), 2.5 ± 1.0 L/h (mild RI), 2.2 ± 0.8 L/h (moderate RI), and 2.4 ± 0.8 L/h (severe RI) in part 2. The Vz was 382.6 ± 150.6 L in the healthy control group and 735.6 ± 277.3 L in ESRD patients on day 1 in part 1 of the study. In part 2 of the study, Vz was 410.8 ± 89.7 L in the healthy control group, 341.6 ± 72.3 L in mild RI, 509.1 ± 262.2 L in moderate RI, and 439.4 L in severe RI. Conclusions Based on the findings of this study, dose adjustments of isavuconazole are unlikely to be required in individuals with RI or in those with ESRD who receive hemodialysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00228-017-2213-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Townsend
- Global Clinical Pharmacology and Exploratory Development Science, Astellas Pharma Global Development, Inc., 1 Astellas Way, Northbrook, IL, 60062, USA.
| | - Shahzad Akhtar
- Global Clinical Pharmacology and Exploratory Development Science, Astellas Pharma Global Development, Inc., 1 Astellas Way, Northbrook, IL, 60062, USA
| | | | | | - Donna L Kowalski
- Global Clinical Pharmacology and Exploratory Development Science, Astellas Pharma Global Development, Inc., 1 Astellas Way, Northbrook, IL, 60062, USA
| | - Salim Mujais
- Global Clinical Pharmacology and Exploratory Development Science, Astellas Pharma Global Development, Inc., 1 Astellas Way, Northbrook, IL, 60062, USA
| | - Amit V Desai
- Global Clinical Pharmacology and Exploratory Development Science, Astellas Pharma Global Development, Inc., 1 Astellas Way, Northbrook, IL, 60062, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Muster
- Adjunct Faculty College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hafkin B, Berg JK, Kaplan N, Métral VN, Ménétrey A, Alcorn H, Wittke F. Single-Dose Escalation Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of a FabI Inhibitor, the Prodrug Debio 1450 and Its Active Moiety Debio 1452, Administered Intravenously in Healthy Subjects. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv133.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
9
|
Rix PJ, Vick A, Attkins NJ, Barker GE, Bott AW, Alcorn H, Gladwin MT, Shiva S, Bradley S, Hussaini A, Hoye WL, Parsley EL, Masamune H. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of nebulized sodium nitrite (AIR001) following repeat-dose inhalation in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacokinet 2015; 54:261-72. [PMID: 25421879 PMCID: PMC4335132 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The efficacy of nebulized sodium nitrite (AIR001) has been demonstrated in animal models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but it was not known if inhaled nitrite would be well tolerated in human subjects at exposure levels associated with efficacy in these models. Methods Inhaled nebulized sodium nitrite was assessed in three independent studies in a total of 82 healthy male and female subjects. Study objectives included determination of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) under normal and mildly hypoxic conditions, and following co-administration with steady-state sildenafil, assessment of nitrite pharmacokinetics, and evaluation of the fraction exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) and concentrations of iron-nitrosyl hemoglobin (Hb(Fe)-NO) and S-nitrosothiols (R-SNO) as biomarkers of local and systemic NO exposure, respectively. Results Nebulized sodium nitrite was well tolerated following 6 days of every 8 h administration up to 90 mg, producing significant increases in circulating Hb(Fe)-NO, R-SNO, and FENO. Pulmonary absorption of nitrite was rapid and complete, and plasma exposure dose was proportional through the MTD dosage level of 90 mg, without accumulation following repeated inhalation. At higher dosage levels, DLTs were orthostasis (observed at 120 mg) and hypotension with tachycardia (at 176 mg), but venous methemoglobin did not exceed 3.0 % at any time in any subject. Neither the tolerability nor pharmacokinetics of nitrite was impacted by conditions of mild hypoxia, or co-administration with sildenafil, supporting the safe use of inhaled nitrite in the clinical setting of PAH. Conclusion On the basis of these results, nebulized sodium nitrite (AIR001) has been advanced into randomized trials in PAH patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40262-014-0201-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Rix
- Seragon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA, 92130, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hawi A, Alcorn H, Berg J, Hines C, Hait H, Sciascia T. Pharmacokinetics of nalbuphine hydrochloride extended release tablets in hemodialysis patients with exploratory effect on pruritus. BMC Nephrol 2015; 16:47. [PMID: 25885112 PMCID: PMC4392787 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-015-0043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uremic pruritus is a common and deleterious condition among hemodialysis (HD) patients. Central gating of μ/κ opiate circuitry plays an important role in mediating and countering pruritogenic sensation. The objective of this study was to assess the safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of the mixed μ-antagonist/κ-agonist nalbuphine, administered orally as nalbuphine HCl extended release (ER) tablets in HD patients, and explore its effect on pruritus. METHODS In this open-label multiple escalating dose study, 15 HD patients with pruritus and 9 matched healthy subjects were enrolled. Nalbuphine HCl ER dose was escalated from 30 mg QD to 240 mg BID over 15 days. A full PK profile was obtained under dialysis and non-dialysis conditions as a function of dose. Clearance during dialysis was determined by sampling dialysate and arterial/venous blood during dialysis. Pruritus severity was assessed twice daily using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Safety monitoring included extensive monitoring of EKG, blood pressure, and pulse oximetry. RESULTS In HD patients, nalbuphine concentration peaked within 4-9 hours and attained steady state within 2-3 days, with no significant accumulation. Mean half-life was 14.2 hours, mean Cmax and AUCtau ranged between 13 and 83 ng/mL and 118 and 761 ng∙h/mL, respectively, with exposure increasing in a nearly dose-proportional fashion. Exposure in HD patients was about 2-fold higher than in healthy subjects. There was no meaningful difference between exposure on dialysis and non-dialysis days with 1% or less of the dose removed by dialysis. Nalbuphine suppressed itch in a dose-dependent manner, reducing mean VAS score from 4.0 to 1.2 at 180 mg and 0.4 at 240 mg. CONCLUSIONS Nalbuphine HCl ER tablets can be safely administered to HD patients without dose adjustment up to 240 mg BID and may hold promise in treating uremic pruritus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jolene Berg
- DaVita Clinical Research, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | | | - Howard Hait
- Edenridge Associates LLC, Wilmington, DE, USA.
| | - Thomas Sciascia
- Trevi Therapeutics, 195 Church Street, 14th Floor, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Garimella T, Wang R, Luo WL, Hwang C, Sherman D, Kandoussi H, Marbury TC, Alcorn H, Bertz R, Bifano M. Single-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of daclatasvir in subjects with renal function impairment. Antivir Ther 2015; 20:535-43. [DOI: 10.3851/imp2941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
12
|
Flanagan S, Morris D, Boyea T, Dreskin H, Minassian SL, Alcorn H, Marbury T, Abdelhameed M, Fang E, Prokocimer P. A phase 1 study of intravenously administered TR-701 FA in subjects with advanced renal impairment. Crit Care 2013. [PMCID: PMC3891555 DOI: 10.1186/cc12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
13
|
Swan SK, Alcorn H, Rodgers A, Hustad CM, Ramsey KE, Woll S, Skobieranda F. Pharmacokinetic Profile of Rizatriptan 10-mg Tablet and 10-mg Orally Disintegrating Tablet Administered With or Without Water in Healthy Subjects: An Open-Label, Randomized, Single-Dose, 3-Period Crossover Study. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 46:172-8. [PMID: 16432269 DOI: 10.1177/0091270005284194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This open-label, 3-period crossover study compared the plasma concentration profiles of rizatriptan tablet, orally disintegrating tablet with water (ODTc), and ODT without water (ODTs) in 24 healthy volunteers aged 18 to 45 years. At each period, subjects received a single dose of either 10-mg rizatriptan tablet, 10-mg rizatriptan ODTs, or 10-mg rizatriptan ODTc. The authors hypothesized that ODTc has a greater geometric mean AUC(0-2h) than ODTs and that ODTc has a greater geometric mean AUC(0-1h) than tablet. A secondary end point was to compare the time of occurrence of the maximum rizatriptan plasma concentration (t(max)) of each dosing method. ODTc had a statistically significantly greater geometric mean AUC(0-2h) compared with ODTs (33.84 h x ng/mL vs 18.83 h x ng/mL; P < .001). ODTc had a slightly, but not statistically significantly, greater geometric mean AUC(0-1h) compared with rizatriptan tablet (17.07 h x ng/mL vs 13.32 h x ng/mL). The median t(max) was 0.67 hours for ODTc and tablet and 1.33 hours for ODTs. ODTc showed a slightly, but not significantly, faster rate of absorption compared with tablet. ODTs with water had a faster rate of absorption than ODTc. Future studies are needed to determine whether this pharmacokinetic difference produces differential efficacy in a clinical setting.
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Dai H, Johnson SL, Terra SG, Marbury TC, Smith WB, Alcorn H, Boyd RA, Wang R, Nguyen TT. The pharmacokinetics of PF-734200, a DPP-IV inhibitor, in subjects with renal insufficiency. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 72:85-91. [PMID: 21366665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS PF-734200 is a potent, selective inhibitor of DPP-IV. This two-part study evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) of oral 20mg PF-734200 in subjects with varying degrees of renal insufficiency or with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring chronic haemodialysis (HD). The study also assessed the HD clearance of PF-734200 in ESRD. METHODS Part 1 included subjects with normal renal function or renal insufficiency but not on HD. Subjects received a single dose of 20mg PF-734200 while fasting and serum and urine samples were collected. In part 2, period 1, 1h after HD, a single 20-mg dose was given to subjects with ESRD and serum samples were collected. After a 7-day washout, subjects received another dose followed by collection of serum samples (period 2), during which HD was initiated 4h after dosing. Dialysate samples were collected to quantify amount of drug removed, from which HD clearance was calculated. The fraction of drug dialysed was calculated using an AUC-based method. RESULTS Systemic exposures of PF-734200 increased approximately 1.5-, 2.2-, 2.1- and 2.8-fold in subjects with mild, moderate, or severe renal insufficiency or ESRD, respectively, compared with subjects with normal renal function. The terminal half-life increased from 16.2h in subjects with normal renal function to 36.6h in subjects with ESRD. Approximately, 29% of PF-734200 in the body after a single-dose administration was dialysed by 4h HD. CONCLUSIONS Systemic exposure of PF-734200 increases with decreasing renal function. The effect of HD on drug removal is modest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Dai
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, New London, CT Orlando Clinical Research, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Van Wyck DB, Alcorn H, Gupta R. Analytical and biological variation in measures of anemia and iron status in patients treated with maintenance hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 56:540-6. [PMID: 20638166 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To make informed decisions in dosing erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and intravenous iron therapy, clinicians must determine whether differences between current and previous test results for anemia and iron status markers reflect expected variation, a significant change, or an actual trend. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 30 patients undergoing thrice-weekly in-center hemodialysis. PREDICTOR Within-patient biological variations in hemoglobin (Hb) level, hematocrit (Hct), reticulocyte Hb content, transferrin saturation (TSAT), and ferritin level were determined over 12 consecutive treatment days. OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS We separately measured same-sample analytical variation and within-patient biological variation (coefficient of variation), then calculated the number of sampling days needed to determine the true or homeostatic value for each analyte with 95% probability. We also evaluated whether results differed among the first, second, and third dialysis days of the week. RESULTS Biological variation differed by analyte. Hb level (4.0%), Hct (4.0%), and reticulocyte Hb content (4.8%) showed much lower variation than TSAT (38.2%) or ferritin level (15.1%). Analytical variation ranged from 2.0%-6.9% for all analytes. We found that one sample day would be sufficient to establish the true mean Hb level or Hct within a level of closeness+/-20% and 95% probability. For the same levels of closeness and probability, one sample day would be needed for reticulocyte Hb content, 15 for TSAT, and 3 for ferritin level. No pairwise comparison for any of the 5 analytes yielded a significant difference between results obtained on the first, second, or third dialysis day of the week. LIMITATIONS These findings may not apply to other patient populations. CONCLUSIONS Low biological variation renders Hb level, Hct, and reticulocyte Hb content, but not TSAT and ferritin level, suitable for trend analysis using results from 2 successive samples. TSAT and ferritin test results, unlike reticulocyte Hb content, have limited value in evaluating changes in iron status within individual hemodialysis patients.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim S, Abboud HE, Pahl MV, Tayek J, Snyder S, Tamkin J, Alcorn H, Ipp E, Nast CC, Elston RC, Iyengar SK, Adler SG. Examination of association with candidate genes for diabetic nephropathy in a Mexican American population. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5:1072-8. [PMID: 20299368 PMCID: PMC2879299 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.06550909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a multifactorial complication characterized by persistent proteinuria in susceptible individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Disease burden in people of Mexican-American descent is particularly high, but there are only a few studies that characterize genes for DN in this ethnic group. Two genes, carnosine dipeptidase 1 (CNDP1) and engulfment and cell motility 1 (ELMO1) previously showed association with DN in other ethnic groups. CNDP1 and ELMO1 were examined along with eight other genes that are less well characterized for DN in a new study of Mexican-Americans. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS The target sample was patients of Mexican-American ancestry collected from three centers: 455 patients with DN and 437 controls with long-term diabetes but no incident nephropathy. Forty-two, 227, and 401 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CNDP1, ELMO1, and the other eight genes, respectively, were examined. RESULTS No region in CNDP1 or ELMO1 showed significant P values. Of the other eight candidate genes, an association of DN with a SNP pair, rs2146098 and rs6659783, was found in hemicentin 1 (HMCN1) (unadjusted P = 6.1 x 10(-5)). Association with a rare haplotype in this region was subsequently identified. CONCLUSIONS The associations in CNDP1 or ELMO1 were not replicable; however, an association of DN with HMCN1 was found. Additional work at this and other loci will enable refinement of the genetic hypotheses regarding DN in the Mexican-American population to find therapies for this debilitating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sulgi Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Madeleine V. Pahl
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - John Tayek
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor–UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Susan Snyder
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor–UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - James Tamkin
- Providence Medical Institute, Torrance, California; and
| | - Harry Alcorn
- DaVita Clinical Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Eli Ipp
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor–UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Cynthia C. Nast
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor–UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Robert C. Elston
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sharon G. Adler
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor–UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pelham RW, Alcorn H, Cleveland MVB. A pharmacokinetics evaluation of a new, low-volume, oral sulfate colon cleansing preparation in patients with renal or hepatic impairment and healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 50:350-4. [PMID: 20067942 DOI: 10.1177/0091270009339741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics (PK) of an oral sulfate solution (OSS) for bowel cleansing preparation was studied. OSS (30 g of sulfate) was split between 2 doses, 12 hours apart. Safety measures included electrocardiography, vital signs, adverse events, hematology, blood chemistry, and urinalysis. Six adult patients with moderate renal disease (MRD), 6 with mild-moderate hepatic disease (M/MHD), and 6 normal healthy volunteers (NHVs) completed the study. Adverse events were mild to moderate in severity and were mainly limited to headache and expected gastrointestinal symptoms. Serum sulfate levels were highly variable at all times, even after adjusting for baseline. Sulfate was higher in MRD in comparison to the other groups. The C(max) and AUC were higher in the patients, but no statistically significant differences emerged. Sulfate levels returned to predose values within 54 hours after dosing. No electrolyte disturbances occurred. Urinary sulfate excretion was approximately 20% of the dose. OSS was well tolerated. The types and severity of adverse events were similar to those seen in large phase III trials. While patients with MRD had elevated sulfate, the levels were less than those in renal failure and did not alter biochemical parameters that are associated with hypersulfatemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Pelham
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Braintree Laboratories Inc, Braintree, MA 02185, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kilpatrick RD, Kuwae N, McAllister CJ, Alcorn H, Kopple JD, Greenland S. Revisiting mortality predictability of serum albumin in the dialysis population: time dependency, longitudinal changes and population-attributable fraction. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20:1880-8. [PMID: 15956056 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfh941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoalbuminaemia is a marker of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome (MICS) and a strong predictor of cardiovascular (CV) death in maintenance haemodialysis (MHD) patients. However, serum albumin may change over time. Hence, its time-varying associations with outcome may be different. METHODS Associations between 3-month averaged serum albumin levels, measured in a single laboratory using bromocresol green, and CV mortality were studied longitudinally in a 2-year cohort of 58,058 MHD patients. Mortality predictability of fixed baseline and trimonthly-varying serum albumin concentrations were compared. RESULTS Hazard ratios (HRs) of CV death strictly increased across decrements of baseline serum albumin, whereas the HR for time-varying serum albumin decrements below 3.8 g/dl did not differ. A drop in serum albumin in the first 6 months was associated with increasing all-cause and CV death risks in the subsequent 18 months, while a rise in serum albumin was a predictor of better survival independent of baseline serum albumin. The multivariate adjusted population-attributable fraction of death due to baseline serum albumin <3.8 g/dl was 19%. CONCLUSIONS Time-varying hypoalbuminaemia predicts all-cause and CV death differently from fixed measures of serum albumin in MHD patients. An increase in serum albumin over time is associated with better survival independent of baseline serum albumin or other MICS surrogates. If this association is causal, an intervention that could increase serum albumin >3.8 g/dl might reduce the number of MHD deaths in the USA by approximately 10,000 annually. Nutritional interventions examining benefits of increasing serum albumin in MHD patients are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509-2910, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Agrawal NGB, Matthews CZ, Mazenko RS, Kline WF, Woolf EJ, Porras AG, Geer LA, Wong PH, Cho M, Cote J, Marbury TC, Moncrief JW, Alcorn H, Swan S, Sack MR, Robson RA, Petty KJ, Schwartz JI, Gottesdiener KM. Pharmacokinetics of etoricoxib in patients with renal impairment. J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 44:48-58. [PMID: 14681341 DOI: 10.1177/0091270003260338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of etoricoxib, a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2, was examined in 23 patients with varying degrees of renal impairment (12 moderate [creatinine clearance between 30 and 50 mL/min/1.73 m2], 5 severe [creatinine clearance below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2], and 6 with end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis) following administration of single 120-mg oral doses of etoricoxib. Even the most severe renal impairment was found to have little effect on etoricoxib pharmacokinetics. The low recovery of etoricoxib in dialysate (less than 6% of the dose) supports that hemodialysis also has little effect on etoricoxib pharmacokinetics, and binding of etoricoxib to plasma proteins was generally unaffected by renal disease. Single doses of etoricoxib were generally well tolerated by patients with renal impairment. Based on pharmacokinetic considerations, dosing adjustments are not necessary for patients with any degree of renal impairment. However, because patients with advanced renal disease (creatinine clearance below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) are likely to be very sensitive to any further compromise of renal function, and there is no long-term clinical experience in these patients, the use of etoricoxib is not recommended in patients with advanced renal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy G B Agrawal
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bernstein E, Kim SY, Carmell MA, Murchison EP, Alcorn H, Li MZ, Mills AA, Elledge SJ, Anderson KV, Hannon GJ. Erratum: Dicer is essential for mouse development. Nat Genet 2003. [DOI: 10.1038/ng1103-287b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
22
|
Shinefield H, Black S, Fattom A, Horwith G, Rasgon S, Ordonez J, Yeoh H, Law D, Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Muenz L, Fuller S, Johnson J, Fireman B, Alcorn H, Naso R. Use of a Staphylococcus aureus conjugate vaccine in patients receiving hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:491-6. [PMID: 11844850 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa011297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with decreased resistance to infection, Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bacteremia and its complications. The capsular polysaccharides are essential for the pathogenesis of and immunity to S. aureus infection and are targets for vaccines. METHODS In a double-blind trial involving patients with end-stage renal disease who were receiving hemodialysis, we evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a vaccine with S. aureus type 5 and 8 capsular polysaccharides conjugated to nontoxic recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. Between April 1998 and August 1999, 1804 adult patients at 73 hemodialysis centers were randomly assigned to receive a single intramuscular injection of either vaccine or saline. IgG antibodies to S. aureus type 5 and 8 capsular polysaccharides were measured for up to two years, and episodes of S. aureus bacteremia were recorded. Efficacy was estimated by comparing the incidence of S. aureus bacteremia in the patients who received the vaccine with the incidence in the control patients. RESULTS Reactions to the vaccine were generally mild to moderate, and most resolved within two days. The capsular polysaccharides elicited an antibody response of at least 80 microg per milliliter (the estimated minimal level conferring protection) in 80 percent of patients for type 5 and in 75 percent of patients for type 8. The efficacy during weeks 3 to 54 was only 26 percent (P=0.23). However, between weeks 3 and 40 after vaccination, S. aureus bacteremia developed in 11 of 892 patients in the vaccine group who could be evaluated for bacteremia, as compared with 26 of 906 patients in the control group (estimate of efficacy, 57 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 10 to 81 percent; nominal P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS In patients receiving hemodialysis, a conjugate vaccine can confer partial immunity against S. aureus bacteremia for approximately 40 weeks, after which protection wanes as antibody levels decrease.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
CONTEXT Pressure ulcers are an understudied problem in home care. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of pressure ulcers among patients admitted to home care services, describe the demographic and health characteristics associated with pressure ulcers in this setting, and identify the percentage of these patients at risk for developing pressure ulcers. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey of patients on admission to home care agencies. SETTING Forty-one home care agencies in 14 states. PATIENTS A consecutive sample of 3,048 patients admitted March 1 through April 30, 1996 (86% of all admissions). Subjects had a mean age of 75 years; 63% were female and 85% white. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Demographic, social, and clinical characteristics, functional status (Katz activities of daily living scale and Lawton instrumental activities of daily living scale), mental status (Katzman Short Memory-Orientation-Concentration test), pressure ulcer risk (Braden Scale), pressure ulcer status (Bates-Jensen Pressure Ulcer Status Tool), and a checklist of pressure-reducing devices and wound care products being used. RESULTS In the total sample of 3,048 patients, 9.12% had pressure injuries: 37.4% had more than one ulcer and 14.0% had three or more ulcers. Considering the worst ulcer for each subject, 40.3% had Stage II and 27% had Stage III or IV injuries. Characteristics associated with pressure ulcers included recent institutional discharge, functional impairment, incontinence, and having had a previous ulcer. About 30% of subjects were at risk for new pressure ulcers. Pressure-relieving devices and other wound care strategies appeared to be underutilized and often indiscriminately applied. CONCLUSIONS There is substantial need for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment in home care settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Ferrell
- Division of Geriatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1687, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|