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Chappell H, Patel R, Driessens C, Tarr AW, Irving WL, Tighe PJ, Jackson HJ, Harvey-Cowlishaw T, Mills L, Shaunak M, Gbesemete D, Leahy A, Lucas JS, Faust SN, de Graaf H. Immunocompromised children and young people are at no increased risk of severe COVID-19. J Infect 2022; 84:31-39. [PMID: 34785268 PMCID: PMC8590622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to prospectively describe the incidence and clinical spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunocompromised paediatric patients in the UK. METHODS From March 2020 to 2021 weekly questionnaires were sent to immunocompromised paediatric patients or their parents. Information, including symptom presentation and SARS-CoV-2 PCR test results, was collected from 1527 participants from 46 hospitals. Cross-sectional serology was investigated in February and March 2021. RESULTS Until the end of September 2020, no cases were reported. From September 28th 2020 to March 2021 a total of 38 PCR-detected SARS-CoV-2 infections were reported. Of these, four children were admitted to hospital but none had acute severe COVID-19. Increasing age in association with immunodeficiency increased reporting of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Worsening of fever, cough, and sore throat were associated with participants reporting SARS-CoV-2 infection. Serology data included 452 unvaccinated participants. In those reporting prior positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR, there were detectable antibodies in 9 of 18 (50%). In those with no prior report of infection, antibodies were detected in 32 of 434 (7•4%). CONCLUSIONS This study shows SARS-CoV-2 infections have occurred in immunocompromised children and young people with no increased risk of severe disease. No children died.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chappell
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - R Patel
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Driessens
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Wessex, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - A W Tarr
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research
| | - W L Irving
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research
| | - P J Tighe
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - H J Jackson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - T Harvey-Cowlishaw
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - L Mills
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - M Shaunak
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - D Gbesemete
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - A Leahy
- Paediatric Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J S Lucas
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Paediatric Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - S N Faust
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Paediatric Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H de Graaf
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Paediatric Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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Vis B, Hewitt RE, Faria N, Bastos C, Chappell H, Pele L, Jugdaohsingh R, Kinrade SD, Powell JJ. Non-Functionalized Ultrasmall Silica Nanoparticles Directly and Size-Selectively Activate T Cells. ACS Nano 2018; 12:10843-10854. [PMID: 30346692 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Sub-micron-sized silica nanoparticles, even as small as 10-20 nm in diameter, are well-known for their activation of mononuclear phagocytes. In contrast, the cellular impact of those <10 nm [ i.e., ultrasmall silica nanoparticles (USSN)] is not well-established for any cell type despite anticipated human exposure. Here, we synthesized discrete populations of USSN with volume median diameters between 1.8 to 16 nm and investigated their impact on the mixed cell population of human primary peripheral mononuclear cells. USSN 1.8-7.6 nm in diameter, optimally 3.6-5.1 nm in diameter, induced dose-dependent CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation in terms of cell surface CD25 and CD69 up-regulation at concentrations above 150 μM Sitotal (∼500 nM particles). Induced activation with only ∼2.4 μM particles was (a) equivalent to that observed with typical positive control levels of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and (b) evident in antigen presenting cell-deplete cultures as well as in a pure T-cell line (Jurkat) culture. In the primary mixed-cell population, USSN induced IFN-γ secretion but failed to induce T-cell proliferation or the secretion of IL-2, IL-10, or IL-4. Collectively, these data indicate that USSN initiate activation, with Th1 polarization, of T cells via direct particle-cell interaction. Finally, similarly sized iron hydroxide particles did not induce the expression of T-cell activation markers, indicating some selectivity of the ultrasmall particle type. Given that humans may be exposed to ultrasmall particles and that these materials have emerging bioclinical applications, their off-target immunomodulatory effects via direct T-cell activation should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Vis
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine , University of Cambridge , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0ES , United Kingdom
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Mineral Science and Technology , MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory , Fulbourn Road , Cambridge CB1 9NL , United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry , Lakehead University , Thunder Bay , Ontario P7B 5E1 , Canada
| | - Rachel E Hewitt
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine , University of Cambridge , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0ES , United Kingdom
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Mineral Science and Technology , MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory , Fulbourn Road , Cambridge CB1 9NL , United Kingdom
| | - Nuno Faria
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine , University of Cambridge , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0ES , United Kingdom
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Mineral Science and Technology , MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory , Fulbourn Road , Cambridge CB1 9NL , United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Bastos
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine , University of Cambridge , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0ES , United Kingdom
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Mineral Science and Technology , MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory , Fulbourn Road , Cambridge CB1 9NL , United Kingdom
| | - Helen Chappell
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Mineral Science and Technology , MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory , Fulbourn Road , Cambridge CB1 9NL , United Kingdom
- School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Laetitia Pele
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine , University of Cambridge , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0ES , United Kingdom
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Mineral Science and Technology , MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory , Fulbourn Road , Cambridge CB1 9NL , United Kingdom
| | - Ravin Jugdaohsingh
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine , University of Cambridge , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0ES , United Kingdom
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Mineral Science and Technology , MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory , Fulbourn Road , Cambridge CB1 9NL , United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Kinrade
- Department of Chemistry , Lakehead University , Thunder Bay , Ontario P7B 5E1 , Canada
| | - Jonathan J Powell
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine , University of Cambridge , Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0ES , United Kingdom
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Mineral Science and Technology , MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory , Fulbourn Road , Cambridge CB1 9NL , United Kingdom
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Pele LC, Haas CT, Hewitt RE, Robertson J, Skepper J, Brown A, Hernandez-Garrido JC, Midgley PA, Faria N, Chappell H, Powell JJ. Synthetic mimetics of the endogenous gastrointestinal nanomineral: Silent constructs that trap macromolecules for intracellular delivery. Nanomedicine 2017; 13:619-630. [PMID: 27478107 PMCID: PMC5339085 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous magnesium-substituted calcium phosphate (AMCP) nanoparticles (75-150nm) form constitutively in large numbers in the mammalian gut. Collective evidence indicates that they trap and deliver luminal macromolecules to mucosal antigen presenting cells (APCs) and facilitate gut immune homeostasis. Here, we report on a synthetic mimetic of the endogenous AMCP and show that it has marked capacity to trap macromolecules during formation. Macromolecular capture into AMCP involved incorporation as shown by STEM tomography of the synthetic AMCP particle with 5nm ultra-fine iron (III) oxohydroxide. In vitro, organic cargo-loaded synthetic AMCP was taken up by APCs and tracked to lysosomal compartments. The AMCP itself did not regulate any gene, or modify any gene regulation by its cargo, based upon whole genome transcriptomic analyses. We conclude that synthetic AMCP can efficiently trap macromolecules and deliver them to APCs in a silent fashion, and may thus represent a new platform for antigen delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia C. Pele
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carolin T. Haas
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rachel E. Hewitt
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jack Robertson
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeremy Skepper
- Cambridge advanced Imaging Centre, Physiology development and Neuroscience, Anatomy building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
| | - Andy Brown
- Institute for Materials Research, SCAPE, University of Leeds, Leeds
| | - Juan Carlos Hernandez-Garrido
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Rio San Pedro, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Paul A. Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
| | - Nuno Faria
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen Chappell
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan J. Powell
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK,Corresponding author.
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Marron AO, Chappell H, Ratcliffe S, Goldstein RE. A model for the effects of germanium on silica biomineralization in choanoflagellates. J R Soc Interface 2016; 13:rsif.2016.0485. [PMID: 27655668 PMCID: PMC5046948 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica biomineralization is a widespread phenomenon of major biotechnological interest. Modifying biosilica with substances like germanium (Ge) can confer useful new properties, although exposure to high levels of Ge disrupts normal biosilicification. No clear mechanism explains why this disruption occurs. Here, we study the effect of Ge on loricate choanoflagellates, a group of protists that construct a species-specific extracellular lorica from multiple siliceous costal strips. High Ge exposures were toxic, whereas lower Ge exposures produced cells with incomplete or absent loricae. These effects can be ameliorated by restoring the germanium : silicon ratio, as observed in other biosilicifying organisms. We developed simulations of how Ge interacts with polymerizing silica. In our models, Ge is readily incorporated at the ends of silica forming from silicic acid condensation, but this prevents further silica polymerization. Our 'Ge-capping' model is supported by observations from loricate choanoflagellates. Ge exposure terminates costal strip synthesis and lorica formation, resulting in disruption to cytokinesis and fatal build-up of silicic acid. Applying the Ge-capping model to other siliceous organisms explains the general toxicity of Ge and identifies potential protective responses in metalloid uptake and sensing. This can improve the design of new silica biomaterials, and further our understanding of silicon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan O Marron
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Helen Chappell
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Sarah Ratcliffe
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Raymond E Goldstein
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
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Chappell H, Duer M, Groom N, Pickard C, Bristowe P. Probing the surface structure of hydroxyapatite using NMR spectroscopy and first principles calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:600-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b714512h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lemieux J, Chappell H, Topp A, Goodwin PJ. Does supportive-expressive group therapy for metastatic breast cancer patients lower health care services resource utilization. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.6052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Lemieux
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - H. Chappell
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - A. Topp
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - P. J. Goodwin
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto
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Lecolley F, Waterson C, Carmichael AJ, Mantovani G, Harrisson S, Chappell H, Limer A, Williams P, Ohno K, Haddleton DM. Synthesis of functional polymers by living radical polymerisation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b303759b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Partnerships are valuable strategies for promoting organizational change. Collaboration between academia and service can provide rapid access to new clinical service delivery mechanisms and real-world laboratories for implementing and testing novel approaches to care delivery. Academic-service partnerships also provide opportunities for work force development. One example of a partnership is described in this article. Details of a Nursing Care Management Institute illustrate principles of good practice for community-campus partnerships.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Sebastian
- University of Kentucky College of Nursing, Lexington, USA
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Abstract
This study determined if visits by a nurse to patients in contract nursing homes would reduce the cost of patient returns to the discharging medical center. The authors discuss an approach that reduced readmissions and emergency room visits, producing a net savings of $70,394.90.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chappell
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
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