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Robb DA, Lopes J, Ahmad MI, McKenna PE, Liu X, Lohan K, Hastie H. Seeing eye to eye: trustworthy embodiment for task-based conversational agents. Front Robot AI 2023; 10:1234767. [PMID: 37711593 PMCID: PMC10499495 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2023.1234767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart speakers and conversational agents have been accepted into our homes for a number of tasks such as playing music, interfacing with the internet of things, and more recently, general chit-chat. However, they have been less readily accepted in our workplaces. This may be due to data privacy and security concerns that exist with commercially available smart speakers. However, one of the reasons for this may be that a smart speaker is simply too abstract and does not portray the social cues associated with a trustworthy work colleague. Here, we present an in-depth mixed method study, in which we investigate this question of embodiment in a serious task-based work scenario of a first responder team. We explore the concepts of trust, engagement, cognitive load, and human performance using a humanoid head style robot, a commercially available smart speaker, and a specially developed dialogue manager. Studying the effect of embodiment on trust, being a highly subjective and multi-faceted phenomena, is clearly challenging, and our results indicate that potentially, the robot, with its anthropomorphic facial features, expressions, and eye gaze, was trusted more than the smart speaker. In addition, we found that embodying a conversational agent helped increase task engagement and performance compared to the smart speaker. This study indicates that embodiment could potentially be useful for transitioning conversational agents into the workplace, and further in situ, "in the wild" experiments with domain workers could be conducted to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Robb
- Department of Computer Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - José Lopes
- Department of Computer Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Semasio, Porto, Portugal
| | - Muneeb I. Ahmad
- Department of Computer Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E. McKenna
- Department of Psychology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Xingkun Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin Lohan
- Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, Buchs SG, Switzerland
| | - Helen Hastie
- Department of Computer Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Dragostinov Y, Harðardóttir D, McKenna PE, Robb D, Nesset B, Ahmad MI, Romeo M, Lim MY, Yu C, Jang Y, Diab M, Cangelosi A, Demiris Y, Hastie H, Rajendran G. Preliminary psychometric scale development using the mixed methods Delphi technique. Methods in Psychology 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.metip.2022.100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Winfield AFT, Booth S, Dennis LA, Egawa T, Hastie H, Jacobs N, Muttram RI, Olszewska JI, Rajabiyazdi F, Theodorou A, Underwood MA, Wortham RH, Watson E. IEEE P7001: A Proposed Standard on Transparency. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:665729. [PMID: 34381820 PMCID: PMC8351056 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.665729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes IEEE P7001, a new draft standard on transparency of autonomous systems. In the paper, we outline the development and structure of the draft standard. We present the rationale for transparency as a measurable, testable property. We outline five stakeholder groups: users, the general public and bystanders, safety certification agencies, incident/accident investigators and lawyers/expert witnesses, and explain the thinking behind the normative definitions of "levels" of transparency for each stakeholder group in P7001. The paper illustrates the application of P7001 through worked examples of both specification and assessment of fictional autonomous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serena Booth
- Computer Science and AI Laboratory (CSAIL), MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Louise A Dennis
- Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Helen Hastie
- Department of Computer Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Jacobs
- ImaginationLancaster, Lancaster Institute for Contemporary Arts, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joanna I Olszewska
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Fahimeh Rajabiyazdi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Robert H Wortham
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Xu S, Cook GT, Cresswell AJ, Dunbar E, Freeman SPHT, Hastie H, Hou X, Jacobsson P, Naysmith P, Sanderson DCW, Tripney BG, Yamaguchi K. (14)C levels in the vicinity of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant prior to the 2011 accident. J Environ Radioact 2016; 157:90-96. [PMID: 27023156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A 50-year-old Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) from Okuma, ∼1 km southwest of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant, was cored and each annual ring was analysed for (14)C. The (14)C specific activity values varied from 330.4 Bq kg(-1) C in the tree ring formed in 1971 to 231.2 Bq kg(-1) C in the 2014 ring. During the periods 1971-1976 and 2011-2014, the (14)C specific activities are indistinguishable from the ambient background values. However, compared with the ambient atmospheric levels, the (14)C specific activities between 1977 and 2010 are significantly elevated, clearly indicating (14)C discharges from the reactors during their normal operations. In addition, the specific activities are positively correlated with the annual electricity generation values. The excess (14)C specific activities were <36 Bq kg(-1) C, corresponding to an additional annual effective dose of <2 μSv via the food ingestion pathway in the study location. The primary wind direction is east-southeast/southeast with a frequency of ∼30%, in comparison to ∼20% frequency for the direction of the site under study (north-northeast/northeast). This would tend to indicate a similar magnitude of additional effective dose and consequently no significant radiological impact of atmospheric (14)C discharges from the FDNPP during the entire period of normal operations. Additionally, no (14)C pulse in activity can be observed in the year 2011 ring. This might be caused by a limited (14)C release from the damaged reactors during the accident or that the prevailing wind during the short period of release (11th-25th March 2011) was not in the direction of Okuma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xu
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK; Fukushiam University, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan.
| | - Gordon T Cook
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK
| | - Alan J Cresswell
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK; Fukushiam University, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - Elaine Dunbar
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK
| | - Stewart P H T Freeman
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK
| | - Helen Hastie
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Piotr Jacobsson
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK
| | - Philip Naysmith
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK
| | - David C W Sanderson
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK
| | - Brian G Tripney
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK
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Xu S, Cook GT, Cresswell AJ, Dunbar E, Freeman SPHT, Hastie H, Hou X, Jacobsson P, Naysmith P, Sanderson DCW. Radiocarbon concentration in modern tree rings from Fukushima, Japan. J Environ Radioact 2015; 146:67-72. [PMID: 25917022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A 30-year-old Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), collected from Iwaki, Fukushima in 2014, was analyzed for the long-lived radionuclide (14)C. Values of Δ(14)C varied from 211.7‰ in 1984 to 16.9‰ in 2013. The temporal Δ(14)C variation can be described as an exponential decline, indistinguishable from the general Northern Hemisphere Zone 2 (NH Zone 2) values in the atmosphere, until at least 1994. Values of Δ(14)C for 1999 and 2004 are slightly depleted compared with NH Zone 2 values, while from 1999 to 2013 the data suggest a clear depletion with a 2-8 ppmV additional CO2 contribution from a (14)C-free (i.e. fossil carbon) source. This change coincides with local traffic increases since two nearby expressways were opened in the 1990's. In addition, the small but visible (14)C pulse observed in the 2011 tree-ring might be caused by release from the damaged reactors during the Fukushima nuclear accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xu
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK.
| | - Gordon T Cook
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK
| | - Alan J Cresswell
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK
| | - Elaine Dunbar
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK
| | - Stewart P H T Freeman
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK
| | - Helen Hastie
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Piotr Jacobsson
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK
| | - Philip Naysmith
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK
| | - David C W Sanderson
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), East Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK
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Castellano G, Paiva A, Kappas A, Aylett R, Hastie H, Barendregt W, Nabais F, Bull S. Towards Empathic Virtual and Robotic Tutors. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-39112-5_100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Ratnaike TE, Hastie H, Gregson B, Mitchell P. The geometry of brain contusion: relationship between site of contusion and direction of injury. Br J Neurosurg 2011; 25:410-3. [DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2010.548879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mitchell P, Gregson BA, Crossman J, Gerber C, Jenkins A, Nicholson C, Todd NV, Ross N, Bhattathiri P, Nissen J, Crawford PJ, Wynne-Jones G, Sengupta RP, Graham L, Gani A, Davis M, Gray C, Barer D, Dorman P, Millar D, Williamson J, Durham H, Jones A, Hastie H, Mendelow AD. Reassessment of the HAMLET study. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8:602-3; author reply 603-4. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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