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Gao S, Li Z, Van Petegem S, Ge J, Goel S, Vas JV, Luzin V, Hu Z, Seet HL, Sanchez DF, Van Swygenhoven H, Gao H, Seita M. Additive manufacturing of alloys with programmable microstructure and properties. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6752. [PMID: 37903769 PMCID: PMC10616214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In metallurgy, mechanical deformation is essential to engineer the microstructure of metals and to tailor their mechanical properties. However, this practice is inapplicable to near-net-shape metal parts produced by additive manufacturing (AM), since it would irremediably compromise their carefully designed geometries. In this work, we show how to circumvent this limitation by controlling the dislocation density and thermal stability of a steel alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology. We show that by manipulating the alloy's solidification structure, we can 'program' recrystallization upon heat treatment without using mechanical deformation. When employed site-specifically, our strategy enables designing and creating complex microstructure architectures that combine recrystallized and non-recrystallized regions with different microstructural features and properties. We show how this heterogeneity may be conducive to materials with superior performance compared to those with monolithic microstructure. Our work inspires the design of high-performance metal parts with artificially engineered microstructures by AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Gao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore
- Additive Manufacturing Division, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 636732, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Steven Van Petegem
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Junyu Ge
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sneha Goel
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, 02150, Finland
- Advanced materials for nuclear energy, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Joseph Vimal Vas
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Vladimir Luzin
- Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Zhiheng Hu
- Additive Manufacturing Division, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 636732, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hang Li Seet
- Additive Manufacturing Division, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 636732, Republic of Singapore
| | | | | | - Huajian Gao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Matteo Seita
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK.
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Samaee V, Dupraz M, Pardoen T, Van Swygenhoven H, Schryvers D, Idrissi H. Deciphering the interactions between single arm dislocation sources and coherent twin boundary in nickel bi-crystal. Nat Commun 2021; 12:962. [PMID: 33574246 PMCID: PMC7878869 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of a well-controlled population of coherent twin boundaries (CTBs) is an attractive route to improve the strength ductility product in face centered cubic (FCC) metals. However, the elementary mechanisms controlling the interaction between single arm dislocation sources (SASs), often present in nanotwinned FCC metals, and CTB are still not well understood. Here, quantitative in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of these mechanisms under tensile loading are performed on submicron Ni bi-crystal. We report that the absorption of curved screw dislocations at the CTB leads to the formation of constriction nodes connecting pairs of twinning dislocations at the CTB plane in agreement with large scale 3D atomistic simulations. The coordinated motion of the twinning dislocation pairs due to the presence of the nodes leads to a unique CTB sliding mechanism, which plays an important role in initiating the fracture process at a CTB ledge. TEM observations of the interactions between non-screw dislocations and the CTB highlight the importance of the synergy between the repulsive force of the CTB and the back stress from SASs when the interactions occur in small volumes. Interactions of dislocations with coherent twin boundaries contribute to strength and ductility in metals, but investigating the interaction mechanisms is challenging. Here the authors unravel these mechanisms through quantitative in-situ transmission electron microscopy observations in nickel bi-crystal samples under tensile loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Samaee
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maxime Dupraz
- Photons for Engineering and Manufacturing, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,IRIG MEM NRS, CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,XNP, ESRF, Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Pardoen
- Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Helena Van Swygenhoven
- Photons for Engineering and Manufacturing, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Neutrons and X-Rays for Mechanics of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Schryvers
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hosni Idrissi
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Marichal C, Van Swygenhoven H, Van Petegem S, Borca C. {110} Slip with {112} slip traces in bcc Tungsten. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2547. [PMID: 23989456 PMCID: PMC3757353 DOI: 10.1038/srep02547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While propagation of dislocations in body centered cubic metals at low temperature is understood in terms of elementary steps on {110} planes, slip traces correspond often with other crystallographic or non-crystallographic planes. In the past, characterization of slip was limited to post-mortem electron microscopy and slip trace analysis on the sample surface. Here with in-situ Laue diffraction experiments during micro-compression we demonstrate that when two {110} planes containing the same slip direction experience the same resolved shear stress, sharp slip traces are observed on a {112} plane. When however the {110} planes are slightly differently stressed, macroscopic strain is measured on the individual planes and collective cross-slip is used to fulfill mechanical boundary conditions, resulting in a zig-zag or broad slip trace on the sample surface. We anticipate that such dynamics can occur in polycrystalline metals due to local inhomogeneous stress distributions and can cause unusual slip transfer among grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Marichal
- Materials Science and Simulation, NUM/ASQ, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Van Petegem S, Brandstetter S, Hodge AM, El-Dasher BS, Biener J, Schmitt B, Borca C, Van Swygenhoven H. On the microstructure of nanoporous gold: an X-ray diffraction study. Nano Lett 2009; 9:1158-1163. [PMID: 19193021 DOI: 10.1021/nl803799q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the grain structure, internal strain, and the lattice misorientations of nanoporous gold during dealloying of bulk (3D) Ag-Au alloy samples was studied by various in situ and ex situ X-ray diffraction techniques including powder and Laue diffraction. The experiments reveal that the dealloying process preserves the original crystallographic structure but leads to a small spread in orientations within individual grains. Initially, most grains develop in-plane tensile stresses, which are partly released during further dealloying. Simultaneously, the feature size of the developing nanoporous structure increases with increasing dealloying time. Finally, microdiffraction experiments on dealloyed micron-sized nanoporous pillars reveal significant surface damage introduced by focused ion beam milling.
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Maass R, Van Petegem S, Van Swygenhoven H, Derlet PM, Volkert CA, Grolimund D. Time-resolved Laue diffraction of deforming micropillars. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:145505. [PMID: 17930686 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.145505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate real-time resolved white beam Laue diffraction during compression of micron-sized focused ion beam milled single crystals Au pillars, revealing the dynamical correlation between microstructure and plasticity. The evolution of the Laue patterns of the Au pillars demonstrates the occurrence of crystal rotation and strengthening is explained by plasticity starting on a slip system that is geometrically not predicted but selected because of the character of the preexisting strain gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Maass
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Bringa EM, Caro A, Wang Y, Victoria M, McNaney JM, Remington BA, Smith RF, Torralva BR, Van Swygenhoven H. Ultrahigh Strength in Nanocrystalline Materials Under Shock Loading. Science 2005; 309:1838-41. [PMID: 16166512 DOI: 10.1126/science.1116723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of nanocrystalline copper under shock loading show an unexpected ultrahigh strength behind the shock front, with values up to twice those at low pressure. Partial and perfect dislocations, twinning, and debris from dislocation interactions are found behind the shock front. Results are interpreted in terms of the pressure dependence of both deformation mechanisms active at these grain sizes, namely dislocation-based plasticity and grain boundary sliding. These simulations, together with new shock experiments on nanocrystalline nickel, raise the possibility of achieving ultrahard materials during and after shock loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo M Bringa
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
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Budrovic Z, Van Swygenhoven H, Derlet PM, Van Petegem S, Schmitt B. Plastic Deformation with Reversible Peak Broadening in Nanocrystalline Nickel. Science 2004; 304:273-6. [PMID: 15073373 DOI: 10.1126/science.1095071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Plastic deformation in coarse-grained metals is governed by dislocation-mediated processes. These processes lead to the accumulation of a residual dislocation network, producing inhomogeneous strain and an irreversible broadening of the Bragg peaks in x-ray diffraction. We show that during plastic deformation of electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel, the peak broadening is reversible upon unloading; hence, the deformation process does not build up a residual dislocation network. The results were obtained during in situ peak profile analysis using the Swiss Light Source. This in situ technique, based on well-known peak profile analysis methods, can be used to address the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties in nanostructured materials.
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