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Vendramini THA, Macedo HT, Zafalon RVA, Macegoza MV, Pedrinelli V, Risolia LW, Ocampos FMM, Jeremias JT, Pontieri CFF, Ferriolli E, Colnago LA, Brunetto MA. Serum metabolomics analysis reveals that weight loss in obese dogs results in a similar metabolic profile to dogs in ideal body condition. Metabolomics 2021; 17:27. [PMID: 33594460 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01753-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study of metabolic profile can be an important tool to better understand, at a systemic level, metabolic alterations caused by different pathological conditions, such as obesity. Furthermore, it allows the discovery of metabolic biomarkers, which may help to diagnose alterations caused by obesity. OBJECTIVE To investigate the metabolic profile of blood serum of obese dogs, control dogs, and dogs that were subjected to a weight loss program. METHODS Ten obese adult spayed female dogs were included, and their body composition was determined by the deuterium isotope dilution method. The dogs were subjected to a weight loss program and formed a new experimental group after losing 20% of the initial body weight. A third experimental group was composed of ten lean adult spayed female dogs. The metabolic profile of blood serum was evaluated through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Principal Component Analyses (PCA) and Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) models were constructed using Pareto scaling pre-processing. Pathway analysis was also performed using the MetaboAnalist online tool. RESULTS The PCA shows that the control and after weight loss groups presented a trend to negative PC1, indicating similarities between these two groups. In contrast, obese animals presented a tendency to appear on negative PC2 indicating a different metabolic profile. The OPLS-DA analysis of the serum indicated that healthy groups presented higher content of glucose, while animals that lost weight had higher levels of cholesterol and lactate than the control group. On the other hand, the analysis showed that lipid content, cholesterol, and branched-chain amino acids were highest in obese animals. Variable Influence on Projection (VIP) analysis demonstrated that Lactate is the most important metabolite for the OPLS-DA model and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) corroborated the similarity between the control group and the obese after weight loss groups. Moreover, the pathway analysis indicated the most important metabolic pathways related to this dataset. CONCLUSIONS The metabolomic assessment based on NMR of blood serum differed between obese dogs and animals in optimal body condition. Moreover, the weight loss resulted in metabolic profiles similar to those observed in lean animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago H A Vendramini
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), 225, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Henrique T Macedo
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), 225, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael V A Zafalon
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), 225, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Matheus V Macegoza
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), 225, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Vivian Pedrinelli
- Veterinary Nutrology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Larissa W Risolia
- Veterinary Nutrology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M M Ocampos
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa-CNPDIA), São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eduardo Ferriolli
- Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, 14049900, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Colnago
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa-CNPDIA), São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Marcio A Brunetto
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), 225, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, Pirassununga, São Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil.
- Veterinary Nutrology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, 13635-900, Brazil.
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Brunetto MA, Zafalon RVA, Teixeira FA, Vendramini THA, Rentas MF, Pedrinelli V, Risolia LW, Macedo HT. Phosphorus and sodium contents in commercial wet foods for dogs and cats. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:494-499. [PMID: 31273944 PMCID: PMC6868456 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that wet foods for dogs and cats have high levels of sodium and phosphorus due to their composition. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the sodium and phosphorus contents in wet pet foods, and compare it to daily requirements for both species. Twenty‐five commercial wet foods for adult animals were evaluated, 13 for dogs and 12 for cats. The analyses’ results were compared to the European Pet Food Industry Federation (FEDIAF 2018) recommendations. All foods contained phosphorus and sodium amounts above minimum requirements. Three wet foods for dogs exceeded the safe upper limit for phosphorus, and four wet foods for dogs and three for cats exceeded 3.75 g of sodium/1,000 kcal metabolizable energy (ME), considered safe by FEDIAF. No studies were found at the present time evaluating whether higher sodium levels are safe for dogs and cats; however, consumption of high phosphorus diets has been associated with adverse effects on renal function parameters. Therefore, more studies are necessary to investigate the health implications of phosphorus and sodium concentrations observed in some foods evaluated in this research. It has been reported that wet foods for dogs and cats have high levels of sodium and phosphorus due to their composition. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the sodium and phosphorus contents in wet pet foods, and compared to daily requirements for both species.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio A Brunetto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Rafael V A Zafalon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Fabio A Teixeira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Thiago H A Vendramini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Mariana F Rentas
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Vivian Pedrinelli
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Larissa W Risolia
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Henrique T Macedo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Brazil
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