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Olivera-Perez HM, Lam L, Dang J, Jiang W, Rodriguez F, Rigali E, Weitzman S, Porter V, Rubbi L, Morselli M, Pellegrini M, Fiala M. Omega-3 fatty acids increase the unfolded protein response and improve amyloid-β phagocytosis by macrophages of patients with mild cognitive impairment. FASEB J 2017; 31:4359-4369. [PMID: 28634213 PMCID: PMC5602894 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700290r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages (Mϕs) of patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are defective in amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ) phagocytosis and have low resistance to apoptosis by Aβ. Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3s) in vitro and in vivo and the ω-3 mediator, resolvin D1, in vitro increase Aβ phagocytosis by Mϕs of patients with MCI. We have investigated the unfolded protein response (UPR) to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by Mϕs in a longitudinal study of fish-derived, ω-3-supplemented patients with MCI. Patients in the apolipoprotein E (ApoE)e3/e3 subgroup over time exhibited an increase of protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) expression, Aβ phagocytosis, intermediate M1-M2 Mϕ type, and a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) rate of change of +1.8 points per year, whereas patients in the ApoEe3/e4 subgroup showed individually divergent results with an MMSE rate of change of -3.2 points per year. In vitro treatment of Mϕs by fish-derived ω-3 emulsion increased Aβ phagocytosis, PERK expression, and UPR RNA signature, and decreased ER stress signature. Augmented genes in the UPR signature included chaperones, lectins, foldases, and N-linked glycosylation enzymes. In summary, fish-derived ω-3s increase cytoprotective genes and decrease proapoptotic genes, improve immune clearance of Aβ, and are associated with an improved MMSE rate of change in ApoEe3/e3 vs. ApoEe3/e4 patients.-Olivera-Perez, H. M., Lam, L., Dang, J., Jiang, W., Rodriguez, F., Rigali, E., Weitzman, S., Porter, V., Rubbi, L., Morselli, M., Pellegrini, M., Fiala, M. Omega-3 fatty acids increase the unfolded protein response and improve amyloid-β phagocytosis by macrophages of patients with mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Olivera-Perez
- Department of Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, UCLA Life Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Larry Lam
- Department of Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, UCLA Life Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Johnny Dang
- Department of Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, UCLA Life Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Weilan Jiang
- Department of Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, UCLA Life Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fabian Rodriguez
- Department of Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, UCLA Life Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rigali
- Department of Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, UCLA Life Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah Weitzman
- Department of Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, UCLA Life Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Verna Porter
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Liudmilla Rubbi
- Department of Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, UCLA Life Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marco Morselli
- Department of Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, UCLA Life Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, UCLA Life Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Milan Fiala
- Department of Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, UCLA Life Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA;
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Famenini S, Rigali EA, Olivera-Perez HM, Dang J, Chang MT, Halder R, Rao RV, Pellegrini M, Porter V, Bredesen D, Fiala M. Increased intermediate M1-M2 macrophage polarization and improved cognition in mild cognitive impairment patients on ω-3 supplementation. FASEB J 2016; 31:148-160. [PMID: 27677546 PMCID: PMC5161513 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600677rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophages of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer disease (AD) are defective in phagocytosis and degradation amyloid β1–42 (Aβ1–42), but are improved by ω-3 fatty acids (ω-3s). The hypothesis of this study was that active Aβ1–42 phagocytosis by macrophages prevents brain amyloidosis and thus maintains cognition. We studied the effects of self-supplementation with a drink with ω-3s, antioxidants, and resveratrol on Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, macrophage M1M2 phenotype [the ratio of inflammatory cluster of differentiation (CD)54+CD80 and proresolution markers CD163+CD206], and Aβ1–42 phagocytosis in patients initially diagnosed as having MCI or subjective cognitive impairment (SCI). At baseline, the median MMSE score in patients in both the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε3/ε3 and ApoE ε3/ε4 groups was 26.0 and macrophage Aβ1–42 phagocytosis was defective. The MMSE rate of change increased in the ApoE ε3/ε3 group a median 2.2 points per year (P = 0.015 compared to 0) but did not change in the ApoE ε3/ε4 group (P = 0.014 between groups). In the ApoE ε3/ε3 group, all patients remained cognitively stable or improved; in the ApoE ε3/ε4 group, 1 recovered from dementia, but 3 lapsed into dementia. The macrophage phenotype polarized in patients bearing ApoE ε3/ε3 to an intermediate (green zone) M1-M2 type at the rate of 0.226 U/yr, whereas in patients bearing ApoE ε3/ε4, polarization was negative (P = 0.08 between groups). The baseline M1M2 type in the extreme M1 (red zone) or M2 (white zone) was unfavorable for cognitive outcome. Aβ1–42 phagocytosis increased in both ApoE groups (P = 0.03 in each groups). In vitro, the lipidic mediator resolvin D1 (RvD1) down regulated the M1 type in patients with ApoE ε3/ε3 but in some patients with ε3/ε4, paradoxically up-regulated the M1 type. Antioxidant/ω-3/resveratrol supplementation was associated with favorable immune and cognitive responses in ApoE ε3/ε3 and individual patients bearing ApoE ε3/ε4, and brings into personalized clinical practice the immune benefits expected from ω-3 mediators called resolvins. The validity of this study is limited by its small size and uncontrolled design.—Famenini, S., Rigali, E. A., Olivera-Perez, H. M., Dang, J., Chang, M T., Halder, R., Rao, R. V., Pellegrini, M., Porter, V., Bredesen, D., Fiala, M. Increased intermediate M1-M2 macrophage polarization and improved cognition in mild cognitive impairment patients on ω-3 supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Famenini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Rigali
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Henry M Olivera-Perez
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Johnny Dang
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael To Chang
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ramesh Halder
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rammohan V Rao
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA; and
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Verna Porter
- Department of Neurology, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; and.,Easton Laboratories for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dale Bredesen
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA; and.,Department of Neurology, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; and.,Easton Laboratories for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Milan Fiala
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA;
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