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Kang KA, Piao MJ, Fernando PDSM, Herath HMUL, Yi JM, Choi YH, Hyun YM, Zhang K, Park CO, Hyun JW. Particulate matter stimulates the NADPH oxidase system via AhR-mediated epigenetic modifications. Environ Pollut 2024; 347:123675. [PMID: 38447650 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Stimulation of human keratinocytes with particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) elicits complex signaling events, including a rise in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the mechanisms underlying PM2.5-induced ROS production remain unknown. Here, we show that PM2.5-induced ROS production in human keratinocytes is mediated via the NADPH oxidase (NOXs) system and the Ca2+ signaling pathway. PM2.5 treatment increased the expression of NOX1, NOX4, and a calcium-sensitive NOX, dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1), in human epidermal keratinocyte cell line. PM2.5 bound to aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and this complex bound to promoter regions of NOX1 and DUOX1, suggesting that AhR acted as a transcription factor of NOX1 and DUOX1. PM2.5 increased the transcription of DUOX1 via epigenetic modification. Moreover, a link between DNA demethylase and histone methyltransferase with the promoter regions of DUOX1 led to an elevation in the expression of DUOX1 mRNA. Interestingly, PM2.5 increased NOX4 expression and promoted the interaction of NOX4 and Ca2+ channels within the cytoplasmic membrane or endoplasmic reticulum, leading to Ca2+ release. The increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration activated DUOX1, responsible for ROS production. Our findings provide evidence for a PM2.5-mediated ROS-generating system network, in which increased NOX1, NOX4, and DUOX1 expression serves as a ROS signal through AhR and Ca2+ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ah Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, South Korea
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, South Korea
| | | | | | - Joo Mi Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, South Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan, 47340, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Kelun Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Chang Ook Park
- Department of Dermatology, and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, South Korea.
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Piao MJ, Kang KA, Fernando PDSM, Herath HMUL, Koh YS, Kang HK, Choi YH, Hyun JW. Protective Effect of Fermented Sea Tangle Extract on Skin Cell Damage Caused by Particulate Matter. Int J Med Sci 2024; 21:937-948. [PMID: 38617009 PMCID: PMC11008479 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.93034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin is directly exposed to atmospheric pollutants, especially particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in the air, which poses significant harm to skin health. However, limited research has been performed to identify molecules that can confer resistance to such substances. Herein, we analyzed the effect of fermented sea tangle (FST) extract on PM2.5-induced human HaCaT keratinocyte damage. Results showed that FST extract, at concentrations less than 800 μg/mL, exhibited non-significant toxicity to cells and concentration-dependent inhibition of PM2.5-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. PM2.5 induced oxidative stress by stimulating ROS, resulting in DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation, which were inhibited by the FST extract. FST extract significantly suppressed the increase in calcium level and apoptosis caused by PM2.5 treatment and significantly restored the reduced cell viability. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization occurred due to PM2.5 treatment, however, FST extract recovered mitochondrial membrane polarization. PM2.5 inhibited the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and induced the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bim, the apoptosis initiator caspase-9, as well as the executor caspase-3, however, FST extract effectively protected the changes in the levels of these proteins caused by PM2.5. Interestingly, pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK treatment enhanced the anti-apoptotic effect of FST extract in PM2.5-treated cells. Our results indicate that FST extract prevents PM2.5-induced cell damage via inhibition of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human keratinocytes. Accordingly, FST extract could be included in skin care products to protect cells against the harmful effects of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jing Piao
- College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Kang
- College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Young Sang Koh
- College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kyoung Kang
- College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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3
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Fernando PDSM, Zhen AX, Piao MJ, Herath HMUL, Kang KA, Yoon SP, Boo HJ, Hyun CL, Hyun JW. Naringenin Induces Cellular Apoptosis in Melanoma Cells via Intracellular ROS Generation. Anticancer Res 2024; 44:1079-1086. [PMID: 38423648 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.16903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Melanoma is a prevalent malignant tumor that arises from melanocytes. The treatment of malignant melanoma has become challenging due to the development of drug resistance. It is, therefore, imperative to identify novel therapeutic drug candidates for controlling malignant melanoma. Naringenin is a flavonoid abundant in oranges and other citrus fruits and recognized for its numerous medicinal benefits. The objective of the study was to assess the anti-carcinogenic potential of naringenin by evaluating its ability to regulate the cellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its effect on mitochondrial function and apoptosis in melanoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell viability, intracellular ROS levels, cell apoptosis, and mitochondrial functions were evaluated. RESULTS Naringenin decreased melanoma cell viability and triggered generation of ROS, leading to cell apoptosis. In addition, it stimulated mitochondrial damage in melanoma cells by elevating the levels of Ca2+ and ROS in the mitochondria and decreasing cellular ATP. Naringenin stimulated the expression of proapoptotic proteins, including phospho p53, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9, in melanoma cells in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, it reduced the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Naringenin triggered cell apoptosis by phosphorylating c-Jun N-terminal kinase and stimulating cellular autophagy. CONCLUSION Naringenin caused oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, and activated autophagy in melanoma cells, leading to cell apoptosis. These findings indicate the potential of naringenin as a new therapeutic candidate for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pincha Devage Sameera Madushan Fernando
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ao Xuan Zhen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kyoung Ah Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Pil Yoon
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Boo
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Lim Hyun
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea;
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Herath HMUL, Piao MJ, Kang KA, Fernando PDSM, Hyun JW. Rosmarinic Acid Protects Skin Keratinocytes from Particulate Matter 2.5-Induced Apoptosis. Int J Med Sci 2024; 21:681-689. [PMID: 38464827 PMCID: PMC10920844 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.90814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The exposure of the human skin to particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) results in adverse health outcomes, such as skin aging, wrinkle formation, pigment spots, and atopic dermatitis. It has previously been shown that rosmarinic acid (RA) can protect keratinocytes from ultraviolet B radiation by enhancing cellular antioxidant systems and reducing oxidative damage; however, its protective action against the adverse effects of PM2.5 on skin cells remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we explored the mechanism underlying the protective effects of RA against PM2.5-mediated oxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes. Methods: HaCaT keratinocytes were pretreated with RA and exposed to PM2.5. Thereafter, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and cellular apoptosis were investigated using various methods, including confocal microscopy, western blot analysis, and flow cytometry. Results: RA significantly inhibited PM2.5-induced lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, DNA damage, increases in intracellular Ca2+ level, and mitochondrial depolarization. It also significantly attenuated PM2.5-induced apoptosis by downregulating Bcl-2-associated X, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3 protein levels, while upregulating B-cell lymphoma 2 protein level. Further, our results indicated that PM2.5-induced apoptosis was associated with the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and that MAPK inhibitors as well as RA exhibited protective effects against PM2.5-induced apoptosis. Conclusion: RA protected HaCaT cells from PM2.5-induced apoptosis by lowering oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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Piao MJ, Fernando PMDJ, Kang KA, Fernando PDSM, Herath HMUL, Kim YR, Hyun JW. Rosmarinic Acid Inhibits Ultraviolet B-Mediated Oxidative Damage via the AKT/ERK-NRF2-GSH Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2024; 32:84-93. [PMID: 38148554 PMCID: PMC10762280 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2023.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a phenolic ester that protects human keratinocytes against oxidative damage induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure, however, the mechanisms underlying its effects remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the cell signaling mechanisms that regulate the antioxidant activity of RA and confirm its cyto-protective role. To explore the signaling mechanisms, we used the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT and SKH1 hairless mouse skin. RA enhanced glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and glutathione synthetase (GSS) expression in HaCaT cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, RA induced nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2) nuclear translocation and activated the signaling kinases protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Treatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002, the ERK inhibitor U0126, and small interfering RNA (siRNA) gene silencing suppressed RA-enhanced GCLC, GSS, and NRF2 expression, respectively. Cell viability tests showed that RA significantly prevented UVB-induced cell viability decrease, whereas the glutathione (GSH) inhibitors buthionine sulfoximine, LY294002, and U0126 significantly reduced this effect. Moreover, RA protected against DNA damage and protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis caused by UVB-induced oxidative stress in a concentration-dependent manner in SKH1 hairless mouse skin tissues. These results suggest that RA protects against UVB-induced oxidative damage by activating AKT and ERK signaling to regulate NRF2 signaling and enhance GSH biosynthesis. Thus, RA treatment may be a promising approach to protect the skin from UVB-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jing Piao
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kyoung Ah Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Young Ree Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, and College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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Kang KA, Piao MJ, Fernando PDSM, Herath HMUL, Yi JM, Hyun JW. Korean Red Ginseng Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Senescence of Skin Keratinocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1516. [PMID: 37627511 PMCID: PMC10451201 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is a direct target of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), as it is constantly exposed. Herein, we investigate whether Korean red ginseng (KRG) can inhibit PM2.5-induced senescence in skin keratinocytes. PM2.5-treated human keratinocyte cell lines and normal human epidermal keratinocytes showed characteristics of cellular senescence, including flat and enlarged forms; however, KRG suppressed them in both cell types. Moreover, while cells exposed to PM2.5 showed a higher level of p16INK4A expression (a senescence inducer), KRG inhibited its expression. Epigenetically, KRG decreased the expression of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzyme, a DNA demethylase induced by PM2.5, and increased the expression of DNA methyltransferases suppressed by PM2.5, resulting in the decreased methylation of the p16INK4A promoter region. Additionally, KRG decreased the expression of mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1), a histone methyltransferase, and histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1) induced by PM2.5. Contrastingly, KRG increased the expression of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2, a histone methyltransferase, and histone deacetyltransferase 1 reduced by PM2.5. Furthermore, KRG decreased TET1, MLL1, and HAT1 binding to the p16INK4A promoter, corresponding with the decreased mRNA expression of p16INK4A. These results suggest that KRG exerts protection against the PM2.5-induced senescence of skin keratinocytes via the epigenetic regulation of p16INK4A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ah Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; (K.A.K.); (M.J.P.); (P.D.S.M.F.); (H.M.U.L.H.)
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; (K.A.K.); (M.J.P.); (P.D.S.M.F.); (H.M.U.L.H.)
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Joo Mi Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; (K.A.K.); (M.J.P.); (P.D.S.M.F.); (H.M.U.L.H.)
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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Kang KA, Yao CW, Piao MJ, Zhen AX, Fernando PDSM, Herath HMUL, Song SE, Cho SJ, Hyun JW. Anticolon Cancer Effect of Korean Red Ginseng via Autophagy- and Apoptosis-Mediated Cell Death. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173558. [PMID: 36079818 PMCID: PMC9460327 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) has been used in East Asian traditional medicine for a long time. Korean red ginseng (KRG) is effective against several disorders, including cancer. The cytotoxic effects of KRG extract in terms of autophagy- and apoptosis-mediated cell death and its mechanisms were investigated using human colorectal cancer lines. KRG induced autophagy-mediated cell death with enhanced expression of Atg5, Beclin-1, and LC3, and formed characteristic vacuoles in HCT-116 and SNU-1033 cells. An autophagy inhibitor prevented cell death induced by KRG. KRG generated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS); antioxidant countered this effect and decreased autophagy. KRG caused apoptotic cell death by increasing apoptotic cells and sub-G1 cells, and by activating caspases. A caspase inhibitor suppressed cell death induced by KRG. KRG increased phospho-Bcl-2 expression, but decreased Bcl-2 expression. Moreover, interaction of Bcl-2 with Beclin-1 was attenuated by KRG. Ginsenoside Rg2 was the most effective ginsenoside responsible for KRG-induced autophagy- and apoptosis-mediated cell death. KRG induced autophagy- and apoptosis-mediated cell death via mitochondrial ROS generation, and thus its administration may inhibit colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ah Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Cheng Wen Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Ao Xuan Zhen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | | | | | - Seung Eun Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jeju National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63241, Korea
| | - Suk Ju Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jeju National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63241, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.J.C.); (J.W.H.); Tel.: +82-64-717-2062 (S.J.C.); +82-64-754-3838 (J.W.H.)
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.J.C.); (J.W.H.); Tel.: +82-64-717-2062 (S.J.C.); +82-64-754-3838 (J.W.H.)
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8
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Boo SJ, Piao MJ, Kang KA, Zhen AX, Fernando PDSM, Herath HMUL, Lee SJ, Song SE, Hyun JW. Comparative Study of Autophagy in Oxaliplatin-Sensitive and Resistant SNU-C5 Colon Cancer Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2022; 30:447-454. [PMID: 35611548 PMCID: PMC9424339 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have evaluated the role of autophagy in the development of oxaliplatin (OXT) resistance in colon cancer cells. In this study, we compared the role of autophagy between SNU-C5 colon cancer cells and OXT-resistant SNU-C5 (SNU-C5/OXTR) cells. At the same concentration of OXT, the cytotoxicity of OXT or apoptosis was significantly reduced in SNU-C5/OXTR cells compared with that in SNU-C5 cells. Compared with SNU-C5 cells, SNU-C5/OXTR cells exhibited low levels of autophagy. The expression level of important autophagy proteins, such as autophagy-related protein 5 (Atg5), beclin-1, Atg7, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B I (LC3-I), and LC3-II, was significantly lower in SNU-C5/OXTR cells than that in SNU-C5 cells. The expression level of the autophagy-essential protein p62 was also lower in SNU-C5/OXTR cells than in SNU-C5 cells. In SNU-C5/OXTR cells, the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly higher than that in SNU-C5 cells, and treatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine restored the reduced autophagy levels. Furthermore, the expression of antioxidant-related nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 transcription factor, heme oxygenase-1, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase were also significantly increased in SNU-C5/OXTR cells. These findings suggest that autophagy is significantly reduced in SNU-C5/OXTR cells compared with SNU-C5 cells, which may be related to the production of ROS in OXT-resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Jin Boo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.,Jeju Natural Medicine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.,Jeju Natural Medicine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Ao Xuan Zhen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Seung Joo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jeju National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.,Jeju Natural Medicine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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9
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Piao MJ, Han X, Kang KA, Fernando PDSM, Herath HMUL, Hyun JW. The Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response Mediates Shikonin-Induced Apoptosis of 5-Fluorouracil-Resistant Colorectal Cancer Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 30:265-273. [PMID: 34607978 PMCID: PMC9047496 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is a significant problem in the treatment of colorectal cancer, resulting in low response rates and decreased survival. Recent studies have shown that shikonin, a naphthoquinone derivative, promotes apoptosis in colon cancer cells and cisplatin-resistant ovarian cells, raising the possibility that this compound may be effective in drug-resistant colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to characterize the molecular mechanisms underpinning shikonin-induced apoptosis, with a focus on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, in a 5-fluorouracil–resistant colorectal cancer cell line, SNU-C5/5-FUR. Our results showed that shikonin significantly increased the proportion of sub-G1 cells and DNA fragmentation and that shikonin-induced apoptosis is mediated by mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation. Shikonin treatment also increased the expression of ER-related proteins, such as glucose regulatory protein 78 (GRP78), phospho-protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), phospho-eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α), phospho-phosphoinositol-requiring protein-1 (IRE1), spliced X-box–binding protein-1 (XBP-1), cleaved caspase-12, and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP). In addition, siRNA-mediated knockdown of CHOP attenuated shikonin-induced apoptosis, as did the ER stress inhibitor TUDCA. These data suggest that ER stress is a key factor mediating the cytotoxic effect of shikonin in SNU-C5/5-FUR cells. Our findings provide an evidence for a mechanism in which ER stress leads to apoptosis in shikonin-treated SNU-C5/5-FUR cells. Our study provides evidence to support further investigations on shikonin as a therapeutic option for 5-fluorouracil–resistant colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jing Piao
- Department of Biochemistry, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.,Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Xia Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.,Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.,Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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10
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Shilnikova K, Piao MJ, Kang KA, Fernando PDSM, Herath HMUL, Cho SJ, Hyun JW. Natural Compound Shikonin Induces Apoptosis and Attenuates Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Radiation-Resistant Human Colon Cancer Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 30:137-144. [PMID: 34321365 PMCID: PMC8902455 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation resistance represents an imperative obstacle in the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer, which remains difficult to overcome. Here, we explored the anti-proliferative and migration-inhibiting properties of the natural product shikonin on a radiation-resistant human colon carcinoma cell line (SNU-C5RR). Shikonin reduced the viability of these cells in a dose-dependent manner; 38 μM of shikonin was determined as the half-maximal inhibitory concentration. Shikonin induced apoptotic cell death, as demonstrated by increased apoptotic body formation and the number of TUNEL-positive cells. Moreover, shikonin enhanced mitochondrial membrane depolarization and Bax expression and also decreased Bcl-2 expression with translocation of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol. In addition, shikonin activated mitogen-activated protein kinases, and their specific inhibitors reduced the cytotoxic effects of shikonin. Additionally, shikonin decreased the migration of SNU-C5RR cells via the upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin. Taken together, these results suggest that shikonin induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and attenuates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in SNU-C5RR cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Shilnikova
- College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Kang
- College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Suk Ju Cho
- College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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Piao MJ, Kim KC, Kang KA, Fernando PDSM, Herath HMUL, Hyun JW. Phloroglucinol Attenuates Ultraviolet B-Induced 8-Oxoguanine Formation in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes through Akt and Erk-Mediated Nrf2/Ogg1 Signaling Pathways. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:90-97. [PMID: 32587122 PMCID: PMC7771840 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation causes DNA base modifications. One of these changes leads to the generation of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) due to oxidative stress. In human skin, this modification may induce sunburn, inflammation, and aging and may ultimately result in cancer. We investigated whether phloroglucinol (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene), by enhancing the expression and activity of 8-oxoG DNA glycosylase 1 (Ogg1), had an effect on the capacity of UVB-exposed human HaCaT keratinocytes to repair oxidative DNA damage. Here, the effects of phloroglucinol were investigated using a luciferase activity assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions, western blot analysis, and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Phloroglucinol restored Ogg1 activity and decreased the formation of 8-oxoG in UVB-exposed cells. Moreover, phloroglucinol increased Ogg1 transcription and protein expression, counteracting the UVB-induced reduction in Ogg1 levels. Phloroglucinol also enhanced the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as well as Nrf2 binding to an antioxidant response element located in the Ogg1 gene promoter. UVB exposure inhibited the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB or Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), two major enzymes involved in cell protection against oxidative stress, regulating the activity of Nrf2. Akt and Erk phosphorylation was restored by phloroglucinol in the UVB-exposed keratinocytes. These results indicated that phloroglucinol attenuated UVB-induced 8-oxoG formation in keratinocytes via an Akt/Erk-dependent, Nrf2/Ogg1-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jing Piao
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Cheon Kim
- National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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