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Almutairi JS, Almigbal TH, Alruhaim HY, Mujammami MH, AlMogbel TA, Alshahrani AM, Al Zahrani AM, Batais MA, Shaik SA. Self-awareness of HbA1c and its association with glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes. Saudi Med J 2022; 43:291-300. [PMID: 35256497 PMCID: PMC9280542 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2022.43.3.20210536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To measure the self-awareness of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) prevalence among type 2 diabetic Saudi patients and its association with glycemic control, thereby identifying those factors that might affect their glycemic control. Methods: This multicenter study was carried out in outpatients’ diabetes clinics in tertiary hospitals in Riyadh, Qassim, and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The data was collected using questionnaires. The subject’s self-awareness on the HbA1c test was assessed based on the combined score of 4 questions. The latest HbA1c result before the time of data collection was obtained from medical records. Data was analyzed using bivariate and multivariate statistical methods. Results: The prevalence of HbA1c self-awareness was approximately 44.5%. A total of 4 participants characteristics (glycemic control, education level, monthly income and number of follow-up visits) were associated with awareness of HbA1c. Whereas for better glycemic control; type of treatment, duration of diabetes, and self-awareness of HbA1c were independently statistically significantly associated. Conclusion: There is a positive association between HbA1c self-awareness and glycemic control. Glycemic control was good among those who were educated on the meaning of the test, their levels, and their target goal. Awareness among health care providers regarding the role of the patient’s education regarding their condition might help in providing the patient with optimal care. Further studies with different experimental designs are needed to study this association, which will contribute to the development of a structured educational program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joud S. Almutairi
- From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Almutairi, Almigbal, Alruhaim, Batais, Ahamed); from the Department of Medicine (Mujammami), Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, from the College of Medicine (Almigbal), Alfarabi College, Riyadh, from the Diabetes Centre (AlMogbel), King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alshahrani), College of Medicine, Bisha University, Bisha, and from the Department of Family Medicine (Al Zahrani), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Address correspondence and reprint request to: Dr. Joud S. Almutairi, Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1183-4858
| | - Turky H. Almigbal
- From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Almutairi, Almigbal, Alruhaim, Batais, Ahamed); from the Department of Medicine (Mujammami), Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, from the College of Medicine (Almigbal), Alfarabi College, Riyadh, from the Diabetes Centre (AlMogbel), King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alshahrani), College of Medicine, Bisha University, Bisha, and from the Department of Family Medicine (Al Zahrani), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hiba Y. Alruhaim
- From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Almutairi, Almigbal, Alruhaim, Batais, Ahamed); from the Department of Medicine (Mujammami), Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, from the College of Medicine (Almigbal), Alfarabi College, Riyadh, from the Diabetes Centre (AlMogbel), King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alshahrani), College of Medicine, Bisha University, Bisha, and from the Department of Family Medicine (Al Zahrani), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad H. Mujammami
- From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Almutairi, Almigbal, Alruhaim, Batais, Ahamed); from the Department of Medicine (Mujammami), Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, from the College of Medicine (Almigbal), Alfarabi College, Riyadh, from the Diabetes Centre (AlMogbel), King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alshahrani), College of Medicine, Bisha University, Bisha, and from the Department of Family Medicine (Al Zahrani), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Turki A. AlMogbel
- From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Almutairi, Almigbal, Alruhaim, Batais, Ahamed); from the Department of Medicine (Mujammami), Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, from the College of Medicine (Almigbal), Alfarabi College, Riyadh, from the Diabetes Centre (AlMogbel), King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alshahrani), College of Medicine, Bisha University, Bisha, and from the Department of Family Medicine (Al Zahrani), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah M. Alshahrani
- From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Almutairi, Almigbal, Alruhaim, Batais, Ahamed); from the Department of Medicine (Mujammami), Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, from the College of Medicine (Almigbal), Alfarabi College, Riyadh, from the Diabetes Centre (AlMogbel), King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alshahrani), College of Medicine, Bisha University, Bisha, and from the Department of Family Medicine (Al Zahrani), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah M. Al Zahrani
- From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Almutairi, Almigbal, Alruhaim, Batais, Ahamed); from the Department of Medicine (Mujammami), Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, from the College of Medicine (Almigbal), Alfarabi College, Riyadh, from the Diabetes Centre (AlMogbel), King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alshahrani), College of Medicine, Bisha University, Bisha, and from the Department of Family Medicine (Al Zahrani), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed A. Batais
- From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Almutairi, Almigbal, Alruhaim, Batais, Ahamed); from the Department of Medicine (Mujammami), Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, from the College of Medicine (Almigbal), Alfarabi College, Riyadh, from the Diabetes Centre (AlMogbel), King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alshahrani), College of Medicine, Bisha University, Bisha, and from the Department of Family Medicine (Al Zahrani), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shaffi A. Shaik
- From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Almutairi, Almigbal, Alruhaim, Batais, Ahamed); from the Department of Medicine (Mujammami), Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, from the College of Medicine (Almigbal), Alfarabi College, Riyadh, from the Diabetes Centre (AlMogbel), King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, from the Department of Family Medicine (Alshahrani), College of Medicine, Bisha University, Bisha, and from the Department of Family Medicine (Al Zahrani), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Alruhaim HY, Almigbal TH, Almutairi JS, Mujammami MH, AlMogbel TA, Alrasheed AA, Al Zahrani AM, Batais MA. The association between diabetes numeracy and diabetes self-management among Saudi adults with insulin-treated diabetes. Saudi Med J 2021; 42:517-525. [PMID: 33896781 PMCID: PMC9149690 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2021.42.5.20200422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the association between diabetes numeracy and diabetes self-management among Saudi adults with insulin-treated diabetes. METHODS From August 2018 to January 2019, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 3 diabetes centers in Riyadh, Buraydah, and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Systematic random sampling was used to include 290 Saudi adults with insulin-treated diabetes. The levels of diabetes numeracy and diabetes self-management were measured by using the Diabetes Numeracy Test tool (DNT-15) and Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire tool (DSMQ). RESULTS The final analysis included 279 completed surveys. The mean total score of DSMQ was 6.47. The total DSMQ score was higher among patients who had a lower level of education (p=0.02), and patients who had a higher level of diabetes knowledge (p=0.01). The mean total score of DNT-15 was 41.3%. Patients who had lower diabetes numeracy scores tended to be younger, married, have fewer years of education, have a lower monthly income(p<0.001), use insulin only, and have type 1 diabetes. Patients who achieved a total score of 82%, and higher in DNT-15 have also achieved the highest score in DSMQ (p=0.17). A linear regression analysis adjusted for level of education, diabetes knowledge, and other variables found a modest association between low diabetes numeracy and low diabetes self-management (p=0.08). CONCLUSION Lower level of diabetes numeracy was associated with lower level of diabetes self-management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Y. Alruhaim
- From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Alruhaim, Almigbal, Almutairi, Alrasheed, Batais), from the Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit (Mujammami), College of Medicine, King Saud University; from the Vision College of Medicine, Vision Colleges (Almigbal); from the King Saud University Medical City (Almigbal, Mujammami, Alrasheed, Batais), Riyadh; from the Department of Family Medicine (Al Zahrani), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah; and from the Buraydah Diabetes Centre (AlMogbel), King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Turky H. Almigbal
- From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Alruhaim, Almigbal, Almutairi, Alrasheed, Batais), from the Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit (Mujammami), College of Medicine, King Saud University; from the Vision College of Medicine, Vision Colleges (Almigbal); from the King Saud University Medical City (Almigbal, Mujammami, Alrasheed, Batais), Riyadh; from the Department of Family Medicine (Al Zahrani), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah; and from the Buraydah Diabetes Centre (AlMogbel), King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Joud S. Almutairi
- From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Alruhaim, Almigbal, Almutairi, Alrasheed, Batais), from the Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit (Mujammami), College of Medicine, King Saud University; from the Vision College of Medicine, Vision Colleges (Almigbal); from the King Saud University Medical City (Almigbal, Mujammami, Alrasheed, Batais), Riyadh; from the Department of Family Medicine (Al Zahrani), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah; and from the Buraydah Diabetes Centre (AlMogbel), King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad H. Mujammami
- From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Alruhaim, Almigbal, Almutairi, Alrasheed, Batais), from the Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit (Mujammami), College of Medicine, King Saud University; from the Vision College of Medicine, Vision Colleges (Almigbal); from the King Saud University Medical City (Almigbal, Mujammami, Alrasheed, Batais), Riyadh; from the Department of Family Medicine (Al Zahrani), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah; and from the Buraydah Diabetes Centre (AlMogbel), King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Turki A. AlMogbel
- From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Alruhaim, Almigbal, Almutairi, Alrasheed, Batais), from the Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit (Mujammami), College of Medicine, King Saud University; from the Vision College of Medicine, Vision Colleges (Almigbal); from the King Saud University Medical City (Almigbal, Mujammami, Alrasheed, Batais), Riyadh; from the Department of Family Medicine (Al Zahrani), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah; and from the Buraydah Diabetes Centre (AlMogbel), King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah A. Alrasheed
- From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Alruhaim, Almigbal, Almutairi, Alrasheed, Batais), from the Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit (Mujammami), College of Medicine, King Saud University; from the Vision College of Medicine, Vision Colleges (Almigbal); from the King Saud University Medical City (Almigbal, Mujammami, Alrasheed, Batais), Riyadh; from the Department of Family Medicine (Al Zahrani), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah; and from the Buraydah Diabetes Centre (AlMogbel), King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah M. Al Zahrani
- From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Alruhaim, Almigbal, Almutairi, Alrasheed, Batais), from the Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit (Mujammami), College of Medicine, King Saud University; from the Vision College of Medicine, Vision Colleges (Almigbal); from the King Saud University Medical City (Almigbal, Mujammami, Alrasheed, Batais), Riyadh; from the Department of Family Medicine (Al Zahrani), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah; and from the Buraydah Diabetes Centre (AlMogbel), King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed A. Batais
- From the Department of Family and Community Medicine (Alruhaim, Almigbal, Almutairi, Alrasheed, Batais), from the Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit (Mujammami), College of Medicine, King Saud University; from the Vision College of Medicine, Vision Colleges (Almigbal); from the King Saud University Medical City (Almigbal, Mujammami, Alrasheed, Batais), Riyadh; from the Department of Family Medicine (Al Zahrani), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah; and from the Buraydah Diabetes Centre (AlMogbel), King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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