SGLT2 Inhibitors' Cardiovascular Benefits in Individuals Without Diabetes, Heart Failure, and/or Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review

Despite the growing body of evidence regarding the beneficial cardiovascular effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, clinical data in individuals without diabetes, heart failure (HF), and/or chronic kidney disease (CKD) is limited. A systematic review of the literature was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, from database inception until May 4, 2023, to explore new evidence of SGLT2 inhibitors' cardiovascular benefits in individuals without diabetes, HF, and/or CKD. A total of 1156 individuals from 14 studies (13 randomized controlled trials and 1 nonrandomized study) were included. The results showed the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors on blood pressure, weight, and body mass index in this population with an acceptable safety profile. The current evidence supports the potential role of SGLT2 inhibitors as primary prevention in individuals without diabetes, HF, and/or CKD. This review may shed light on the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in conditions such as stage A HF and metabolic syndrome. The literature trend is going toward uncovering SGLT2 inhibitors' role in stage B HF, different types of myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrhythmias.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of anti-viral compounds against SARS-CoV-2 protease enzyme by molecular dynamics simulation and MM/PBSA method

Background: A significant worry for global public health is the international spread of the coronavirus disease-19 triggered through the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Herein, an attempt was performed to qualitative and quantitative analysis of a series of compounds against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M<[pro]) by in silico studies. Methods: About one hundred anti-viral compounds were collected from DrugBank database. In the second stage, molecular docking simulation was carried out to identify interactions of the molecules with the key residues in the M<[pro] active site. Finally, the molecular dynamics simulation of four top-ranked compounds and X77 as Co-crystal ligand were investigated. Results:Based on molecular docking studies, four compounds DB00224, DB00220, DB01232 and DB08873 exhibited the best results among compounds against M<[pro] enzyme. Additionally, molecular dynamic simulation and free binding energy were accomplished to compute the interaction energies and stability of the top-ranked compounds at the active site. The binding energy portions of the compounds into the enzyme active site exposed that Van der Waals and non-polar interactions were fundamental factors in the molecule binding. The ligand connections were steadied via hydrophobic interactions and several key hydrogen bonds especially with Glu166 and His41 residues into the active site. Conclusion: According to calculations of docking and MD, it was observed that the active site is mostly hydrophobic, where the value of the ∆Evdw is higher than that of the ∆Eele. Additionally, the results showed the steady of selected ligands binding with SARS-CoV-2 M<[pro] active site.