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Vijayakrishnan Nair V, Kish BR, Chong PL, Yang HCS, Wu YC, Tong Y, Schwichtenberg AJ. Neurofluid coupling during sleep and wake states. Sleep Med 2023; 110:44-53. [PMID: 37536211 PMCID: PMC11022242 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In clinical populations, the movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during sleep is a growing area of research with potential mechanistic connections in both neurodegenerative (e.g., Alzheimer's Disease) and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, we know relatively little about the processes that influence CSF movement. To inform clinical intervention targets this study assesses the coupling between (a) real-time CSF movement, (b) neuronal-driven movement, and (c) non-neuronal systemic physiology driven movement. METHODS This study included eight young, healthy volunteers, with concurrently acquired neurofluid dynamics using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), neural activity using Electroencephalography (EEG), and non-neuronal systemic physiology with peripheral functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). Neuronal and non-neuronal drivers were assessed temporally; wherein, EEG measured slow wave activity that preceded CSF movement was considered neuronally driven. Similarly, slow wave oscillations (assessed via fNIRS) that coupled with CSF movement were considered non-neuronal systemic physiology driven. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our results document neural contributions to CSF movement were only present during light NREM sleep but low-frequency non-neuronal oscillations were strongly coupled with CSF movement in all assessed states - awake, NREM-1, NREM-2. The clinical/research implications of these findings are two-fold. First, neuronal-driven oscillations contribute to CSF movement outside of deep sleep (NREM-3); therefore, interventions aimed at increasing CSF movement may yield meaningful increases with the promotion of NREM sleep more generally - a focus on NREM S3 may not be needed. Second, non-neuronal systemic oscillations contribute across wake and sleep stages; therefore, interventions may increase CSF movement by manipulating systemic physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brianna R Kish
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Pearlynne Lh Chong
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ho-Ching Shawn Yang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Yu-Chien Wu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Yunjie Tong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - A J Schwichtenberg
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Yang HCS, Inglis B, Talavage TM, Nair VV, Yao JF, Fitzgerald B, Schwichtenberg AJ, Tong Y. Coupling between cerebrovascular oscillations and CSF flow fluctuations during wakefulness: An fMRI study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1091-1103. [PMID: 35037498 PMCID: PMC9125495 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221074639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly believed that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) movement is facilitated by blood vessel wall movements (i.e., hemodynamic oscillations) in the brain. A coherent pattern of low frequency hemodynamic oscillations and CSF movement was recently found during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep via functional MRI. This finding raises other fundamental questions: 1) the explanation of coupling between hemodynamic oscillations and CSF movement from fMRI signals; 2) the existence of the coupling during wakefulness; 3) the direction of CSF movement. In this resting state fMRI study, we proposed a mechanical model to explain the coupling between hemodynamics and CSF movement through the lens of fMRI. Time delays between CSF movement and global hemodynamics were calculated. The observed delays between hemodynamics and CSF movement match those predicted by the model. Moreover, by conducting separate fMRI scans of the brain and neck, we confirmed the low frequency CSF movement at the fourth ventricle is bidirectional. Our finding also demonstrates that CSF movement is facilitated by changes in cerebral blood volume mainly in the low frequency range, even when the individual is awake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Ching Shawn Yang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ben Inglis
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Talavage
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Jinxia Fiona Yao
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bradley Fitzgerald
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Amy J Schwichtenberg
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, 311308Purdue University, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yunjie Tong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Yao JF, Yang HCS, Wang JH, Liang Z, Talavage TM, Tamer GG, Jang I, Tong Y. A novel method of quantifying hemodynamic delays to improve hemodynamic response, and CVR estimates in CO2 challenge fMRI. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1886-1898. [PMID: 33444087 PMCID: PMC8327112 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20978582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) in breathing air is widely used as a vasoactive stimulus to assess cerebrovascular functions under hypercapnia (i.e., "stress test" for the brain). Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) is a contrast mechanism used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). BOLD is used to study CO2-induced cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), which is defined as the voxel-wise percentage BOLD signal change per mmHg change in the arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2). Besides the CVR, two additional important parameters reflecting the cerebrovascular functions are the arrival time of arterial CO2 at each voxel, and the waveform of the local BOLD signal. In this study, we developed a novel analytical method to accurately calculate the arrival time of elevated CO2 at each voxel using the systemic low frequency oscillations (sLFO: 0.01-0.1 Hz) extracted from the CO2 challenge data. In addition, 26 candidate hemodynamic response functions (HRF) were used to quantitatively describe the temporal brain reactions to a CO2 stimulus. We demonstrated that our approach improved the traditional method by allowing us to accurately map three perfusion-related parameters: the relative arrival time of blood, the hemodynamic response function, and CVR during a CO2 challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Fiona Yao
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ho-Ching Shawn Yang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James H Wang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhenhu Liang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Thomas M Talavage
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Gregory G Tamer
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ikbeom Jang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yunjie Tong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Vijayakrishnan Nair V, Kish BR, Yang HCS, Yu Z, Guo H, Tong Y, Liang Z. Monitoring anesthesia using simultaneous functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Electroencephalography. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:1636-1646. [PMID: 34034088 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to understand the neural and hemodynamic responses during general anesthesia in order to develop a comprehensive multimodal anesthesia depth monitor using simultaneous functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) and Electroencephalogram (EEG). METHODS 37 adults and 17 children were monitored with simultaneous fNIRS and EEG, during the complete general anesthesia process. The coupling of fNIRS signals with neuronal signals (EEG) was calculated. Measures of complexity (sample entropy) and phase difference were also quantified from fNIRS signals to identify unique fNIRS based biomarkers of general anesthesia. RESULTS A significant decrease in the complexity and power of fNIRS signals characterize the anesthesia maintenance phase. Furthermore, responses to anesthesia vary between adults and children in terms of neurovascular coupling and frontal EEG alpha power. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that fNIRS signals could reliably quantify the underlying neuronal activity under general anesthesia and clearly distinguish the different phases throughout the procedure in adults and children (with less accuracy). SIGNIFICANCE A multimodal approach incorporating the specific differences between age groups, provides a reliable measure of anesthesia depth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brianna R Kish
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ho-Ching Shawn Yang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Zhenyang Yu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Hang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Seventh Medical Center to Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yunjie Tong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
| | - Zhenhu Liang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injuries cause great damage to the central nervous system as well as the peripheral vasculature. While treatments for spinal cord injury typically focus on the spine itself, improvements in the function of the peripheral vasculature after spinal cord injury have shown to improve overall neurological recovery. OBJECTIVE This study focused on the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a mode to monitor cerebral and peripheral vascular condition non-invasively during the recovery process. DESIGN Animal research study. METHODS Rats underwent spinal contusion or sham injury and relative concentrations of de-/oxyhemoglobin (Δ[HbO]/Δ[Hb]) over time were measured over the cerebral, spinal, and pedal regions via NIRS. Correlational relationships across the body were determined. Rats received 1 NIRS measurement before injury and 3 after injury: 4, 7, and 14 days post. RESULTS Correlational relationships between signals across the body, between animals with and without spinal cord injury, indicate that NIRS was able to detect patterns of vascular change in the spine and the periphery occurring secondary to spinal cord injury and evolving during subsequent recovery. Additionally, NIRS determined an overall correlational decrease within the central nervous system, between spinal and cerebral measurements. CONCLUSION NIRS was able to closely reflect physiologic changes in the rat during recovery, demonstrating a promising method to monitor whole body hemodynamics after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Kish
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Seth Herr
- Center for Paralysis Research and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ho-Ching Shawn Yang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Siyuan Sun
- Center for Paralysis Research and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Riyi Shi
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Center for Paralysis Research and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yunjie Tong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Yang HCS, Liang Z, Vike NL, Lee T, Rispoli JV, Nauman EA, Talavage TM, Tong Y. Characterizing near-infrared spectroscopy signal under hypercapnia. J Biophotonics 2020; 13:e202000173. [PMID: 32706517 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vasoactive stress tests (i.e. hypercapnia, elevated partial pressure of arterial CO2 [PaCO2 ]) are commonly used in functional MRI (fMRI), to induce cerebral blood flow changes and expose hidden perfusion deficits in the brain. Compared with fMRI, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an alternative low-cost, real-time, and non-invasive tool, which can be applied in out-of-hospital settings. To develop and optimize vasoactive stress tests for NIRS, several hypercapnia-induced tasks were tested using concurrent-NIRS/fMRI on healthy subjects. The results indicated that the cerebral and extracerebral reactivity to elevated PaCO2 depended on the rate of the CO2 increase. A steep increase resulted in different cerebral and extracerebral reactivities, leading to unpredictable NIRS measurements compared with fMRI. However, a ramped increase, induced by ramped-CO2 inhalation or breath-holding tasks, induced synchronized cerebral, and extracerebral reactivities, resulting in consistent NIRS and fMRI measurements. These results demonstrate that only tasks that increase PaCO2 gradually can produce reliable NIRS results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Ching Shawn Yang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Zhenhu Liang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Nicole L Vike
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Taylor Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Joseph V Rispoli
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Eric A Nauman
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Thomas M Talavage
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yunjie Tong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Yao JF, Wang JH, Yang HCS, Liang Z, Cohen-Gadol AA, Rayz VL, Tong Y. Cerebral circulation time derived from fMRI signals in large blood vessels. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 50:1504-1513. [PMID: 31034667 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The systemic low-frequency oscillation (sLFO) functional (f)MRI signals extracted from the internal carotid artery (ICA) and the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) are found to have valuable physiological information. PURPOSE 1) To further develop and validate a method utilizing these signals to measure the delay times from the ICAs and the SSS. 2) To establish the delay time as an effective perfusion biomarker that associates with cerebral circulation time (CCT). 3) To explore within subject variations, and the effects of gender and age on the delay times. STUDY TYPE Prospective. SUBJECTS In all, 100 healthy adults (Human Connectome Project [HCP], age range 22-36 years, 54 females and 46 males), 56 healthy children (Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development project) were included. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence at 3T. ASSESSMENT The sLFO fMRI signals from the ICAs and the SSSs were extracted from the resting state fMRI data. The maximum cross-correlation coefficients and their corresponding delay times were calculated. The gender and age differences of delay times were assessed statistically. STATISTICAL TESTS T-tests were conducted to measure the gender differences. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to detect age differences. RESULTS Consistent and robust results were found from 80% of the 400 HCP scans included. Negative correlations (-0.67) between the ICA and the SSS signals were found with the ICA signal leading the SSS signal by ∼5 sec. Within subject variation was 2.23 sec at the 5% significance level. The delay times were not significantly different between genders (P = 0.9846, P = 0.2288 for the left and right ICA, respectively). Significantly shorter delay times (4.3 sec) were found in the children than in the adults (P < 0.01). DATA CONCLUSION We have shown that meaningful perfusion information (ie, CCT) can be derived from the sLFO fMRI signals of the large blood vessels. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy Stage: 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1504-1513.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Fiona Yao
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - James H Wang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ho-Ching Shawn Yang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Zhenhu Liang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Yanshan, China
| | - Aaron A Cohen-Gadol
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Vitaliy L Rayz
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yunjie Tong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Yang HCS, Liang Z, Yao JF, Shen X, Frederick BD, Tong Y. Vascular effects of caffeine found in BOLD fMRI. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:456-466. [PMID: 30488978 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures neuronal activation indirectly. Previous studies have found aperiodic, systemic low-frequency oscillations (sLFOs, ~0.1 Hz) in BOLD signals from resting state (RS) fMRI, which reflects the non-neuronal cerebral perfusion information. In this study, we investigated the possibility of extracting vascular information from the sLFOs in RS BOLD fMRI, which could provide complementary information to the neuronal activations. Two features of BOLD signals were exploited. First, time delays between the sLFOs of big blood vessels and brain voxels were calculated to determine cerebral circulation times and blood arrival times. Second, voxel-wise standard deviations (SD) of LFOs were calculated to represent the blood densities. We explored those features on the publicly available Myconnectome data set (a 2-year study of an individual subject (Male)), which contains 45 RS scans acquired after the subject had coffee, and 45 coffee-free RS scans, acquired on different days. Our results showed that shorter time delays and smaller SDs were detected in caffeinated scans. This is consistent with the vasoconstriction effects of caffeine, which leads to increased blood flow velocity. We also compared our results with previous findings on neuronal networks from the same data set. Our finding showed that brain regions with the significant vascular effect of caffeine coincide with those with a significant neuronal effect, indicating close interaction. This study provides methods to assess the physiological information from RS fMRI. Together with the neuronal information, we can study simultaneously the underlying correlations and interactions between vascular and neuronal networks, especially in pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Ching Shawn Yang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Zhenhu Liang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Jinxia Fiona Yao
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Xin Shen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Blaise deB Frederick
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yunjie Tong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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