Analysis of Prognostic Factors in Osteoporotic Patients Who Were Treated with Percutaneous Vertebroplasty for Refracture After Vertebral Augmentation

OBJECTIVE

To retrospectively analyze prognostic factors in osteoporotic patients who treated with percutaneous vertebroplasty for refracture after vertebral augmentation.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was performed of 61 patients with refractures after vertebral augmentation who received percutaneous vertebroplasty treatment again from January 2019 to December 2021. Based on the presence of back pain at the last follow-up, 17 patients were placed in the pain group, and 44 patients were placed in the pain-free group. The following covariates were reviewed: age; bone mineral density; bone cement dosage; bone cement leakage; body mass index; and rate of anterior vertebral height (AVH) loss in the target before surgery, 1 week after surgery, and at last follow-up. Patients were assessed using visual analogue scale score and Oswestry Disability Index.

RESULTS

Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the rate of AVH loss after surgery was associated with postoperative back pain. According to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the area under the curve of AVH loss rate at 1 week after surgery was 0.6845, and the cutoff value was 0.18; the area under the curve of AVH loss rate at the last follow-up was 0.7306, and the cutoff value was 0.2815. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with lower AVH loss rates had lower incidence of postoperative back pain and better prognosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Occurrence of postoperative back pain was strongly associated with AVH loss after surgery. Patients with a lower rate of AVH loss had a lower incidence of postoperative back pain and a better prognosis.

Changes and clinical significance of serum MMP-9, TIMP-1, COX-2, and immune levels in patients with asthma

OBJECTIVE

To detect serum metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and T helper cells 1-T helper cells 2 (Th1-Th2) levels in asthma patients and assess their clinical significance.

METHODS

A total of 72 patients experiencing acute asthma (acute group), 66 stable asthma patients (stable group), and 60 healthy volunteers (control group) were included in this study. The levels of TIMP-1, COX-2, and Th1-Th2 in patients with acute asthma were measured following treatment with budesonide aerosol inhalation. In addition, the levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1, COX-2 and Th1-Th2 were compared in patients with different severity of acute asthma before and after treatment.

RESULTS

The serum levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1, and COX-2 showed an increasing trend in the control, stable, and acute groups, while levels of Th1-Th2 showed a sequential decreasing trend, and the differences were statistically significant. Comparison of lung function indexes among the three groups of patients established a negative correlation between serum MMP-9 and its forced vital capacity% predicted (FEV%pred), TIMP-1, and COX-2, and FEV%pred and forced expiratory volume in 1 s-forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) levels, but a positive correlation between Th1-Th2 and FEV1/FVC levels in the acute group. A significant difference was observed on comparing the levels of serum MMP-9, TIMP-1, COX-2, and Th1-Th2 in patients with different conditions in the acute group. Specifically, as the condition worsened, a significant increase in serum MMP-9, TIMP-1, and COX-2 levels but a significant decrease in Th1-Th2 levels was observed. After treatment, we observed a significant decrease in serum MMP-9, TIMP-1, and COX-2 levels but a significant increase in Th1-Th2 levels in the acute group.

CONCLUSION

The serum levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1, COX-2, and Th1-Th2 are valuable indicators reflecting the condition of asthma patients and could be considered promising clinical monitoring indicators.

Cauda Equina Syndrome Caused by Intradural Bone Graft Materials After Endoscopic Lumbar Fusion

A 53-year-old man presented to the emergency department with severe lower back pain, saddle anesthesia, and urinary dysfunction. He had undergone endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion for highly migrated lumbar disk herniation and lumbar instability 10 days ago. Emergency computed tomography showed that the bone graft materials had migrated to the sacral canal, and a mass with low intensity was seen located at the end of the dural cavity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. It was suspected that the bone graft materials had migrated into the dural cavity at the operative level and fallen into the end of the dural cavity due to gravity, causing acute cauda equina syndrome (CES). After emergency durotomy, the bone graft materials were completely removed. At the 18-month follow-up, the patient recovered without further complications. This procedure resulted in a rare case of CES caused by intradural bone graft after endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion. Spine surgeons should be aware of this rare but potentially dangerous complication, especially in water-based endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion. This case report shows that early recognition and prompt treatment can significantly improve the symptoms of CES, including saddle numbness and bladder dysfunction. [Orthopedics. 2023;46(6):e384-e386.].

Wnt binding to Coatomer proteins directs secretion on exosomes independently of palmitoylation

Wnt proteins are secreted hydrophobic glycoproteins that act over long distances through poorly understood mechanisms. We discovered that Wnt7a is secreted on extracellular vesicles (EVs) following muscle injury. Structural analysis identified the motif responsible for Wnt7a secretion on EVs that we term the Exosome Binding Peptide (EBP). Addition of the EBP to an unrelated protein directed secretion on EVs. Disruption of palmitoylation, knockdown of WLS, or deletion of the N-terminal signal peptide did not affect Wnt7a secretion on purified EVs. Bio-ID analysis identified Coatomer proteins as candidates responsible for loading Wnt7a onto EVs. The crystal structure of EBP bound to the COPB2 coatomer subunit, the binding thermodynamics, and mutagenesis experiments, together demonstrate that a dilysine motif in the EBP mediates binding to COPB2. Other Wnts contain functionally analogous structural motifs. Mutation of the EBP results in a significant impairment in the ability of Wnt7a to stimulate regeneration, indicating that secretion of Wnt7a on exosomes is critical for normal regeneration in vivo . Our studies have defined the structural mechanism that mediates binding of Wnt7a to exosomes and elucidated the singularity of long-range Wnt signalling.

Thermalbibacter longus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a hot spring

An isolate, designated CFH 74404^T, was recovered from a hot spring in Tengchong, Yunnan province, PR China. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolate belongs to the family Thermomicrobiaceae and showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Thermorudis peleae KI4^T (93.6 %), Thermorudis pharmacophila WKT50.2^T (93.1 %), Thermomicrobium roseum DSM 5159^T (92.0 %) and Thermomicrobium carboxidum KI3^T (91.7 %). The average amino acid identity and average nucleotide identity values between strain CFH 74404^T and the closest relatives were 42.0-75.9 % and 67.0-77.3 %, respectively. Cells of strain CFH 74404^T stained Gram-positive and were aerobic, non-motile and short rod-shaped. Growth occurred at 20-65 °C (optimum, 55 °C), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with up to 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0-1.0 %, w/v). The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-8. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were C_18 : 0 (50.8 %) and C_20 : 0 (16.8 %). The polar lipid profile of strain CFH 74404^T included diphosphatidylglycerol, four unidentified phosphoglycolipids, phosphatidylinositol and three unidentified glycolipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 67.1 mol% based on the draft genome sequence. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic analyses, it is concluded that strain CFH 74404^T represents a new species of a novel genus Thermalbibacter of the family Thermomicrobiaceae, for which the name Thermalbibacter longus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 74404^T (=KCTC 62930^T=CGMCC 1.61585^T).

One-pot biosynthesis of gastrodin using UDP-glycosyltransferase itUGT2 with an in situ UDP-glucose recycling system

Gastrodin, the major effective ingredient in Tianma (Gastrodia elata), is a p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivative with various activities. Gastrodin has been widely investigated for food and medical applications. The last biosynthetic step for gastrodin is UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT)-mediated glycosylation with UDP-glucose (UDPG) as glycosyl donor. In this study, we performed a one-pot reaction both in vitro and in vivo to synthesize gastrodin from p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (pHBA) by coupling UDP-glucosyltransferase from Indigofera tinctoria (itUGT2) to sucrose synthase from Glycine max (GmSuSy) for regeneration of UDPG. The in vitro results showed that itUGT2 transferred a glucosyl group to pHBA to generate gastrodin. After 37 UDPG regeneration cycles with 2.5% (molar ratio) UDP, the pHBA conversion reached 93% at 8 h. Furthermore, a recombinant strain with itUGT2 and GmSuSy genes was constructed. Through optimizing the incubation conditions, a 95% pHBA conversion rate (220 mg/L gastrodin titer) was achieved in vivo without addition of UDPG, which was 2.6-fold higher than that without GmSuSy. This in situ system for gastrodin biosynthesis provides a highly efficient strategy for both in vitro gastrodin synthesis and in vivo biosynthesis of gastrodin in E. coli with UDPG regeneration.

Formation mechanisms of CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6 microscale composites assisted with imidazolium cations and their device applications

The instability of all-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) remains a major challenge to their practical applications in displays and lighting. In order to improve their environmental resistance, highly luminescent CsPbBr₃ NC embedded Cs₄PbBr₆ microcrystals (MCs) have been fabricated by an anti-solvent reprecipitation method with the assistance of 1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bromides. The heterostructure of the MCs is investigated in detail, and their formation mechanism is discussed in terms of the dissolution-precipitation equilibria and the total energy of variously scaled nanoparticles via density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Although the imidazolium ligands are not directly capping with the inner CsPbBr₃ NCs, they are important to the formation of these MCs. The MCs exhibit better thermal resistance compared to conventional CsPbBr₃ NCs prepared by the hot-injection method. Additionally, a prototype white light-emitting diode (WLED) was fabricated to demonstrate its practical application prospects. Thanks to the narrow emission bands and enhanced stability of the MCs, the WLED shows greater performance compared to bare perovskite NCs, indicating its great potential as a green phosphor in lighting and display applications.

Qipengyuania thermophila sp. nov., isolated from a Chinese hot spring

A novel Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, short rod-shaped and aerobic bacterial strain, designated as CFH 74456 ^T, was isolated from sediment of a hot spring, Tengchong, Yunnan Province, south-western China. Growth occurred at 20-53 ºC (optimum 45 ºC), pH 7.0-9.0 (optimum pH 8.0) and up to 2.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0-1.0%, w/v). The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 10 (Q-10). The major fatty acids (> 10%) were C_17:1 ω6c (17.9%) and summed feature 8 (38.6%). The polar lipid profile of strain CFH 74456 ^T was identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingoglycolipid, three unidentified glycolipids and three unidentified polar lipids. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain CFH 74456 ^T belongs to the genus Qipengyuania, and was most closely related to Qipengyuania sediminis CGMCC 1.12928 ^T (95.7%). The draft genome size of the isolate was 2.29 Mb with G + C content of 68.5%. The amino acid identity, average nucleotide identity and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain CFH 74456 ^T and the closest relatives ranged from 67.0 to 67.9%, 73.0 to 74.2% and 18.2-19.3%, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic analyses, it is concluded that strain CFH 74456 ^T represents a new species of the genus Qipengyuania, for which the name Qipengyuania thermophila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 74456 ^T (= KCTC 62921 ^T = CCTCC AB 2018237 ^T).

Agromyces agglutinans sp. nov., isolated from saline lake sediment

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain CFH 90414T, was isolated from sediment sampled at a saline lake in Yuncheng, Shanxi, PR China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain CFH 90414T were Gram-reaction-positive, aerobic and non-motile. Growth occured at 4−40 °C, pH 5.0−9.0 and in the presence of up to 0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain CFH 90414T was a member of the genus Agromyces . The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis indicated that strain CFH 90414T was most closely related to Agromyces italicus JCM 14320T (98.07 %) and Agromyces lapidis JCM 14321T (97.18 %). The whole genome of CFH 90414T was 3.64 Mb, and showed a G+C content of 71.5 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) values and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between CFH 90414T and the other species of the genus Agromyces were found to be low (ANI <78.99 % and dDDH <22.9 %). The whole-cell sugars were rhamnose, mannose, ribose, glucose and galactose. The isolate contained l-2,4-diaminobutyric acid, d-alanine, d-glutamic acid and glycine in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The predominant menaquinone was MK-12. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The polar lipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified glycolipid. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain CFH 90414T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Agromyces , for which the name Agromyces agglutinans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 90414T (=DSM 105966T=KCTC 49062T).

Luminescence Enhancement of Mn4+-Activated Fluorides via a Heterovalent Co-Doping Strategy for Monochromatic Multiplexing

Mn⁴⁺ non-equivalent doped fluorides with high color purity red emission and relatively short decay time are crucial for wide color gamut displays and emerging applications, whereas the low quantum efficiency (QE) restrains their further applications. Herein, the luminescence of Mn⁴⁺ non-equivalent doped fluoride K₂NaAlF₆:Mn⁴⁺ (KNAF:Mn⁴⁺) is significantly enhanced via a heterovalent co-doping strategy, where the luminescence intensity is obviously increased by ∼85%, but the decay time is almost unchanged. The experimental characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide an understanding of the luminescence enhancement mechanism of heterovalent co-doping, which is enabled by simultaneously improving the stability of Mn⁴⁺ and reducing the number of quenching centers (defects and impurities). Combining the short-decay-time (τ = 4.03 ms) emission KNAF:Mn⁴⁺, Mg²⁺ and long-decay-time (τ = 9.23 ms) emission K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺, a novel monochromatic multiplexing mode in the millisecond order is presented, which can be decoded not only in high-efficiency by a digital camera but also with a high security. This work provides a new optical multiplexing for the information security applications and also inspires the design of high-efficiency Mn⁴⁺-activated luminescent materials.

Dipole-Orientation-Dependent Förster Resonance Energy Transfer from Aromatic Head Groups to MnBr42- Blocks in Organic-Inorganic Hybrids

The understanding and visualization of dipole-dipole interaction on molecular scale are scientifically fundamental and extremely of interest. Herein, two new zero-dimensional (0D) Mn hybrids with aromatic head groups and alkyl tails as organic spacers are selected as models. It was found that the dipole interaction between head groups and Mn blocks could have a huge impact on their crystalline structures as well as the luminescent properties. The parallel-oriented dipoles of the head groups and MnBr₄^2- blocks contribute to an efficient Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) in cetylpyridinium manganese bromide ([C16Py]₂MnBr₄), while the process is absent in 1-methyl-3-hexadecylimidazolium manganese bromide ([C16mim]₂MnBr₄) with perpendicular-oriented dipoles. This work gives insight into the influence of organic spacers on the geometry and the dipole interaction of Mn polyhedron in the hybrids, which could be of great interest in the future optical regulations and structural design.

Nocardia huaxiensis sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from human skin

A novel actinomycete, designated as strain WCH-YHL-001^T, was isolated from skin biopsy specimens of a patient at West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China. The cells were Gram-positive, aerobic, heterotrophic and non-motile. They formed an extensive substrate with short aerial mycelia, whose branches fragmented into rod-shaped elements. Growth occurred at 10-40 °C, pH 5.0-12.0 and with NaCl concentrations of 0-4.0 % (w/v). The major cellular fatty acids of strain WCH-YHL-001^T were C_16 : 0, C_18 : 1  ω9c, C_18 : 0 10-methyl and summed feature 3. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-8 (H4ω-cycl). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, unknown phospholipids and unidentified glycolipids. The diagnostic diamino acid of peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The whole-cell sugar pattern consisted of arabinose and glucose. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain WCH-YHL-001^T belonged to the genus Nocardia. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (isDDH) values between strain WCH-YHL-001^T and type strains of Nocardia species were lower than the cut-offs (≥95-96 % for ANI and ≥70 % for isDDH) required to define a bacterial species. The genomic DNA G+C content was 67.8 mol%. Phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic data suggested that strain WCH-YHL-001^T represented a novel species of the genus Nocardia, for which the name Nocardia huaxiensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain WCH-YHL-001^T (=GDMCC 4.181^T=JCM 34475 ^T=NBRC 114973^T).

Brachybacterium subflavum sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from the foregut of grass carp

A novel actinobacterium, designated CFH 10395^T, was isolated from the foregut of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), which had been fed with ginseng extract supplement. The taxonomic position was investigated by a polyphasic approach. Cells of CFH 10395^T were Gram-staining-positive, aerobic, ovoid-shaped, non-spore-forming and non-motile. On the basis of the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, CFH 10395^T was most closely related to Brachybacterium endophyticum KCTC 49087^T, Brachybacterium squillarum JCM 16464^T and Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum JCM 17781^T (97.85%, 97.51 and 97.29% similarity, respectively). CFH 10395^T grew at 4-37 °C, pH 5.0-9.0 and in the presence of up to 10.0 % NaCl (w/v). The dominant menaquinone was MK-7. The whole-cell sugars were rhamnose, glucose, mannose and galactose. meso-diaminopimelic acid was the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C_15 : 0, anteiso-C_17 : 0 and iso-C_16 : 0. The genome size was 3.99 Mbp with a DNA G+C content of 71.9 mol%. On the basis of the results of phylogenetic analysis, physiological properties, chemotaxonomic characteristics, low average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DDH (dDDH) results [ANI calculated using MUMmer (ANIm) <87 %, ANI calculated using blast (ANIb) <83 % and dDDH <23 %], it is concluded that CFH 10395^T represents a novel species of the genus Brachybacterium, for which the name Brachybacterium subflavum sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is CFH 10395^T (=CGMCC 1.13804^T=KCTC 49235^T).

Characterization of polyphosphate kinases for the synthesis of GSH with ATP regeneration from AMP

Polyphosphate kinase (PPK) is important for industrial processes involving ATP regeneration. While a variety of methods have been reported for regenerating ATP from ADP, few have explored enzyme catalyzed ATP regeneration from cheaper and stable AMP. In this work, PPKs from different sources were expressed and their catalytic activity were tested at different reaction temperatures, reaction pH and with different polyphosphate (polyP_n) types. The ATP regeneration system for glutathione (GSH) synthesis was established using a single PPK capable of phosphorylating AMP to synthesize ATP from AMP and short chain polyP_n. GSH yield was obtained using adenosine mono-, di- and triphosphates, which confirmed the flexibility of our constructed ATP regeneration system coupled with GSH synthesis via bifunctional GSH synthase. Finally, optimization of the GSH synthesis yielded conversion value above 80 %. Overall, these results illustrate that PPK is suitable for a broader range of substrates than previously expected, and has great untapped potential for applications involving ATP regeneration.

47 High-resolution ribosome profiling reveals translational selectivity in the mammalian blastocyst

Transcriptomic analyses of early mammalian embryos from multiple species have been comprehensively conducted in the last decade. However, mRNAs detected from overall transcriptomic profile of an embryo or a single cell do not necessarily represent their functional status, as there is a gap between the overall transcriptome and mRNAs that are actively translated. Ribosome profiling has been developed to infer the translational status of a specific mRNA species and thus analyse the genome-wide translatome. However, the broad application of ribosome profiling has been slowed by its complexity and the difficulty of adapting it to low-input samples such as embryos. In this study, we developed an ultra-low-input ribosome profiling protocol optimized for mammalian embryos and systematically analysed both polysome- and non-polysome-bound mRNA profiles of invitro-produced bovine blastocysts. Ten equal fractions were collected by means of sucrose density gradient and ultracentrifugation of lysates from 100 pooled blastocysts (n=2 pools), and subjected to RNA isolation and RNA sequencing. Our bioinformatics analyses of the mRNA profiles from each fraction along with the whole-transcriptome data revealed that compared with the overall transcriptome, there is a strong selection of mRNAs in the ribosome- and polysome-associated fractions, including transcriptional factors (e.g. POU5F1, ESRRB, AQP3, and APOA1) and genes involved in ribosome biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and metabolic pathways, many of which are essential for the function of embryo implantation. We also identified novel epigenetic regulators selectively translated, including regulatory enzymes on histone modifications and RNA modifications (e.g. JMJD7, ALKBH4, ALKBH7, and METTL26). In addition, we confirmed the translation of the highly expressed, yet developmentally essential pathways in the blastocysts (e.g. Wnt and Notch signalling pathways). The selectively translated mRNAs were further validated by immunofluorescent staining at the protein level and cross-validated in both bovine and mouse blastocysts. Some of these genes show only modest expression in the overall transcriptome data. Their selective translation at the blastocyst stage is only being revealed by the ribosome fractions analyses, and their functions warrant future detailed investigations. In conclusion, this study reveals bona fide active translating mRNAs in the mammalian blastocyst. The low-input ribosome profiling protocol and the data presented here set an example and open future avenues for detailed ribosome fraction–based translatome analyses to reveal novel cellular/embryonic functional regulators beyond transcriptomic data.

GALNT10 promotes the proliferation and metastatic ability of gastric cancer and reduces 5-fluorouracil sensitivity by activating HOXD13

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the expression and potential mechanism of GALNT10 in gastric cancer (GC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 60 cases of GC tissues, as well as normal tissues were collected. The total RNA of GC specimens and cells were extracted by TRIzol method and the level of GALNT10 was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addition, the relationship between GALNT10 and clinical parameters and prognosis of GC patients was analyzed. Subsequently, Lentivirus was used to construct GALNT10 knockdown GC cell lines, and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and transwell assays were applied to analyze the influence of GALNT10 on GC cell function. Bioinformatics and Luciferase assay was used to evaluate the relationship between GALNT10 and HOXD13. Furthermore, 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu)-resistant cells were used to detect the relationship between GALNT10 and 5-Fu sensitivity of GC cells.

RESULTS

qRT-PCR results revealed that GALNT10 level was markedly increased in tissues, as well as cell lines of GC. Statistical analysis suggested that GALNT10 expression was in close relation with the incidence of lymph node and distant metastasis along with poor prognosis in GC patients, but not with other indicators. CCK-8 and transwell migration experiment results indicated that GALNT10 silencing can inhibit the proliferative and migration ability of GC cells. Western blot results displayed that the HOXD13 level was remarkably decreased after GALNT10 knocking down. In addition, Luciferase gene assay indicated that GALNT10 could bind to HOXD13. Further rescue experiments showed that HOXD13overexpression can synergistically reverse the inhibitory effect of GALNT10 knockdown on GC cell proliferative and migration ability, which further demonstrated that GALNT10 could promote GC cell metastasis ability and reduce the sensitivity to 5-Fu by regulating HOXD13.

CONCLUSIONS

GALNT10 could regulate the proliferative and migration ability of GC cells and reduce the sensitivity to 5-Fu by enhancing the expression of HOXD13. Therefore, GALNT10 was expected to be a new therapeutic target for diagnosis of 5-fluorouracil resistance in GC.

Brevibacillus migulae sp. nov., isolated from a Yellow River sediment sample

Strain CFH S0501^T, a novel Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, endospore-forming and motile micro-organism with peritrichous flagella, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from the Yellow River in Henan Province, PR China. Optimum growth was observed at 28 °C, pH 7.0 and without NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain belonged to the genus Brevibacillus and was closely related to Brevibacillus centrosporus DSM 8445^T and Brevibacillus ginsengisoli Gsoil 3088^T (with 96.8 and 96.7 % sequence similarity, respectively). The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. Major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C_15 : 0 and iso-C_15 : 0. Polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids and an unidentified polar lipid. The cell-wall peptidoglycan was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid. The genome size was 5.26 Mbp with a G+C content of 49.7 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNAhybridization (DDH) values between CFH S0501^T and the other species of the genus Brevibacillus were found to be low (ANIm <86.11 %, ANIb <70.30 % and DDH <25.00 %). Based on physiological properties, chemotaxonomic characteristics and low ANI and DDH results, strain CFH S0501^T is considered to represent a novel species, for which the name Brevibacillus migulae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH S0501^T (=DSM 29940^T=BCRC 80809^T).

Isoptericola halalbus sp. nov., a halotolerant actinobacterium isolated from saline lake sediment

A novel Gram-stain-positive bacterium, designated CFH 91151^T, was isolated from sediment collected from a saline lake in Yuncheng, Shanxi Province, PR China. Cells of strain CFH 91151^T were rod-or v-shaped, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and halotolerant. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain CFH 91151^T was closely related to Isoptericola variabilis MX5^T and Isoptericola nanjingensis H17^T (98.7 and 98.4% sequence similarity, respectively). The strain grew at 4-45 °C, pH 5.0-9.0 and with 0-14.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Cells were positive for catalase, nitrate was not used and H₂S was not produced. Major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C_15 : 0 (62.76 %), anteiso-C_17 : 0 (12.09 %) and iso-C_15 : 0 (9.46 %). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two unidentified phospholipids and three unidentified glycolipids. The menaquinone was MK-9 (H4). The genome size was 4.10 Mbp with a G+C content of 72.4 mol%. The average amino acid identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) values between CFH 91151^T and the other species of the genus Isoptericola were found to be low (ANIm <87.19 %, ANIb <84.38 % and DDH <29.30 %). Based on physiological properties, chemotaxonomic characteristics and low ANI and DDH results, strain CFH 91151^T is considered to represent a novel species, for which the name Isoptericola halalbus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 91151^T (=DSM 105976^T=KCTC 49061^T).

Halomonas lactosivorans sp. nov., isolated from salt-lake sediment

A bacteria strain, designated CFH 90008T, was isolated from a salt lake sediment sample collected from Yuncheng city, Shanxi Province, PR China. Strain CFH 90008T was Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, motile with lateral flagella and rod-shaped. Colonies were yellow, circular and smooth. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CFH 90008T belonged to the genus Halomonas , showing highest sequence similarity to Halomonas daqingensis DQD2-30T (98.6 %), Halomonas saliphila LCB169T (98.5 %), Halomonas desiderata FB2T (98.1 %) and Halomonas kenyensis AIR-2T (98.0 %). Good growth was observed at 10–50 °C, pH 6.0–9.0 and with NaCl concentration from 1.0 to 12.0 % (w/v). The predominant quinone was Q9. The major fatty acid (>10 %) was C18 : 1 ω7c, C16 : 0 and C16 : 1 ω7c. The genome of strain CFH 90008T was 4.36 Mbp with a genomic DNA G+C content of 66.7 mol%. Based on low average nucleotide identity and DNA–DNAhybridization results, chemotaxonomic characteristics, and differential physiological properties, strain CFH 90008T could not be classified into any recognized species of the genus Halomonas . Therefore, a new species, for which the name Halomonas lactosivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 90008T (=DSM 103220T=KCTC 52281T).

Amycolatopsis nivea sp. nov., isolated from a Yellow River sample

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain CFH S0261^T, was isolated from a sediment sample of the Yellow River. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain CFH S0261^T were Gram-reaction-positive, aerobic, non-motile. Growth occurs at 15-37 °C, pH 6.0-8.0 and with 0-9.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain CFH S0261^T was a member of the genus Amycolatopsis. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that strain CFH S0261^T is most closely related to the type strains of Amycolatopsis niigatensis LC11^T (98.95 %), Amycolatopsis echigonensis LC2^T (98.81 %) and Amycolatopsis albidoflavus IMSNU 22139^T (98.73 %). The whole-genome of CFH S0261^T showed a G+C content of 69.5 mol%. The ANI values and in silico DDH values between CFH S0261^T and the other species of the genus Amycolatopsis were found to be low (ANIb <90.61 % and DDH <53.40 %). The cell wall diamino acid in the peptidoglycan of strain CFH S0261^T was meso-diaminopimelic acid and the whole-cell hydrolysate comprised arabinose, galactose, glucose, rhamnose and ribose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H₄). The major cellular fatty acids were C_16 : 0, iso-C_15 : 0 and iso-C_16 : 0. The polar lipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and four unidentified glycolipids. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain CFH S0261^T represents a novel species of the genus Amycolatopsis, for which the name Amycolatopsis nivea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH S0261^T (=KCTC 39515^T =CCTCC AA 2014028^T).

Computer-generated photorealistic hologram using ray-wavefront conversion based on the additive compressive light field approach

The conventional computer-generated hologram reconstructing photorealistic three-dimensional (3D) images based on ray-wavefront conversion has the disadvantage of spatio-angular resolution trade-off. In this Letter, we propose for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a computer-generated photorealistic hologram without spatio-angular resolution trade-off based on the additive compressive light field (CLF) approach. The original light field is compressed into multiple layer images through numerical optimization based on the additive light field principle. Then, by independently calculating the wave propagation from each layer image to the hologram plane and adding them together, a CLF hologram is generated. Since the CLF information is presented through a holographic method, the advantage of high resolution in CLF is preserved while the limitation of the number of physically stacked layers (such as liquid crystal displays) is removed, leading to higher quality, larger depth of field, and higher brightness compared with a conventional CLF display. The proposed method is verified with a photorealistic optical experiment.

Thermus thermamylovorans sp. nov., isolated from a hot spring

A novel thermophilic bacterium, designated CFH 72773^T was isolated from the enrichment of a Jinze hot spring sample which was collected from Dientan town, Tengchong county, Yunnan province, south-western PR China. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and non-sporulating. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Growth occurred at 37-75 °C, pH 6.0-8.0 and with 0-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated the strain represented a member of the genus Thermus and showed close relationships to the type strains Thermus caliditerrae YIM 77925^T (96.3 % similarity) and Thermus igniterrae RF-4^T (96.2 % similarity). The whole genome of CFH 72773^T consisted of 2.25 Mbp and the DNA G+C content was 69.5 mol%. A total of 2262 genes, including a variety of enzymes for chemolithotrophy and anerobic respiration, were predicted. The strain had a unique negative oxidase activity and could hydrolyze starch at high temperature. Furthermore, various genes related to methane, sulfur, fumarate and nitrate metabolism were found, all these indicated that it is worth studying the novel strain. The predominant menaquinone is MK-8. The predominant cellular fatty acids included iso-C_15 : 0, iso-C_16 : 0 and iso-C_17 : 0. The major polar lipids were comprised of aminophospholipid, glycolipid and two phospholipids. On the basis of low ANI values, different phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characters and phylogenetic analysis, we made a proposal that strain CFH 72773^T represents a novel member of the genus Thermus, for which the name Thermus thermamylovorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 72773^T (=CCTCC AB2018244^T=KCTC 43129^T).

2 The landscape of accessible chromatin in bovine oocytes and early embryos

Chromatin reorganization governs gene expression regulation during pre-implantation development. However, the global chromatin landscape and its dynamics in this period remain unexplored in bovine. In this study, we constructed a genome-wide map of accessible chromatin in bovine oocytes and early embryos using an improved assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq). We analysed pools of 20 germinal vesicles or MII oocytes or 2-, 4-, 8-, 16-cell, morula, and blastocyst stage invitro-produced embryos. We conducted ATAC-seq on six pools for each stage and an additional four pools of invivo-derived morula and blastocysts and six replicates using individual Day 14 elongating embryos. We obtained ~110 million paired end reads uniquely mapped to the bovine reference genome for each stage. Hierarchical clustering, t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding, and principal component analysis showed four distinct patterns for open chromatin status: (1) low accessibility in germinal vesicles and MII oocytes and in 2- and 4-cell embryos; (2) significantly elevated accessibility in 8-cell, 16-cell, and morula embryos; (3) less accessibility in blastocysts; and (4) extremely high accessibility in elongating embryos. This dynamic and sequential chromatin remodelling is consistent with transcription activation during the bovine minor embryonic genome activation from fertilization to 4-cell, major embryonic genome activation at 8-cell, first differentiation at blastocyst and drastic transcription initiation for embryo elongation. Genome-wide characteristics of accessible chromatin showed (1) accessible chromatin near the transcription start sites of active genes and CpG-rich promoters; (2) widespread accessible chromatin regions extensively overlapped with transposable elements; (3) distal peaks preferentially enriched for repeats including LINE, SINE, and LTR from 8-cell to morula embryos, especially for LTR, whereas enrichment in simple repeats were found from oocytes to 4-cell and in elongating embryos; and (4) highly stage-specific transcription factor motifs in distal peaks were unveiled. By integrating the maps of chromatin accessibility with bovine embryo transcriptomes and DNA methylomes, we found promoter accessibility and DNA methylation in bovine embryos correlated with both gene activities and CpG densities. Most importantly, we constructed the regulatory networks of stage-specific expressed genes and stage-specific activated genes with three omics datasets in bovine early embryos and revealed conserved and distinctive transcriptional regulatory networks between invivo- and invitro-derived embryos. This comprehensive analysis revealed critical features of the chromatin landscape and epigenetic reprogramming during bovine early embryo development.

31 Effect of vitrification on global gene expression dynamics of bovine elongating embryos

The ability to cryopreserve gametes and embryos has been a valuable tool for reproductive management in all mammalian species, especially livestock. Embryo vitrification involves exposure to high concentrations of cryoprotectants and osmotic stress during cooling and warming. These factors have to affect gene expression. The elongating embryo is a stage of embryo development that can be recovered noninvasively in the cow on day (D) 14 and represents a critical stage of development when many embryos die. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of vitrification on the transcriptome dynamics of D14 embryos by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Invitro blastocyst-stage embryos were vitrified by exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide and ethylene glycol solution, followed by placing on Cryo Loks and plunging in liquid nitrogen. After warming, embryos were loaded into straws and transferred into eight synchronized recipients, four cows received nonvitrified embryos and four cows received vitrified embryos (20 embryos per cow). Embryo flushing yielded 12 nonvitrified and 9 vitrified viable D14 embryos. Whole embryos (six nonvitrified and two vitrified embryos) or isolated trophectoderm (TE; four nonvitrified and seven vitrified) were processed for RNA-seq. The Smart-sEqn 2 protocol was followed to prepare RNA-seq libraries. Sequencing reads were prefiltered and aligned to the bovine genome, and gene expression values were calculated as fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads. Genes were deemed differentially expressed between treatments if they showed a false discovery rate P-value&lt;0.05 and fold-change &gt;2. Ingenuity pathway analysis was used to reveal gene ontology and pathways. Expression of 927 genes was changed in D14 embryos as a result of vitrification, with 782 and 145 genes upregulated and downregulated, respectively. In TE, vitrification resulted in 4096 and 280 upregulated or downregulated genes, respectively. Several pathways were upregulated by vitrification in both whole embryos and TE, including epithelial adherens junctions, sirtuin signalling, germ cell-Sertoli cell junction, ATM signalling, nucleotide excision repair, and protein ubiquitination pathways. Downregulated pathways included EIF2 signalling, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, regulation of eIF4 and p70S6K signalling, mammalian target of rapamycin signalling, sirtuin singling, and nucleotide excision repair pathways. In addition, we found 671 and 61 genes upregulated and downregulated in both vitrified whole embryos and TE. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative phosphorylation signalling were upregulated, whereas epithelial adherens junction and sirtuin signalling were downregulated, suggesting mitochondrial function and energy production were impaired in TE after vitrification. Our analysis identified specific pathways and implicated specific genes affected by cryopreservation and potentially affecting embryo developmental competence.

Antribacter gilvus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Promicromonosporaceae from a karstic cavern

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain CFH 30434^T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from a karst cave in Luoyang, Henan Province, PR China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Cells of the strain were aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile and coccoid or short rods. The strain was found to be oxidase-positive and weakly catalase-positive. Strain CFH 30434^T grew optimally at 28 °C, pH 7.0-9.0 and in the presence of up to 0-1.5 % NaCl (w/v). The whole-cell sugars were glucose, mannose and rhamnose. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-9(H₈) and the major fatty acids (>10 % of the total fatty acids compositions) were anteiso-C_15 : 0, iso-C_15:0 and iso-C_14 : 0. The polar lipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 72.3 mol%. The results of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that CFH 30434^T clustered within the family Promicromonosporaceae, and closely with the type strains of Xylanimicrobium pachnodae DSM 12657^T, Myceligenerans crystallogenes DSM 17134^T and Promicromonospora xylanilytica CCTCC AA 208046^T (97.3 %, 96.2 and 95.9 % sequence similarities, respectively). Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain CFH 30434^T formed a separate evolutionary branch, and was parallel to other related genera of Promicromonosporaceae. Its phylogenetic distinctiveness and distinguishing phenotypic characteristics supported that strain CFH 30434^T represents a novel genus of the family Promicromonosporaceae, for which the name Antribacter gilvus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 30434^T (=CGMCC 1.13856^T=KCTC 49093^T).

Resolution priority holographic stereogram based on integral imaging with enhanced depth range

Conventional holographic stereogram (HS) can be generated through fast Fourier transforming parallax images into hogels. Conventional HS uses multiple plane waves to reconstruct 3D images with low resolution and is similar to the principle of depth priority integral imaging (II). We proposed the concept of resolution priority HS for the first time, which is based on the principle of resolution priority II, by adding a quadratic phase term on the conventional Fourier transform. In the proposed resolution priority HS, the resolution of reconstructed 3D images is much better than conventional HS, but the depth range is limited. To enhance the depth range, a multi-plane technique was used to present multiple central depth planes simultaneously. The proposed resolution priority HS with high resolution and enhanced depth range was verified by both simulation and optical experiment.

Microbacterium ureisolvens sp. nov., isolated from a Yellow River sample

A Gram-stain positive, aerobic, non-motile and short-rod-shaped strain, CFH S00084^T, was isolated from a sediment sample of the Yellow River in Henan Province, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CFH S00084^T clustered within members of Microbacterium and was most closely related to the type strains Microbacterium yannicii JCM 18959^T and Microbacterium arthrosphaerae DSM 22421^T (98.97 % and 98.36 % similarity, respectively). The strain grew optimally at 25-37 °C, at pH 7.0 and in 0-3 % (w/v) NaCl. The major whole-cell sugars were rhamnose and glucose. The cell-wall peptidoglycan mainly contained glycine, alanine and ornithine. The menaquinones of strain CFH S00084^T were MK-13, MK-12 and MK-11. The major fatty acids detected were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The genome of strain CFH S00084^T was 4.03 Mbp with a G+C content of 70.5 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between CFH S00084^T and the other species of the genus Microbacterium were found to be low (ANIm <85 %, ANIb <75 % and dDDH <24 %). The phylogenomic analysis provided evidence for clear phylogenetic divergence between strain CFH S00084^T and its closely related type strains. On the basis of the differential physiological properties, chemotaxonomic characteristics and low ANI and dDDH results, strain CFH S00084^T is considered to represent a novel species for which the name Microbacteriumureisolvens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH S00084^T (=KCTC 39802^T=DSM 103157^T).

A novel Cs2NbOF5:Mn4+ oxyfluoride red phosphor for light-emitting diode devices

The addition of a red-emitting phosphor to YAG:Ce3+-based white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) greatly facilitates their applications in the field of high-color-rendering-index warm solid-state lighting. It is highly desirable to develop a red phosphor with satisfactory spectral features and low synthesis cost. In this study, a novel non-rare-earth and nonequivalent doping type of Cs2NbOF5:Mn4+ oxyfluoride red-emitting phosphor with high luminous efficiency was obtained via a facile room-temperature co-precipitation method, and its morphology and luminescent properties were investigated in detail. The Cs2NbOF5:Mn4+ phosphor with micro-rod-like morphology exhibited broad band absorption at blue light region (∼474 nm) and narrow bandwidth emissions at red region (∼633 nm). The color purity of the Cs2NbOF5:Mn4+ phosphor was calculated to be about 99%, and the internal quantum yield (QY) under 474 nm excitation was 63.4%. The concentration quenching of Mn4+ in Cs2NbOF5 matrix was mainly due to dipole-dipole interactions, and the activation energy of temperature quenching was calculated to be ∼0.2610 eV. The demonstration of a blue InGaN LED chip in combination with a blend of newly developed Cs2NbOF5:Mn4+ red phosphor and YAG:Ce3+ yellow phosphor greatly decreased the correlated color temperature (CCT) from 6255 to 3517 K while significantly improving the color rendering index (CRI) from 72.5 to 87.5. It deserves to be mentioned that the brand-new matrix to phosphor in the present study can be extended to various niobium/tantalum oxyfluoride series, which is very helpful for developing and designing new red phosphors.

Ornithinimicrobium cavernae sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from a karst cave

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain CFH 30183^T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from a karst cave in Luoyang, Henan Province. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain CFH 30183^T were observed to be Gram-stain positive, motile, asporogenous and coccoid to rod shaped. The strain was found to be aerobic and oxidase positive. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain CFH 30183^T was found to be closely related to Ornithinimicrobium murale 01-Gi-040^T (97.8% sequence identity). The ANIb/ANIm values between strain CFH 30183^T and O. murale DSM 22056^T were found to be 80.3%/85.9%. Strain CFH 30183^T was found to grow optimally at 28-32 °C, at pH 8.0-9.0 and in the presence of up to 7% NaCl (w/v). Whole cell hydrolysates of strain CFH 30183^T contained L-ornithine as the diagnostic diamino acid, and arabinose, glucose, mannose and rhamnose as whole cell sugars. The respiratory quinone was determined to be MK-8(H₄), while the major fatty acids were found to consist of iso-C_15:0 and iso-C_16:0. The polar lipids profile was found to include diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified phospholipid, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid and four unidentified lipids. The DNA G + C content of strain CFH 30183^T was calculated to be 70.9%. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data obtained, strain CFH 30183^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Ornithinimicrobium, for which the name Ornithinimicrobium cavernae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 30183^T (= KCTC 49018^T = CGMCC 1.16393^T).

Highly Regular, Uniform K3ScF6:Mn4+ Phosphors: Facile Synthesis, Microstructures, Photoluminescence Properties, and Application in Light-Emitting Diode Devices

A new generation of red phosphors of complex fluoride matrices activated with Mn⁴⁺ has gained a broad interest in getting high color quality and low color temperature of solid-state white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). However, besides their instability toward moisture, the extremely irregular and nonuniform morphologies of these phosphors have limited their practical industry applications. In the present study, a novel type of K₃ScF₆:Mn⁴⁺ red phosphor with highly regular, uniform, and high color purity was obtained successfully through a facile coprecipitation route under mild conditions. The crystal structure was identified with aids of the powder X-ray diffraction, Rietveld refinement, and density functional theory calculations. The prototype crystallizes in the space group Fm3 m with a cubic structure, and the lattice parameters are fitted well to be a = b = c = 8.4859(8) Å and V = 611.074(2) ų. The Mn⁴⁺ ions occupy Sc³⁺ sites and locate at the centers of the distorted ScF₆ octahedrons. A wide band gap of approximately 6.15 eV can provide sufficient space to accommodate impurity energy levels. Unlike most other Mn⁴⁺ ion-activated fluoride phosphors, the as-prepared K₃ScF₆:Mn⁴⁺ phosphors demonstrate highly uniform and regular morphologies with shapes transforming from cube to octahedron with increasing Mn⁴⁺ ion concentration. Under blue light excitation, the as-prepared K₃ScF₆:Mn⁴⁺ sample exhibits intense sharp-line red fluorescence (the strongest peak located at 631 nm) with high color purity. An excellent recovery in luminescence upon heating and cooling processes implies high stability of K₃ScF₆:Mn⁴⁺. Furthermore, a warm WLED fabricated with blue GaN chips merged with the mixture of K₃ScF₆:Mn⁴⁺ and the well-known commercial YAG:Ce³⁺ yellow phosphors exhibits wonderful color quality with lower correlated color temperature (3250 K) and higher color-rendering index ( R_a = 86.4). These results suggest that the K₃ScF₆:Mn⁴⁺ phosphor possesses stupendous potentiality for practical applications.

Paenibacillus esterisolvens sp. nov., isolated from soil

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, motile with peritrichous flagella, rod-shaped bacterium, designated CFH S0170^T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from Catba island in Ha Long Bay, Hai Phong City, Vietnam. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain CFH S0170^T belonged to the genus Paenibacillus and showed closest relationship with Paenibacillus vulneris CCUG 53270^T (98.1 % similarity). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the novel candidate formed a coherent branch with P. vulneris CCUG 53270^T and Paenibacillus yunnanensis YN2^T. Furthermore, the novel strain shared 87.2 % rpoB gene sequence similarity with P. vulneris CCUG 53270^T. Growth of strain CFH S0170^T occurred at 10-40 °C, pH 6.0-8.0 and with 0-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain CFH S0170^T contained mannose, glucose and rhamnose as the major whole-cell sugars. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, glutamic acid, lysine and aspartic acid. The polar lipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, glycolipids and phospholipids. The dominant cellular fatty acids included anteiso-C15 : 0 and C15 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C content was 50.9 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analysis, strain CFH S0170^T is affiliated to the genus Paenibacillus, but could be distinguished from other valid species of this genus. It is concluded that strain CFH S0170^T should be considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus esterisolvens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH S0170^T (=KCTC 33624^T=BCRC 80802^T).

The Dystrophin Glycoprotein Complex Regulates the Epigenetic Activation of Muscle Stem Cell Commitment

Asymmetrically dividing muscle stem cells in skeletal muscle give rise to committed cells, where the myogenic determination factor Myf5 is transcriptionally activated by Pax7. This activation is dependent on Carm1, which methylates Pax7 on multiple arginine residues, to recruit the ASH2L:MLL1/2:WDR5:RBBP5 histone methyltransferase complex to the proximal promoter of Myf5. Here, we found that Carm1 is a specific substrate of p38γ/MAPK12 and that phosphorylation of Carm1 prevents its nuclear translocation. Basal localization of the p38γ/p-Carm1 complex in muscle stem cells occurs via binding to the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) through β1-syntrophin. In dystrophin-deficient muscle stem cells undergoing asymmetric division, p38γ/β1-syntrophin interactions are abrogated, resulting in enhanced Carm1 phosphorylation. The resulting progenitors exhibit reduced Carm1 binding to Pax7, reduced H3K4-methylation of chromatin, and reduced transcription of Myf5 and other Pax7 target genes. Therefore, our experiments suggest that dysregulation of p38γ/Carm1 results in altered epigenetic gene regulation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Thalassotalea atypica sp. nov., isolated from seawater, and emended description of Thalassotalea eurytherma

A novel Gram-stain-negative, straight or slightly curved rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated, strictly aerobic strain, designated RZG4-3-1^T, was isolated from coastal seawater of Rizhao, China (119.625° E 35.517° N). The organism grew optimally at 24-28 °C, at pH 7.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The strain required seawater or artificial seawater for growth, and NaCl alone did not support growth. Strain RZG4-3-1^T contained ubiquinone 8 (Q-8) as the major respiratory quinone and contained C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c and C16 : 0 as the dominant fatty acids. The polar lipids of strain RZG4-3-1^T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified aminophospholipid. The DNA G+C content of strain RZG4-3-1^T was 40.1 mol%. Strain RZG4-3-1^T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value (96.0 %) to Thalassotalea eurytherma JCM 18482^T. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain RZG4-3-1^T belonged to the genus Thalassotalea. On the basis of polyphasic analyses, strain RZG4-3-1^T represents a novel species of the genus Thalassotalea, for which the name Thalassotalea atypica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RZG4-3-1^T (=JCM 31894^T=KCTC 52745^T=MCCC 1K03276^T). An emended description of Thalassotalea eurytherma is also provided.

Laceyella thermophila sp. nov., a thermophilic bacterium isolated from a hot spring

A novel themophilic bacterium, designated YIM 79486T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from Jinze hot spring in Tengchong county, Yunnan province, south-west China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain YIM 79486T should be assigned to the genus Laceyella and formed a monophyletic clade with the type strain Laceyella putida KCTC 3666T (98.7 % similarity). Strain YIM 79486T formed white aerial mycelium and brown substrate mycelium. Abundant endospores were produced on short sporophores. Cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9 and MK-8. The genomic DNA G+C content observed for strain YIM 79486T was 47.8 mol%. Based on low DNA-DNA hybridization data, chemotaxonomic characteristics and differential physiological properties, strain YIM 79486T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Laceyella, for which the name Laceyella thermophila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 79486T (=CCTC AB 2015040T=NBRC 110772T).