1
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Lim H, Lee J, You B, Oh JH, Mok HJ, Kim YS, Yoon BE, Kim BG, Back SK, Park JS, Kim KP, Schnaar RL, Lee SJ. GT1b functions as a novel endogenous agonist of toll-like receptor 2 inducing neuropathic pain. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102214. [PMID: 32030804 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord microglia contribute to nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. We have previously demonstrated that toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling is critical for nerve injury-induced activation of spinal cord microglia, but the responsible endogenous TLR2 agonist has not been identified. Here, we show that nerve injury-induced upregulation of sialyltransferase St3gal2 in sensory neurons leads to an increase in expression of the sialylated glycosphingolipid, GT1b. GT1b ganglioside is axonally transported to the spinal cord dorsal horn and contributes to characteristics of neuropathic pain such as mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Spinal cord GT1b functions as an TLR2 agonist and induces proinflammatory microglia activation and central sensitization. Pharmacological inhibition of GT1b synthesis attenuates nerve injury-induced spinal cord microglia activation and pain hypersensitivity. Thus, the St3gal2-GT1b-TLR2 axis may offer a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoungsub Lim
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, BK21-Plus, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaesung Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, BK21-Plus, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byunghyun You
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, BK21-Plus, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuck Jun Mok
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Yoo Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Bo-Eun Yoon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Byung Gon Kim
- Department of Brain Science and Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung Keun Back
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong-Sang Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Ronald L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, BK21-Plus, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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2
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Bandu R, Mok HJ, Kim KP. Phospholipids as cancer biomarkers: Mass spectrometry-based analysis. Mass Spectrom Rev 2018; 37:107-138. [PMID: 27276657 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipids, particularly phospholipids (PLs), are key components of cellular membrane. PLs play important and diverse roles in cells such as chemical-energy storage, cellular signaling, cell membranes, and cell-cell interactions in tissues. All these cellular processes are pertinent to cells that undergo transformation, cancer progression, and metastasis. Thus, there is a strong possibility that some classes of PLs are expected to present in cancer cells and tissues in cellular physiology. The mass spectrometric soft-ionization techniques, electrospray ionization (ESI), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) are well-established in the proteomics field, have been used for lipidomic analysis in cancer research. This review focused on the applications of mass spectrometry (MS) mainly on ESI-MS and MALDI-MS in the structural characterization, molecular composition and key roles of various PLs present in cancer cells, tissues, blood, and urine, and on their importance for cancer-related problems as well as challenges for development of novel PL-based biomarkers. The profiling of PLs helps to rationalize their functions in biological systems, and will also provide diagnostic information to elucidate mechanisms behind the control of cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. The investigation of cellular PLs with MS methods suggests new insights on various cancer diseases and clinical applications in the drug discovery and development of biomarkers for various PL-related different cancer diseases. PL profiling in tissues, cells and body fluids also reflect the general condition of the whole organism and can indicate the existence of cancer and other diseases. PL profiling with MS opens new prospects to assess alterations of PLs in cancer, screening specific biomarkers and provide a basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:107-138, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Bandu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yong-in City, 446-701, Korea
| | - Hyuck Jun Mok
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yong-in City, 446-701, Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yong-in City, 446-701, Korea
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3
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Lee JW, Mok HJ, Lee DY, Park SC, Kim GS, Lee SE, Lee YS, Kim KP, Kim HD. UPLC-QqQ/MS-Based Lipidomics Approach To Characterize Lipid Alterations in Inflammatory Macrophages. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1460-1469. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Lee
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Natural Science, College of
Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck Jun Mok
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Natural Science, College of
Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Lee
- Department
of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Cheol Park
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Natural Science, College of
Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Soog Kim
- Department
of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Lee
- Department
of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seob Lee
- Department
of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Natural Science, College of
Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Don Kim
- Department
of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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4
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Mok HJ, Shin H, Lee JW, Lee GK, Suh CS, Kim KP, Lim HJ. Age-Associated Lipidome Changes in Metaphase II Mouse Oocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148577. [PMID: 26881843 PMCID: PMC4755615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of mammalian oocytes declines with age, which negatively affects fertilization and developmental potential. The aging process often accompanies damages to macromolecules such as proteins, DNA, and lipids. To investigate if aged oocytes display an altered lipidome compared to young oocytes, we performed a global lipidomic analysis between oocytes from 4-week-old and 42 to 50-week-old mice. Increased oxidative stress is often considered as one of the main causes of cellular aging. Thus, we set up a group of 4-week-old oocytes treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a commonly used oxidative stressor, to compare if similar lipid species are altered between aged and oxidative-stressed oocytes. Between young and aged oocytes, we identified 26 decreased and 6 increased lipids in aged oocytes; and between young and H2O2-treated oocytes, we identified 35 decreased and 26 increased lipids in H2O2-treated oocytes. The decreased lipid species in these two comparisons were overlapped, whereas the increased lipid species were distinct. Multiple phospholipid classes, phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), and lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) significantly decreased both in H2O2-treated and aged oocytes, suggesting that the integrity of plasma membrane is similarly affected under these conditions. In contrast, a dramatic increase in diacylglycerol (DG) was only noted in H2O2-treated oocytes, indicating that the acute effect of H2O2-caused oxidative stress is distinct from aging-associated lipidome alteration. In H2O2-treated oocytes, the expression of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 increased along with increases in phosphatidylcholine. Overall, our data reveal that several classes of phospholipids are affected in aged oocytes, suggesting that the integrity of plasma membrane is associated with maintaining fertilization and developmental potential of mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuck Jun Mok
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Natural Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyejin Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science & Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Natural Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Geun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science & Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Suk Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Natural Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- * E-mail: (PKP); (HJL)
| | - Hyunjung Jade Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science & Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (PKP); (HJL)
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5
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Seo EJ, Kwon YW, Jang IH, Kim DK, Lee SI, Choi EJ, Kim KH, Suh DS, Lee JH, Choi KU, Lee JW, Mok HJ, Kim KP, Matsumoto H, Aoki J, Kim JH. Autotaxin Regulates Maintenance of Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells through Lysophosphatidic Acid-Mediated Autocrine Mechanism. Stem Cells 2016; 34:551-64. [PMID: 26800320 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer shows high mortality due to development of resistance to chemotherapy and relapse. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been suggested to be a major contributor in developing drug resistance and relapse in ovarian cancer. In this study, we isolated CSCs through sphere culture of A2780, SKOV3, OVCAR3 epithelial ovarian cancer cells and primary ovarian cancer cells from patients. We identified heat-stable factors secreted from ovarian CSCs stimulated migration and proliferation of CSCs. Mass spectrometry and ELISA analysis revealed that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) was significantly elevated in CSC culture media compared with non-CSC culture media. Treatment of CSCs with LPA resulted in augmented CSC characteristics such as sphere-forming ability, resistance to anticancer drugs, tumorigenic potential in xenograft transplantation, and high expression of CSC-associated genes, including OCT4, SOX2, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1. Treatment of CSCs with LPA receptor 1-specific inhibitors or silencing of LPA receptor 1 expression abrogated the LPA-stimulated CSC properties. Autotaxin, an LPA-producing enzyme, is highly secreted from ovarian CSCs, and pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of autotaxin markedly attenuated the LPA-producing, tumorigenic, and drug resistance potentials of CSCs. Clinicopathological analysis showed a significant survival disadvantage of patients with positive staining of autotaxin. In addition, we further identified that AKT1 activity was upregulated in ovarian CSCs through an LPA-dependent mechanism and silencing of AKT1 expression led to suppression of CSC characteristics. These results suggest that autotaxin-LPA-LPA receptor 1-AKT1 signaling axis is critical for maintaining CSC characteristics through an autocrine loop and provide a novel therapeutic target for ovarian CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Seo
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Woo Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Ho Jang
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Kyoung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo In Lee
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Choi
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyung Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soo Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Lee
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Un Choi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck Jun Mok
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University, Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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6
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Mok HJ, Lee JW, Bandu R, Kang HS, Kim KH, Kim KP. A rapid and sensitive profiling of free fatty acids using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) after chemical derivatization. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01344a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A mass spectrometry method for the improved identification and quantification of free fatty acids (FFAs) based on derivatization using trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD) was developed and validated to be an sensitive and accurate method for analyzing FFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuck Jun Mok
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- The Institute of Natural Science
- College of Applied Science
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- The Institute of Natural Science
- College of Applied Science
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin
| | - Raju Bandu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- The Institute of Natural Science
- College of Applied Science
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin
| | - Hong Seok Kang
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Medicine
- Konkuk University
- Seoul 143-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun-Hwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Medicine
- Konkuk University
- Seoul 143-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- The Institute of Natural Science
- College of Applied Science
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin
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7
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Lee JW, Shinohara H, Jung JH, Mok HJ, Akao Y, Kim KP. Detailed characterization of alterations in the lipid profiles during autophagic cell death of leukemia cells. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01965j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a lipidomics approach based on UPLC-QqQ/MS was applied to profile various lipids in human leukemia cells undergoing autophagic cell death (ACD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Applied Science
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin
- Republic of Korea
| | - Haruka Shinohara
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences
- Gifu University
- Gifu 501-1193
- Japan
| | - Jae Hun Jung
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Applied Science
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck Jun Mok
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Applied Science
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yukihiro Akao
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences
- Gifu University
- Gifu 501-1193
- Japan
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Applied Science
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin
- Republic of Korea
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8
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Bandu R, Kim HJ, Mok HJ, Kim KP. A liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric study (LC/ESI-MS/MS) of in vivo metabolites of cisplatin in rat liver and brain tissues: deuterated experiments. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15237b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo rat liver and brain tissue metabolites of an anticancer drug, cisplatin, have been identified and characterized by using LC/ESI-MS/MS in combination with on-line H/D exchange experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Bandu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Applied Sciences
- Kyung Hee University
- Yong-in City
- Korea
| | - Hak Jin Kim
- Department of Radiology
- Pusan National University School of Medicine
- Biomedical Research Institute
- Pusan National University Hospital
- Busan
| | - Hyuck Jun Mok
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Applied Sciences
- Kyung Hee University
- Yong-in City
- Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Applied Sciences
- Kyung Hee University
- Yong-in City
- Korea
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Jung J, Shin H, Bang S, Mok HJ, Suh CS, Kim KP, Lim HJ. Analysis of the phospholipid profile of metaphase II mouse oocytes undergoing vitrification. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102620. [PMID: 25033391 PMCID: PMC4102530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oocyte freezing confers thermal and chemical stress upon the oolemma and various other intracellular structures due to the formation of ice crystals. The lipid profiles of oocytes and embryos are closely associated with both, the degrees of their membrane fluidity, as well as the degree of chilling and freezing injuries that may occur during cryopreservation. In spite of the importance of lipids in the process of cryopreservation, the phospholipid status in oocytes and embryos before and after freezing has not been investigated. In this study, we employed mass spectrometric analysis to examine if vitrification has an effect on the phospholipid profiles of mouse oocytes. Freshly prepared metaphase II mouse oocytes were vitrified using copper grids and stored in liquid nitrogen for 2 weeks. Fresh and vitrified-warmed oocytes were subjected to phospholipid extraction procedure. Mass spectrometric analyses revealed that multiple species of phospholipids are reduced in vitrified-warmed oocytes. LIFT analyses identified 31 underexpressed and 5 overexpressed phospholipids in vitrified mouse oocytes. The intensities of phosphatidylinositol (PI) {18∶2/16∶0} [M-H]- and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) {14∶0/18∶2} [M-H]- were decreased the most with fold changes of 30.5 and 19.1 in negative ion mode, respectively. Several sphingomyelins (SM) including SM {d38∶3} [M+H]+ and SM {d34∶0} [M+K]+ were decreased significantly in positive ion mode. Overall, the declining trend of multiple phospholipids demonstrates that vitrification has a marked effect on phospholipid profiles of oocytes. These results show that the identified phospholipids can be used as potential biomarkers of oocyte undergoing vitrification and will allow for the development of strategies to preserve phospholipids during oocyte cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehun Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyejin Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science & Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soyoung Bang
- Department of Biomedical Science & Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuck Jun Mok
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Chang Suk Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- * E-mail: (KPK); (HJL)
| | - Hyunjung Jade Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science & Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (KPK); (HJL)
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