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Sá D, Mendonça MI, Santos M, Temtem M, Sousa AC, Rodrigues M, Henriques E, Freitas S, Borges S, Guerra G, Freitas AI, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Palma Dos Reis R. Poster No. 054 Genetic variation in the TCF21 gene is associated with the severity of coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac157.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
In vitro studies demonstrated that targeted deletion of the transcription factor encoding gene TCF21, was associated with vascular smooth muscle cell disruption. Recent research showed that TCF21 expression contribute to fibrous cap formation, preventing heart attacks.
Purpose
Analyse the TCF21 rs12190287 gene and evaluate its association with atherosclerosis severity measured according to the coronary angiogram patients´ data. Methods: Prospective study with 1,639 coronary artery disease (CAD) patients (mean age 53.4 ± 7.8 years). Two age groups (< 55 and > 55 years) were stratified and analyzed. TCF21 rs12190287 G > C was genotyped in all patients. The severity of CAD was graded according to the number of obstructed coronary arteries with at least 70% narrowed lumen. Chi-squared tests and multivariate logistic regression models were analysed.
Results
The CC genotype was associated with > 70% obstructive lesions (vascular disease rate, 48.1%). Contrariwise, the GG wild genotype was associated with less severe obstructive disease (19.5%) (P = 0.003). When we stratified the TCF21 genotypes per age group (55 years), the CC genotype in the younger group had more obstructed disease (47.4%) when compared with GG (18.8%) (P = 0.012), but this effect was not significant in the older group. Multivariate analysis (logistic regression) showed that the CC genotype had a high risk of multivessel coronary disease (OR = 2.88; P = 0.001) than GG.
Conclusion
This work shows that the TCF21 wild genotype protects against CAD severity. In contrast, the CC genotype is associated with an increased risk of CAD severity.
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Temtem M, Mendonca MI, Serrao M, Santos M, Sa D, Soares C, Sousa AC, Henriques E, Rodrigues M, Freitas S, Borges S, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Palma Dos Reis R. Prognostic impact of adding Coronary Calcium Score to European SCORE2 in an asymptomatic Portuguese population. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The new European SCORE2 estimates the combined risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular (CV) events, in contrast with SCORE's use for CV mortality only. Although controversial, several studies point out that Coronary Artery Calcification (CAC) scoring could improve CV risk stratification in primary prevention.
Purpose
Assess the impact of including CAC score to the new SCORE2 in MACE prediction and CV risk stratification in an asymptomatic Portuguese population.
Methods
The new SCORE2 was calculated in a population-based cohort of 1,014 individuals (mean age 58.6±8.5 years) without known CV disease and diabetes. Population was stratified into three SCORE2 risk categories (low-, moderate- and high-risk). According to the Hoff's nomogram, CAC score was categorized into: low CAC (0≤CAC<100 or P<50); moderate CAC (100≤CAC<400 or P50–75) and high or severe CAC (CAC≥400 or P>75). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were estimated and a multivariate regression analysis predicted the MACE risk for both scores. C-statistic methodology evaluated the ability of CAC when added to the SCORE2 model in MACE prediction.
Results
Kaplan-Meier curves showed that the highest categories of both scores presented a worst survival. Cox regression analysis showed that the highest categories of both CAC and SCORE2 remained in the equation with an increased MACE risk (HR) of 3.69 (p=0.008) and 9.87 (p=0.005), respectively, when compared with the lowest categories. C-statistic demonstrated that the predictive value for MACE increased from 0.668 (SCORE2 model) to 0.787 when CAC was included (p=0.012), showing a better predictive and discriminative capacity for MACE.
Conclusions
Our results highlight the importance of adding CAC score to SCORE2 in primary prevention to improve cardiovascular risk stratification and MACE risk prediction. Larger prospective multicenter cohorts with longer follow-up should reproduce and validate these findings.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): SESARAM EPERAM
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Affiliation(s)
- M Temtem
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M I Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M Serrao
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M Santos
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - D Sa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - C Soares
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - S Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - S Borges
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - A Drumond
- Hospital Funchal , Funchal , Portugal
| | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences , Lisbon , Portugal
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Sa D, Palma Dos Reis R, Santos M, Temtem M, Sousa AC, Henriques E, Rodrigues M, Freitas S, Borges S, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Mendonca MI. Lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease and impaired glucose metabolism. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an LDL-like molecule composed of a part of apolipoprotein(a) bounding covalently to apolipoprotein B-100. High plasma Lp(a) levels were associated with MACE in stable CAD patients. Recent research shows contradictory results in stable CAD patients with high Lp(a) plasmatic levels and impaired glucose metabolism in MACE occurrence.
Purpose
Investigate whether high Lp(a) levels were associated with MACE in CAD patients with impaired glucose metabolism, at an extended follow-up.
Methods
A prospective cohort of 1,127 CAD patients with impaired glucose metabolism (pre-diabetes and diabetes) was observed during 4.9±3.4 years. Pre-diabetes was considered when fasting plasma glucose ranged from 5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L, or hemoglobin A1c levels ranging from 5.7 to 6.4%. Lp(a) levels ≥30 mg/dL were considered high. Bivariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis evaluated the risk of Lp(a) ≥30 mg/dL for MACE occurrence. Kaplan-Meier curves estimated the survival probability for high and low Lp(a) levels.
Results
Of the patients with Lp(a) levels ≥30, 44.4% presented MACE and 32.0% had no MACE (p<0.0001). Cox regression analysis with smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, physical inactivity and kidney failure (creatinine clearance <60 mL/min) showed that high Lp(a) remained in the equation as an independent risk factor for MACE (HR=1.24; p=0.031). The Kaplan-Meier showed, at 10-year' follow-up, a better survival in the group with lower Lp(a) levels (p=0.023).
Conclusion
Our study demonstrated that high Lp(a) levels were an independent predictor of MACE and cardiovascular mortality in a CAD population with impaired glucose metabolism. Lp(a) measurement may help further risk stratification for diabetes and pre-diabetes patients suffering CAD. With the recent development of drugs that selectively lower Lp(a) levels, this marker can become a clinical target for reducing CVD risk.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): SESARAM EPERAM
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - M Santos
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M Temtem
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - S Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - S Borges
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - A Drumond
- Hospital Funchal , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M I Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
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Sa D, Mendonca MI, Temtem M, Santos M, Serrao M, Sousa AC, Borges S, Freitas S, Rodrigues M, Henriques E, Guerra G, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Palma Dos Reis R. Genetic information or coronary artery calcium score? What is more helpful in today's clinical practice? Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score has emerged as the most predictive cardiovascular risk marker in asymptomatic individuals, capable of adding prognostic information beyond the traditional risk factors (TRF). Genetic risk score (GRS) significantly improves cardiovascular genetic risk assessment at the individual level providing a more personalized measure of disease risk.
Purpose
We intend to evaluate which tool, added to TRF, is more valuable in predicting and discriminating cardiovascular events and death (MACE) - GRS or CAC score?
Methods
We performed a prospective study with 1153 participants without CAD history at baseline (74.2% male, age 51.7±8.3 years) during a mean follow-up of 5.4±3.4 years. We selected 14 SNPs previously associated with CAD presenting a risk (HR) for cardiovascular events ≥1. A weighted GRS was calculated, as the sum of these 14 risk alleles weighted by the corresponding effect size in prognostic (HR), and subsequently, subdivided into tertiles. CAC (Agatson) score was calculated in all participants and categorized into: low CAC (0≤CAC<100 or P<50); moderate CAC (100≤CAC<400 or P50–75) and high or severe CAC (CAC≥400 or P>75). Two models were created with TRF baseline (hypertension, smoking, body mass index, dyslipidemia, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, physical inactivity): 1) plus wGRS and 2) plus CAC score categories. Cox Regression Analyses and C-statistic assessed the predictive and discriminative capacity of both models.
Results
For model 1, Cox regression presented an HR of 4.292 for TRF (p=0.007) and 2.713 for 3rd tertile of wGRS (0.036). A modest but statistically significant improvement in MACE discriminative capacity was verified by adding wGRS to TRF, increasing the C-statistic from 0.617 to 0.687 (ΔC=0.070; p=0.013). On the other hand, model 2 better discriminated MACE when the CAC score (C-statistic = 0.765) was added to TRF (ΔC=0.148; p=0.001). Cox regression displayed an HR of 4.42 for TRF (p=0.015) and an HR of 4.55 for high-risk CAC score (p=0.001).
Conclusion
Our results suggest that adding a polygenic risk score to conventional risk factors provides a modest improvement in the discrimination of first-onset MACE. However, the CAC score added to the traditional model allows better discrimination of MACE compared to wGRS. CAC score could be helpful for MACE prediction, at least in individuals belonging to the higher genetic risk group. However, further investigation is required before clinical implementation.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): SESARAM EPERAM
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M I Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M Temtem
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M Santos
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M Serrao
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - S Borges
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - S Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - G Guerra
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - A Drumond
- Hospital Funchal , Funchal , Portugal
| | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences , Lisbon , Portugal
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5
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Temtem M, Palma Dos Reis R, Serrao M, Sa D, Santos M, Soares C, Sousa AC, Rodrigues M, Freitas S, Henriques E, Borges S, Guerra G, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Mendonca MI. Prognostic role of adding a genetic risk score to the new European SCORE2 in a cardiovascular events prediction, in a moderate-risk region. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The new SCORE2 provides risk estimates for the combined outcome of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, in contrast with SCORE's use for CVD mortality only. Genetic predisposition to CVD is not considered in SCORE2 for prevention and treatment.
Purpose
Evaluate the impact of adding a Genetic Risk Score (GRS) to the new European SCORE2 in MACE prediction and estimate the additional value in cardiovascular risk stratification in an asymptomatic Portuguese population.
Methods
A prospective study was performed in a population-based cohort of 1,100 individuals without known CVD and diabetes (mean age 53.3±6.9 years). For all included participants, SCORE2 was calculated and three risk categories were considered: low-, moderate- and high-risk. A 33-SNP GRS was constructed and two groups were analyzed: lower and higher than the GRS median. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were created and a Cox regression model was performed with the two scores to assess MACE risk. C-statistic methodology compared the model between SCORE2 solely and SCORE2 plus GRS.
Results
After Kaplan-Meier analysis for MACE occurrence, the high categories of SCORE 2 and GRS showed worst survival when compared to the lower categories (p<0.0001). Cox regression presented an HR of 8.528 (p=0.001) for high-risk SCORE2 and an HR of 4.520 (p<0.0001) for GRS higher than the median. C-statistic demonstrated that the SCORE2 predictive value was 0.678, increasing to 0.792 when GRS was included (p=0.0005).
Conclusions
In this work, combining SCORE2 with multiple genetic loci gathered into a GRS, improved the identification of patients with the worst prognosis. This new tool may be of great utility in risk stratification in primary prevention. Larger prospective multicenter cohorts with longer follow-up should reproduce and validate these findings.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): SESARAM EPERAM
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Affiliation(s)
- M Temtem
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - M Serrao
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - D Sa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M Santos
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - C Soares
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - S Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - S Borges
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - G Guerra
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - A Drumond
- Hospital Funchal , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M I Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
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6
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Santos M, Mendonca MI, Temtem M, Sa D, Sousa AC, Freitas S, Rodrigues M, Henriques E, Borges S, Guerra G, Freitas AI, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Palma Dos Reis R. Transcription factor 21 and prognosis in a coronary population. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
TCF21 is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcriptor factor family, being critical for embryogenesis of the heart. It regulates epicardium-derived cells differentiation into smooth muscle (SMC) and fibroblast lineages. The biological roles of TCF21 in epicardial fate determination and the progression of atherosclerosis remains a controversial issue.
Purpose
Investigate the impact of the TCF21 rs12190287 G>C variant on the prognosis of a coronary artery disease (CAD) cohort.
Methods
A prospective study was performed with 1,713 CAD patients (mean age 53.3±7.8; 78.7% male) surveyed in terms of MACE occurrence in an extended follow-up of 5.0±4.3. TCF21 rs12190287 was genotyped and analysed using the dominant model (GC+CC) and, subsequently, compared with the wild-type GG to evaluate the survival probability by Kaplan-Meier. A Cox regression analysis with all the risk factors and genetic models was performed to assess the independent variables associated with the prognosis of CAD patients.
Results
GG wild genotype was present in 9.5% of the population, GC in 43.2% and the risk genotype CC accounted for 47.3% of the CAD patients. The dominant model GC+CC showed a worse survival throughout the follow-up period. After multivariate Cox regression analysis, this model remained in the equation as an independent risk factor for MACE occurrence with an HR of 1.41 (p=0.033) together with multivessel disease, physical inactivity, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes.
Conclusion
TCF21 rs12190287 is a risk factor for prognosis in our population. The role of this gene may influence fundamental SMC processes in response to vascular stress, accelerating atherosclerosis progression and may represent a target for future therapies.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): SESARAM EPERAM
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Affiliation(s)
- M Santos
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M I Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M Temtem
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - D Sa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - S Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - S Borges
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - G Guerra
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - A I Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - A Drumond
- Hospital Funchal , Funchal , Portugal
| | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences , Lisbon , Portugal
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Santos M, Mendonca MI, Sa D, Temtem M, Sousa AC, Henriques E, Rodrigues M, Freitas S, Borges S, Guerra G, Freitas AI, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Palma Dos Reis R. ZNF259 rs964184 variant is associated with dyslipidemia and coronary artery disease in the young population. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a dynamic inflammatory disease caused by atherosclerosis. GWAS showed that ZNF259 rs964184 encoding zinc finger protein (ZPR1) was associated with dyslipidemia and CAD. Recent research found that ZPR1 transcription is up-regulated in the brain of mice fed a high-fat diet, influencing the cell cycle, apoptosis, and RNA metabolism in neurons. This process at the heart vessels may increase oxidative stress and CAD.
Purpose
Study the association between the ZNF259 rs964184 C>G polymorphism with dyslipidemia and CAD susceptibility in a Portuguese population.
Methods
A case-control study was performed with 3,160 individuals, namely 1,723 CAD patients (mean age 53.3±7.9; 78.7% male) and 1,437 controls (mean age 52.8±7.8; 76.3% male). Participants were stratified into two age groups (<45 and >55 years). ZNF259 rs964184 C>G was genotyped and analysed using the dominant model (CG+GG vs CC). Multivariate logistic regression was performed in both age groups to investigate whether rs964184 polymorphism was associated with dyslipidemia and CAD susceptibility.
Results
The dominant model of ZNF259 was associated with dyslipidemia (OR=1.85; 95% CI: 1.22–2.79; p=0.003) and CAD (OR=1.46; 95% CI: 1.02–2.09; p=0.036) in the younger population under 45 years. In the >55 years group, this model was associated with dyslipidemia (OR 1.46; 95% CI: 1.06–2.01; p=0.020) but not with CAD. After multivariate logistic regression, the CG+GG remained an independent risk factor for CAD susceptibility only in the population <45 years (OR=1.60; 95% CI: 1.03–2.50; p=0.037).
Conclusion
ZNF259 rs964184 is a risk factor for dyslipidemia in the whole population. Dyslipidemia may up-regulate ZPR1 transcription, enhancing the vulnerability of coronary endothelial cells to both oxidative stress and inflammatory response, increasing CAD susceptibility. This mechanism seems more relevant at the cellular level in young patients representing a possible prophylactic and therapeutic target, especially in this age group.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): SESARAM EPERAM
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Affiliation(s)
- M Santos
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M I Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - D Sa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M Temtem
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - S Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - S Borges
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - G Guerra
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - A I Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - A Drumond
- Hospital Funchal , Funchal , Portugal
| | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences , Lisbon , Portugal
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Santos M, Mendonca MI, Sa D, Temtem M, Sousa AC, Freitas S, Rodrigues M, Henriques E, Borges S, Freitas AI, Guerra G, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Palma Dos Reis R. A Genetic Risk Score englobing variants associated with coronary artery disease is a good marker for prognosis in an asymptomatic population. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified several loci linked to coronary artery disease, and coronary atherosclerosis progression. However, the impact of the genetic contribution to MACE occurrence in sub-clinical atherosclerosis is unknown.
Purpose
This study intended to assess the relationship between a set of single nucleotide popymorphism (SNP) associated with CAD by GWAS and the MACE occurrence in an asymptomatic population. After that evaluate whether a wGRS englobing these variants is useful to estimate the prognostic.
Methods
Prospective study performed in an asymptomatic cohort from GENEMACOR population-based sample of 1114 subjects aged 51.7±8.3, 74.2 male, without prior coronary artery disease. Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) score was assessed by coronary computed tomography (Agatston method), and two categories were considered 1–99 and >100. 33 SNP were evaluate to assess the significantly associated with prognostic. A weighted (wGRS) was constructed as the sum of the risk alleles weighted by the corresponding effect size (HR). Cox regression analysis adjusted for the main risk factors, calcium score (CAC) and wGRS to assess the risk of MACE during follow-up. Kaplan Meier assessed the survival.
Results
Of the studied 33 SNPs previously associated with CAD (GWAS), only 4 presented the significant association with MACE occurrence: CDKN2B-AS1 rs4977574, HNF4A rs1884613,
APOE rs7412/rs429358A and GJA4A rs 618675. After Cox regression analysis the wGRS remained in the equation (HR=2.834); p=0.012, together with CAC score (HR 3.35); p=0.012; diabetes (HR=2.398); p=0.032 and age (HR=1.056; p=0.049. WGRS above the median presented a worst survival rate (p=0.006).
Conclusion
The wGRS englobing: CDKN2B-AS1 rs4977574, HNF4A rs1884613, APOE rs7412/rs429358A and GJA4A rs 618675 is independently associated with cardiovascular events in an asymptomatic population. CDKN2B-AS1 rs4977574 gene expression modulates the progression and severity of vascular calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), HNF1α-AS1 is an important regulatory molecule in cancer biology and cardiovascular disease (its expression may regulate VSMCs, and high expression promotes atheroprotection). More research is crucial for understand prognosis in asymptomatic population.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): SESARAM EPE
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Affiliation(s)
- M Santos
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M I Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - D Sa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M Temtem
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - S Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - M Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - S Borges
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - A I Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - G Guerra
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit , Funchal , Portugal
| | - A Drumond
- Hospital Funchal , Funchal , Portugal
| | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences , Lisbon , Portugal
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9
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Santos MR, Pereira A, Temtem M, Mendonca F, Sousa JA, Monteiro JP, Sousa AC, Freitas S, Henriques E, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Mendonca MI, Palma Dos Reis R. Lipid profile in a population with coronary artery disease in Madeira Island. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab061.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.
Introduction
Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We know that plasma level of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) is strongly associated with atherosclerosis, and its reduction with statins has led to a decrease in the incidence and complications of CAD. According to the 2019 ESC guidelines, in high-risk patient the aim is to achieve an absolute LDL-C treatment goal of <55mg/dL. 2016 ESC guidelines purposed, in the same patients, a LDL-C level of <70mg/dL.
Objective
To evaluate the degree of LDL-C control in coronary artery disease patients according to ESC guidelines.
Materials and Methods
Study analyses of 1687 patients selected from GENEMACOR study population, with at least one > 75% coronary stenosis by angiography (median age 53.3 ± 3 years and 54.8% men).
LDL-C was determined by chemical methods and all patients were statin treated. The population was divided in four groups according to LDL-C levels: inferior to 55mg/dL, inferior to 70mg/dL, inferior to 115mg/dL and superior to 115mg/dL.
Results
LDL-C mean value was 108.7mg/dL, median 105.1mg/dL (P25 83.0 and P75 127.4mg/dL). 150 (8.9%) patients had LDL-C < 55mg/dL vs 1537 (91.1%) with LDL-C ≥ 55 mg/dl. 275 (16.3%) patients had LDL-C < 70 mg/dL vs 1412 (83.7%) with LDL-C ≥ 70 mg/dL. 1084 (64.3%%) patients had LDL < 115 mg/dL vs 603 (35.7%) with LDL-C ≥ 115 mg/dL.
Conclusion
In our population LDL-C control levels was low, with 91.1% patients with LDL-C ≥ 55mg/dL and 83.7% patients with LDL ≥ 70 mg/dL. It is interesting to note that most of our patients have LDL-C levels above the recommend by the newest and, surprisingly, the 2016 dyslipidemia guidelines. It is therefore important to implement a more intensive treatment strategy of dyslipidemia in coronary patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M Temtem
- Hospital Funchal, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - JA Sousa
- Hospital Funchal, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - AC Sousa
- Hospital Funchal, Funchal, Portugal
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10
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Santos MR, Palma Dos Reis R, Pereira A, Mendonca F, Temtem M, Sousa JA, Monteiro JP, Sousa AC, Freitas S, Henriques E, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Mendonca MI. Homocysteine, a predictor of cardiovascular adverse events in coronary artery disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab061.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.
OnBehalf
GENEMACOR
Introduction
After the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD), traditional risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension and smoking have been used to assess the risk of major cardiovascular adverse events (MACE). However, despite reduction of these factors, presence of MACE remains high. It is necessary to identify other causal risk factors for MACE in coronary patients and increased plasma Homocysteine (Hcy) level seems to be a likely candidate. However, the influence of Hcy levels in the prognosis of coronary patients presents a limited knowledge.
Objective
To evaluate the influence of high level of Hcy in MACE (defined as a composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, admission for heart failure and need to revascularization) of coronary artery patients.
Materials and Methods
Study analyses of 1687 patients selected from GENEMACOR study population, with at least one > 75% coronary stenosis by angiography. That population was divided in three terciles according to the Hcy level and the population of the 2nd tercil (Hcy 11.1-13.6mmol/L) was excluded. The end population of 1118 patients was a median age of 53.1 ± 7.9 years and 77.6% were men. We compared patients in the 1st (Hcy < 11.1mmol/L) and 3rd tercil (Hcy > 13.6mmol/L) during a mean follow up of 5.0 ± 4.8 years.
Results
560 (50.1%) patients were included in the 1st tercil group (median age 51.6 ± 3 years, 72.0% men) and 558 (49.9%) patients were in the 3rd tercil group (median age 54.6 ± 3 years, 83.3% men). In our population, high levels of Hcy were associated with MACE (OR 1.43, 95% CI: 1.12-1.83, p 0.004).
Conclusion
In our population a higher level of Hcy was associated with adverse prognosis and increased occurrence of MACE. Knowing that elevated homocysteine levels are associated with increased risk of MACE, in these patients is essential to have a more intensive therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - M Temtem
- Hospital Funchal, Funchal, Portugal
| | - JA Sousa
- Hospital Funchal, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - AC Sousa
- Hospital Funchal, Funchal, Portugal
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11
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Serrao M, Temtem M, Pereira A, Monteiro J, Santos M, Sousa A, Henriques E, Freitas S, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Palma Dos Reis R, Mendonca M. Does coronary calcium scoring adds value to cardiovascular risk prediction in asymptomatic population? Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.2920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Despite being a controversial subject, multiple guidelines mention the use of Coronary Artery Calcification (CAC) scoring in the cardiovascular risk prediction, in asymptomatic population. The inclusion of CAC scoring in traditional risk models may help in decision-make providing better cardiovascular risk stratification.
Purpose
The aim of our study is to estimate the impact of CAC scoring in cardiovascular events risk prediction in a model based on traditional risk factors (TRFs).
Methods and results
The study consisted of 1052 asymptomatic individuals free of known coronary heart disease, enrolled from GENEMACOR study and referred for computed tomography for the CAC scoring assessment. A cohort of 952 was followed for a mean of 5.2±3.2 years for the primary endpoint of all-cause of cardiovascular events. The following traditional risk factors were considered: (1) current cigarette smoking, (2) dyslipidemia, (3) diabetes mellitus, (4) hypertension and (5) family history of coronary heart disease. Among this population, the extent of CAC differs significantly between men and women in the same age group. Therefore, the distribution of CAC score by age and gender was done by using the Hoff's nomogram (a). According to this nomogram, 3 categories were created: low CAC (0≤CAC<100 and P<50); moderate CAC (100≤CAC<400 or P50–75) and high CAC (CAC≥400 or P>75). Two Cox regression models were created, the first only with TRFs and the second adding the CAC severity categories. When including CAC categories to the TRFs, the higher severity level presented a significant risk of MACE occurrence with an HR of 4.39 (95% CI 1.83–10.52; p=0.001).
Conclusion
Our results point to the importance of the inclusion of CAC in both primary and secondary prevention to an improved risk stratification. Larger prospective multicentre cohorts with longer follow-up should reproduce and validate these findings.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: None
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Affiliation(s)
- M Serrao
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Temtem
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A Pereira
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J Monteiro
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Santos
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A.C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - S Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M.I Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
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12
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Santos M, Pereira A, Mendonca F, Sousa J, Temtem M, Monteiro J, Sousa A, Freitas S, Rodrigues M, Ornelas I, Mendonca M, Palma Dos Reis R, Drumond A. What is the relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the extension of coronary heart disease? Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Coronary atherosclerosis is an important pathophysiological mechanism in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). While it has been proven via multiple studies that elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is widely thought to have atheroprotective effects. Multiple epidemiologic studies have given the idea that high HDL levels protect against CAD, however, other trials also shown that its benefit can be paradoxical.
Objective
To evaluate the relationship between HDL levels and the extent of CAD (one vessel vs multivessel disease) in coronary artery patients.
Materials and methods
Study analyses of 1676 patients selected from GENEMACOR study population, with at least one >75% coronary stenosis by angiography (median age 53.3±7.9 years, 78.6% male, median HDL 43.0±11.1 mg/dL). Population was divided according to the HDL level quartiles (1st quartile HDL <35.3 mg/dL; 2nd quartile HDL 35.3–42 mg/dL; 3rd quartile HDL 42–49 mg/dL; 4th quartile HDL >49 mg/dL). Population of the 1st and 4th quartiles (825 patients, median age of 53.3±7.9 years and 78.7% male) were adjudicated and prospectively followed-up by 5.0±4.8 years. χ2 and T student tests were used to analyze the demographic, laboratorial, angiographic and anthropometric characteristics of the population according to HDL level.
Results
420 (50.9%) patients were included in the 1st quartile group (median age 53.2±7.9 years, 85.7% men) and 405 (49.1%) patients were included in the 4th quartile group (median age 53.4±8.0 years, 71.4% men). In our population, lower levels of HDL were associated with increased risk of multivessel coronary disease (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.23–2.14, p 0.001).
Conclusion
Despite uncertainties about HDL benefit, in our population a higer level of HDL was associated with a shortest extent of coronary artery disease. We conclude that higher levels of HDL can be considered protective in coronary patients, and strategies to increase HDL levels may indeed translate in improved outcomes in CAD disease.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: None
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Affiliation(s)
- M.R Santos
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A Pereira
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - F Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J.A Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Temtem
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J.P Monteiro
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A.C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - S Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M.I Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Drumond
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
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13
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Temtem M, Serrao M, Pereira A, Santos M, Mendonca F, Sousa J, Monteiro J, Sousa A, Freitas S, Henriques E, Guerra G, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Palma Dos Reis R, Mendonca M. TCF21 variant is a risk factor for coronary artery disease and will it be a prognostic marker? Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.2904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
TCF21 gene, encodes a basic-helix- loop- helix transcription factor, playing a critical action in the development of epicardial progenitor cells that give rise to coronary artery smooth muscle cells (SMC) and cardiac fibroblasts. Recent data suggest that TCF21 may play a role in the state of differentiation of SMC precursor cells that migrate to vascular lesions and contribute to fibrous cap.
Purpose
Investigate the association of TCF21 rs12190287G>C variant with coronary artery disease (CAD) in a Portuguese population and its role on the prognosis.
Methods
Case-control study with 3120 participants, 1687 coronary patients with at least 75% obstruction of a major coronary artery and 1433 controls. Genotyping used the TaqMan technique (Applied Biosystems) and then a univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed. After a mean follow-up of 5.01±4.2 years (interquartile range 1.96–7.57), the occurrence of the combined Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) (Cardiovascular Mortality, non-fatal Myocardial Infarction, new Revascularization, Cerebrovascular Disease and Peripheric Vascular Disease) were registered and analysed by Cox regression. Finally, Kaplan-Meier survival estimate was performed.
Results
In the total population, GC+CC genotype was found to be associated with CAD with an OR of 1.285; CI: 1.022–1.614; p=0.031. After multivariate logistic regression, adjusted to traditional risk factors, the association with CAD remained significant for this genotype (OR=1.340; CI: 1.042–1.723; p=0.022).After Cox regression adjusted for confounding variables (age and sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, dyslipidemia, eGFR, Ejection fraction <55) the mutated genotype remained a significant predictor of MACE (HR=1.420; CI: 1.032–1.953; p=0.031). The individuals carrying the mutated allele (GC+CC) at the mean follow-up showed an event probability of 36.1%, whereas the wild population (GG) presented only 23.4%. The Log-Rank test showed significant differences between the two curves (p=0.019).
Conclusion
The mutated TCF21 variant can provide a new marker to identify patients at high cardiovascular risk and may representa potential target for gene therapy in future.
Figure 1
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: None
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Affiliation(s)
- M Temtem
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Serrao
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A Pereira
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Santos
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - F Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J.A Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J Monteiro
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A.C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - S Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - G Guerra
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A Drumond
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - R Palma Dos Reis
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M.I Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
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14
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Sousa J, Mendonca M, Pereira A, Monteiro J, Temtem A, Santos M, Mendonca F, Sousa A, Rodrigues M, Henriques E, Ornelas I, Freitas A, Freitas A, Reis P. Shaping the future of metabolic syndrome: genetics, prognosis and individual tailoring. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.3826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, is considered to be the major health hazard of modern world and a 21st century epidemic. Recent GWAS have identified several susceptibility regions involved in lipid metabolism and oxidation, also associated with MetS. Genetic risk score (GRS) is an emerging method that attempts to establish correlation between SNPs and clinical phenotypes.
Aim
Evaluate the value of a GRS encompassing SNPs involved in lipidic metabolism and oxidation pathways, in predicting CAD outcome (MACEs and long-term cardiovascular Mortality) in a coronary population with MetS.
Methods
1101 coronary patients and MetS, were selected from the GENEMACOR study. Genotyping was performed by TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. A Multiplicative score (mGRS) was constructed according to the multiplicative model with variants belonging to the lipid and oxidative axes (PSRC1, PCSK9, KIF6, ZNF259, LPA, APO E, PON192, PON108, PON55, MTHFR677, MTHFR1298, MTHFD1L). This GRS was categorized using the mean (higher vs lower than mean). Cumulate Mortality Hazards Model (Cox regression) adjusted for age, gender, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, hsCRP, eGFR, Ejection fraction (EF), and multivessel disease) was used to find independent predictors of cardiovascular outcome. We performed Kaplan-Meier Survival curves for both groups (higher vs lower than mean GRS) and log-rank test to compare survival distributions in both groups.
Results
The following variables have emerged independently associated with time to MACE occurrence: mGRS (HR=1.31 95% CI (1.07; 1.59); p=0.008), male gender, EF and multivessel disease. Concerning cardiovascular mortality, mGRS also remained an independent predictor (HR=1.44 (1.04–1.99); p=0.028) alongside age, smoking, diabetes and EF. The Log-Rank test showed significant differences between the two curves related to MACE occurrence and cardiovascular mortality (p=0.001 and 0.002, respectively). The Kaplan-Meier survival showed that as mGRS increases, patient survival decreases.
Conclusion
In patients with MetS, a GRS comprising variants in lipidic and oxidative pathways, proved to be a useful stratification tool, identifying patients likely to have a worst prognosis over time. Our data further underlines the additive potential and clinical utility of genetic information in shaping secondary prevention.
Figure 1
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: None
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Affiliation(s)
- J.A Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - A Pereira
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J.P Monteiro
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A.M Temtem
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Santos
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - F.V Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A.C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - P Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
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15
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Sousa J, Serrao M, Temtem M, Pereira A, Santos M, Mendonca F, Monteiro J, Ferreira A, Freitas P, Henriques E, Ornelas I, Freitas A, Freitas A, Reis P, Mendonca M. Epicardial adipose tissue: the genetics behind an emerging cardiovascular marker. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Increasing evidence points epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) as an emerging cardiovascular risk marker. Whether genetic polymorphisms are associated with a higher EAT burden is still unknow. Genetic risk score (GRS) is an emerging method that attempts to establish correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and clinical phenotypes.
Aim
Evaluate the role of genetic burden and its association to EAT.
Methods
996 patients (mean age 59±8, 78% male) were prospectively enrolled in a single center. EAT was measured on cardiac CT using a modified simplified method. Patients were divided into 2 groups (above vs. below the median EAT volume).
We studied different polymorphisms across the following gene-regulated pathways: oxidation, renin-angiotensin system, cellular, diabetes/obesity and dyslipidemia pathways. Genotyping was performed by TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. A multiplicative genetic risk score (mGRS) was constructed and represents the genetic burden of the different polymorphisms studied. To evaluate the relation between genetics and EAT volume, we compared both groups by: global mGRS, gene cluster/axis mGRS and individual SNPs.
Results
Patients with above-median EAT volume were older, had higher body mass index (BMI) and higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia (p<0.05). Patients with higher EAT volumes presented a higher global mean GRS (p<0.001), with the latter remaining an independent predictor for higher EAT volumes (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2–1.5), alongside age and BMI.
In the analysis by gene clusters, patients with more epicardial fat consistently presented a higher polymorphism burden (translated by a higher mGRS level) across numerous pathways: oxidation, renin-angiotensin system, cellular, diabetes/obesity and dyslipidemia. After adjusting for confounders and other univariate predictors of higher fat volume, the following have emerged as independently related to higher EAT volumes: mGRS comprising the genes of different clusters, age and BMI.
Amongst the 33 genes analyzed, only MTHFR677 polymorphisms (a gene with a critical role in regulating plasma homocysteine levels) emerged as significantly related to higher EAT volumes in our population (OR 1.4, 95% CI: 1.100–1.684, p=0.005).
Conclusion
Patients with a higher polymorphism burden in genes involved in the oxidation, renin-angiotensin, cellular, diabetes/obesity and dyslipidemia pathways present higher levels of epicardial fat. This potential association seems to be independent from the expected association between epicardial fat and cardiovascular risk factors. To our knowledge, this is the first time such genetic profiling has been done, casting further insight into this complex matter.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: None
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Affiliation(s)
- J.A Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M.G Serrao
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Temtem
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A Pereira
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Santos
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - F.V Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J.P Monteiro
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A Ferreira
- Hospital de Santa Cruz, Cardiology, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Freitas
- Hospital de Santa Cruz, Cardiology, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A.I Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - P Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M.I Mendonca
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Sousa J, Mendonca M, Pereira A, Mendonca F, Monteiro J, Neto M, Sousa AC, Henriques E, Freitas S, Guerra G, Borges S, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Palma Dos Reis R. P3399Influence of TCF21 rs12190287 in the coronary artery disease risk prediction. An association study in a Portuguese population. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz745.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
TCF21 is a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcriptor factor family, being critical for embryogenesis of the heart, kidney and spleen. TCF21 also regulates epicardium-derived cells differentiation into smooth muscle and fibroblast lineages.
Aim
Investigate the impact of TCF21 rs12190287 in the prediction and discrimination of CAD risk, individually or into a genetic risk score (GRS) formed by a set of 13 genetic variants.
Methods
We performed a case-control study with 3050 subjects (1619 coronary patients with 53.3±8 years; 78.9% male and 1431 controls with 52.8±8 years; 76.6% male) from GENEMACOR study. We investigated all traditional risk factors (TRF), as well as 13 genetic variants from GWAS with unknown pathophysiological pathway so far, including TCF21 (rs12190287), ZC3HC1 (rs11556924), PSRC1/SORTI (rs599839), PHACTR1 (rs1332844), MIA3 (rs17465637), SMAD3 (rs17228212), ZNF259 (rs964184), ADAMTS7 (rs3825807), CDKN2B (rs4977574), 9p21.3 (rs1333049), KIF6 (rs20455), PCSK9 (rs2114580) and GJA4 (rs618675). A multiplicative genetic risk score with these 13 genetic variants (m13GRS), was calculated. Subsequently, two logistic regressions were performed; primarily with all the TRF and all the genes individually and the second with TRF and m13GRS.
Results
The first multivariate analysis shows that, besides the strong association of the TRF with CAD risk (with smoking status on the top of the list, with an OR of 3.2; p<0.0001), TCF21 rs12190287 was the most significant variant from all the studied genetic set with a CAD risk of 1.5 (95% CI: 1.1–1.9; p=0.004), followed by the well-known genetic determinant CDKN2B rs4977574 (OR=1.4; 95% CI: 1.1–1.7; p<0.002) and ZC3HC1 rs11556924 (OR=1.3; 95% CI: 1.0–1.7; p=0.034). When GRS is included to the model, all the TRF remain in the equation by the same order, and the m13GRS persisted as an independent predictor for CAD risk (OR=1.7; 95% CI: 1.4–2.0; p<0.0001).
Conclusion
TCF21 rs12190287 is a risk factor for CAD in the Portuguese population, either individually or incorporated in a m13GRS. TCF21 risk is independent from TRF. In the future, TCF21 can provide a new clues to identify patients at high cardiovascular risk and become a potential target for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A Pereira
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - F Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J Monteiro
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Neto
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - S Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - G Guerra
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - S Borges
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A Drumond
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - R Palma Dos Reis
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
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17
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Borges S, Palma Dos Reis R, Pereira A, Mendonca F, Sousa J, Monteiro J, Neto M, Sousa AC, Rodrigues M, Henriques E, Ornelas I, Freitas AI, Drumond A, Mendonca MI. P6200Effect of LPA gene on CAD risk among diabetic patients. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz746.0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Previous research reported that LPA gene is a strong and independent predictor of CAD in non-diabetic patients but not in patients with type 2 diabetes. These results suggest that LPA gene might contribute less to CAD risk in patients with T2DM than in general population.
Objective
Investigate, in our population, the association between LPA gene CT variant and CAD risk among diabetic patients.
Methods
3050 individuals (1619 coronary patients and 1431 controls) were genotyped for LPA rs3798220 TT/CT. Pearson's chi-squared test was applied to evaluate the association between LPA variants and CAD, firstly, in the general population and, secondly, in the group of patients with T2DM (n=735). Multivariate logistic regression was performed with LPA CT variant and 6 traditional risk factors (TRF) (smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, family history of CAD and physical inactivity) in both general and diabetic population.
Results
In total population, LPA CT variant was found to be strongly and significantly associated with CAD with an OR of 2.32 (95% CI: 1.56–3.45; p<0.0001). However, this association was less pronounced in the diabetic population with a CAD risk of 1.38 (95% CI: 0.56–3.43) without statistical significance (p=0.485). In the presence of 6 major TRF, multivariate analysis showed that LPA CT remained a strong and independent predictor of CAD risk (OR= 2.34; 95% CI: 1.52–3.62; p<0.0001). In diabetic population, LPA was no longer an independent predictor for CAD by multivariate analysis.
Conclusions
Our results show that the effect of LPA gene on CAD risk among diabetic patients might be different from that in the general population. Diabetes status is such a strong risk factor that may attenuate the genetic effects of LPA on CAD risk. This may indicate a complex role of Lp (a) and diabetes interaction in cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Borges
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Pereira
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - F Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J Monteiro
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Neto
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A I Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - M I Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
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18
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Santos MR, Pereira A, Mendonca F, Sousa J, Neto M, Monteiro J, Sousa AC, Freitas S, Henriques E, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Palma Dos Reis R, Mendonca M. P6196Lipoprotein (a) and cardiovascular risk: are women at increased risk? Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz746.0801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, placing a major economic and resource burden on health and public health systems, so efforts are being made to accurately predict risk for major adverse cardiac events (MACE). The field of risk prediction and CAD prevention continues to evolve with the identification of novel risk factors and biomarkers, such as lipoprotein a [Lp)a]. Almost 20% of the population has elevated circulating levels of Lp(a), which is recognized as an independent risk factor for CAD, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, and aortic stenosis. Importantly, studies showed that this was particularly true for women.
Objective
To evaluate if the elevation of Lp(a) is associated with MACE in female, male or both.
Materials and methods
Case control study of 3050 subjects from the GENEMACOR study population. In female population (n=676): cases were 341 patients with at least one >75% coronary stenosis (median age 55.7±7.2) and 335 normal controls (median age 55.8±6) adjusted by age with cases. In male population (n=2374): 1278 patients with at least one >75% coronary stenosis (median age 52.7±8) and 1096 controls (median age 51.9±8) also adjusted by age. χ2 and T student tests were used to analyze the demographic, laboratorial, angiographic and anthropometric characteristics of the population. Lipoprotein (a) was determined by immunoturbidimetry. High Lp(a) level was considered if superior to 30 mg/dl. Logistic regression was used to evaluate Lp(a) as a risk factor for CAD in total, female and male populations.
Results
In female population 44.0% patients vs 21.2% controls (p<0.000) had Lp(a)>30mg/dl. In male population 39.4% patients vs 23.8% controls (p<0.000) had Lp(a)>30mg/dl. In total population Lp(a)>30mg/dl was a predictor for CAD (OR 2.24, 95% CI: 1.91–2.62, p<0.0001). Analyzing by gender, Lp(a)>30mg/dl was also a predictor for CAD either in male (OR 2.08, 95% CI: 1.74–2.5, p<0.0001) or female population (OR 2.92, 95% CI: 2.08–4.09, p<0.0001).
Conclusions
As opposed to other studies, in our population elevated Lp(a) levels (>30mg/dl) were associated with elevated CAD risk, in both men and women. We conclude that Lp(a) can be considered an independent risk factor for CAD disease in our population, and further strategies for Lp(a) reduction may indeed translate in improved outcomes in CAD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Santos
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A Pereira
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - F Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Neto
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J Monteiro
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - S Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
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19
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Pereira A, Mendonca M, Monteiro J, Sousa J, Mendonca F, Neto M, Rodrigues R, Sousa AC, Freitas S, Rodrigues M, Freitas AI, Borges S, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Palma Dos Reis R. P2486The association between genetic variant ZNF259 and decreased kidney function in the diabetic patients. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz748.0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a risk factor for dysregulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albuminuria. However, it remains unclear whether this association is only causal. Genetic variants are inherited independent of potential confounding factors and represent a lifetime exposure.
Aim
Investigate whether the reduction of GFR is a direct consequence of T2D or there are other genetic mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of the evolution to chronic kidney disease.
Methods
Cross-sectional study with a total of 2579 individuals was performed, of which 735 patients had T2D. Subjects were classified as `'diabetic” if they were taking oral anti-diabetic medication or insulin or if their fasting plasma glucose was higher than 7.0 mmol/l or 126 mg/dl. Within the diabetic group, we considered those with (n=63) and without (n=627) decreased GFR. GFR was calculated through the Cockcroft and Gault formula and decreased GFR was defined as GFR<60 ml/min/1.73m2. Twenty-four genetic variants associated with T2D, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia and hypertension were investigated for its impact on GFR, namely: MTHFR 677 and 1298; MTHFD1L; PON 55, 192 and 108; ATIR A/C; AGT M235T; ACE I/D; TCF7L2; SLC30A8; MC4R; ADIPOQ; FTO; TAS2R50; HNF4A; IGF2BP2; PPARG; PCSK9; KIF6; ZNF259; LPA; APOE; PSRS1. Risk factors for decreased GFR were also evaluated (essential hypertension, glycaemia >120 mg/ml, dyslipidemia, alcohol consumption, CAD diagnosis). A logistic regression was performed firstly with the risk factors solely; and secondly adding the genetic variants in order to evaluate the independent predictors of progression to renal failure in T2D.
Results
After the first multivariate logistic regression with all the risk factors for decreased GFR, only CAD remained in the equation, showing to be an independent risk factor for progression to renal failure, in T2D (OR=4.17; 95% CI: 1.64–10.59; p=0.003). In the second logistic regression, including risk factors and the genetic variants, only ZNF259 rs964184 showed an independent and significant association with the risk of decreased GFR (OR=3.03; 95% CI: 1.06–8.70; p=0.039).
Conclusion
This study shows that the variant ZNF259 rs964184 is associated with decreased kidney function, independently of other risk factors. This finding needs further investigation to clarify the genetic mechanism behind the association of rs964184 with decreased GFR, in Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pereira
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J Monteiro
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - F Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Neto
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - R Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - S Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A I Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - S Borges
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
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20
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Sousa J, Mendonca M, Pereira A, Mendonca F, Neto M, Monteiro J, Sousa AC, Rodrigues M, Henriques E, Guerra G, Borges S, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Palma Dos Reis R. P3423The contribution of genetics to premature CAD through different degrees of lifestyle factors: a matter of relative significance? Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz745.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multifactorial process with substantial genetic contribution. However, genetic predisposition among patients with a different number of lifestyle factors and premature CAD, remains a complex and thoroughly unexplored topic.
Objective
To evaluate, in a young population, the importance of conventional risk factors as well as of a genetic risk score in the appearance of CAD.
Methods
A case-control study was conducted with 1075 patients from the GENEMACOR study population, under 50 years-old (555 cases, 86.8% male, mean age 44.1±4.9 years and 520 controls, 86.2% male, mean age 44.3±4.8 years). Univariate analysis addressed the association of different modifiable risk factors with premature CAD. Genetic risk score (GRS) was computed comprising 33 genetic risk variants in a multiplicative method. GRS was evaluated according to the number of traditional risk factors and risk for premature CAD was estimated and its independent predictive value estimated by logistic regression.
Results
72.6% of patients had ≥3 risk factors vs 31.2% of controls (p<0.0001). In comparison with having no risk factors (rf), patients with 1 rf had an OR of 2.79 (1.19–6.53; p=0.015), patients with 2 risk factors had a OR of 6.87 (3.03–15–57, p<0.0001) and patients with 3 modifiable risk factors had a OR of 24.17 (10.87–53.73, p<0.0001) – graph 1. In this young population, mean GRS level was consistently higher among patients with coronary artery disease comparing with a healthy population (0.6±0.6 vs 0.4±0.4, p<0.0001, respectively) – graph 2. GRS in multivariate analysis, proved to be an independent predictor for premature CAD (OR 1.71, CI95% 1.25–2.34, p=0.001).
Conclusion
In our population, GRS was an independent predictor for premature CAD. In young patients with ≥3 risk factors, genetics play a less decisive role in the development of CAD. Even in young patients, modifiable risk factors should be addressed aggressively as they may represent a higher burden than genetic predisposition itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A Pereira
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - F Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Neto
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J Monteiro
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - G Guerra
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - S Borges
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
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21
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Sousa J, Mendonca M, Pereira A, Mendonca F, Neto M, Monteiro J, Sousa AC, Freitas S, Henriques E, Freitas AI, Borges S, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Palma Dos Reis R. P4455The controversial role of genetics behind premature CAD: a plausible excuse for the young? Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz745.0854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The complex interaction between genes and environmental factors contribute to individual-level risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), often resulting in premature CAD. The role for genetic risk scores in premature CAD is still controversial.
Objective
To evaluate the importance of conventional risk factors and of a genetic risk score in younger and older patients with coronary artery disease
Methods
From a group of 1619 pts with angiographic documented CAD from the GENEMACOR study, we selected 1276 pts admitted for ACS and analysed them in 2 groups (group A: ≤50 years, n=491 pts, 87.2% male, mean age 44±4.9 and group B: >50 years, n=785 pts, 75.2% male, mean age 57±4.2). Univariate analysis was used to characterize the traits of each group and we used ROC curves and respective AUCs to evaluate the power of genetics in the prediction of CAD, through a Genetic Risk Score (GRS).
Results
99.3% of the young patients had at least one modifiable risk factor, 18.4% had 2 modifiable risk factors and 75.2% had 3 or more modifiable risk factors. The pattern of risk factors contributing to CAD were different among groups: family history (A: 27.5%, B: 21.4%, p=0.015) and smoking habits (A: 64.8%, B: 42.9%, p<0.001) were more frequent among patients under 50, and traditional age-linked factors like hypertension (A: 58%, B: 75.7%, p<0.001), diabetes (A: 21.6%, B: 38.6%, p<0.001) were more common in the older group. Acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction was more frequent among the young (A: 55.4%, B: 47.4%, p=0.006), as non-ST clinical presentation was higher among elder patients. Regarding angiographic presentation, single vessel CAD was higher in group A (A: 50.3%, B: 40.9%, p<0.001), while multivessel diasease was higher in group B (A: 33.3%, B: 53.9%, p<0.001). At a mean follow-up of 5 years, older patients had a worst prognosis, registering a higher rate of cardiovascular death (A: 4.1%, B: 8.6%, p=0.002) and higher MACE (A: 26.8%, B: 31%, p=0.128),. Adding the genetic risk score (GRS), we achieved only a slight improvement in the AUC for predicting CAD (0.796->0.805, p=0.0178 and 0.748->0.761, p=0.0007 in patients under and over 50, respectively).
Conclusion
Coronary artery disease is not all the same, as premature CAD shares a unique and specific pattern of risk factors, clinical presentation, angiographic severity and prognosis. Genetics should not be used as an excuse to justify premature CAD, as there is frequently more than one potentially reversible risk factor present even in young patients and the additive predictive value of GRS is modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A Pereira
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - F Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Neto
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J Monteiro
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - S Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A I Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - S Borges
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
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22
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Pereira A, Mendonca M, Sousa JA, Mendonca F, Neto M, Rodrigues R, Sousa AC, Freitas AI, Henriques E, Rodrigues M, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Palma Dos Reis R. P4459The influence of the polymorphism BUD13-ZNF259 rs964184 on coronary disease according to age. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz745.0856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A recent GWAS study found a significant association between the BUD13-ZNF259 rs964184 polymorphism, dyslipidemia and the onset of coronary disease (CAD). This variant encoding zinc finger protein (ZPR1) interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase at cellular level, increasing oxidative stress, inflammatory response and atherogenesis. There are no studies of the effect of this variant on the Portuguese population.
Objective
Investigate the association of BUD13-ZNF259 rs964184 with dyslipidemia and its impact on CAD risk. Evaluate its impact in different age groups of our population.
Methods
A case-control study was performed with 3050 subjects (1619 coronary patients with 53.3±8 years; 78.9% male and 1431 controls with 52.8±8 years; 76.6% male) from the GENEMACOR study population. Traditional risk factors (smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, family history, hypertension, body mass index, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity) and others considered new, such as creatinine clearance, pulse wave velocity, homocysteine, fibrinogen, lipoprotein (a), APOB and PCR (hs) were investigated. BUD13-ZNF259 variant was genotyped and analyzed using the dominant model (CG + GG vs. CC). Bivariate and multivariate analyzes (logistic regression) were used to estimate the ORs and 95% CI, after adjusting for potential confounding factors, in 3 different age groups (<45; 45–55; >55).
Results
BUD13-ZNF259 polymorphism presented an independent and significant risk of CAD (OR=1.58; 95% CI: 1.07–2.32; p=0.019) only in the group of young coronary patients <45 years (n=482 patients), as well as dyslipidemia (OR=2.04; 95% CI: 1.26–3.31; p=0.003). After binary logistic regression entering with the interaction between dyslipidemia and the dominant model ZNF259 (CG + GG vs. CC), we verified an association with CAD risk (OR= 1.78; 95% CI: 1.08–2.95; p=0.025).
Conclusion
BUD13-ZNF259 rs964184 variant showed a significant risk for the onset of CAD in the young population (<45 years). The impact of the interaction of ZPR1 protein with tyrosine kinase (Syk) at the cellular level seems to be more relevant in young patients. This aspect may represent a possible prophylactic and therapeutic target, especially in coronary disease in young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pereira
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J A Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - F Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Neto
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - R Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A I Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
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23
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Pereira A, Palma Dos Reis R, Monteiro J, Sousa JA, Rodrigues R, Neto M, Sousa AC, Freitas S, Rodrigues M, Freitas AI, Freitas C, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Mendonca MI. P934Gene-gene interaction in ischemic cardiopathy by MDR: beyond logistic regression. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy564.p934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Pereira
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Monteiro
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J A Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - R Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Neto
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - S Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A I Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - C Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A Drumond
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M I Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
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24
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Ponte Monteiro J, Mendonca MI, Pereira A, Sousa AC, Rodrigues R, Henriques E, Freitas S, Freitas AI, Freitas C, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Reis RP. P6188Predicting type 2 diabetes mellitus: combining a genetic risk score with traditional risk factors. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy566.p6188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - M I Mendonca
- Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, Unidade de Investigação, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A Pereira
- Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, Cardiology, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, Unidade de Investigação, Funchal, Portugal
| | - R Rodrigues
- Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, Cardiology, Funchal, Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, Unidade de Investigação, Funchal, Portugal
| | - S Freitas
- Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, Unidade de Investigação, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A I Freitas
- Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, Unidade de Investigação, Funchal, Portugal
| | - C Freitas
- Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, Unidade de Investigação, Funchal, Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, Unidade de Investigação, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A Drumond
- Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, Cardiology, Funchal, Portugal
| | - R P Reis
- University of Lisbon, Faculdade de Medicina Da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Pereira A, Palma Dos Reis R, Rodrigues R, Monteiro J, Sousa JA, Sousa AC, Henriques E, Rodrigues M, Guerra G, Borges S, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Mendonca MI. P1685Gene - Environment interactions in the cellular axis of ischemic cardiopathy using machine learning models. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy565.p1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Pereira
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J Monteiro
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J A Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - G Guerra
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - S Borges
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A Drumond
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M I Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
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Sousa JA, Mendonca MI, Pereira A, Rodrigues R, Monteiro J, Neto M, Sousa AC, Henriques E, Freitas S, Freitas AI, Borges S, Ornelas I, Drumond A, Palma Dos Reis R. P2513Synergistic association between TCF21 gene variant and smoking. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy565.p2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J A Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M I Mendonca
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A Pereira
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - R Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - J Monteiro
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - M Neto
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A C Sousa
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - E Henriques
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - S Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A I Freitas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - S Borges
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - I Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Funchal, Portugal
| | - A Drumond
- Funchal Hospital, Research Unit, Cardiology Department, Funchal, Portugal
| | - R Palma Dos Reis
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal
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Sousa A, Monteiro J, Goes T, Nobrega L, Guerra G, Rodrigues M, Henriques E, Borges S, Ornelas I, Pereira D, Palma Dos Reis R, Mendonca M. P4251Increased predictive capacity for essential hypertension according to the number of gene polymorphisms. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx504.p4251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pereira A, Neto M, Rodrigues R, Monteiro J, Sousa A, Freitas S, Henriques E, Borges S, Freitas A, Ornelas I, Pereira D, Palma Dos Reis R, Mendonca M. 959Coronary artery disease risk according to genetic risk score deciles, Age and cardiovascular risk factors. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx502.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pereira A, Palma Dos Reis R, Neto M, Rodrigues R, Monteiro J, Henriques E, Rodrigues M, Freitas A, Ornelas I, Borges S, Pereira D, Mendonca M. P6214Genetic risk score, family history of coronary artery disease and cardiovascular risk factors. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx493.p6214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Pereira A, Palma dos Reis R, Rodrigues R, Sousa AC, Gomes S, Borges S, Ornelas I, Freitas AI, Guerra G, Henriques E, Rodrigues M, Freitas S, Freitas C, Brehm A, Pereira D, Mendonça MI. Association of ADAMTS7 gene polymorphism with cardiovascular survival in coronary artery disease. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:810-815. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00059.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genetic studies have revealed an association between polymorphisms at the ADAMTS7 gene locus and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. Functional studies have shown that a CAD-associated polymorphism (rs3825807) affects ADAMTS7 maturation and vascular smooth muscular cell (VSMC) migration. Here, we tested whether ADAMTS7 (A/G) SNP is associated with cardiovascular (CV) survival in patients with established CAD. A cohort of 1,128 patients with angiographic proven CAD, who were followed up prospectively for a mean follow-up period of 63 (range 6–182) mo, were genotyped for rs3825807 A/G. Survival statistics (Cox regression) compared heterozygous (AG) and wild-type (AA) with the reference homozygous GG. Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival curves were performed according to ADAMTS7 genotypes for CV mortality. Results showed that 47.3% of patients were heterozygous (AG), 36.5% were homozygous for the wild-type allele (AA) and only 16.2% were homozygous for the GG genotype. During the follow-up period, 109 (9.7%) patients died, 77 (6.8%) of CV causes. Survival analysis showed that AA genotype was an independent risk factor for CV mortality compared with reference genotype GG (HR = 2.7, P = 0.025). At the end of follow-up, the estimated survival probability (K-M) was 89.8% for GG genotype, 82.2% for AG and 72.3% for AA genotype ( P = 0.039). Carriage of the mutant G allele of the ADAMTS7 gene was associated with improved CV survival in patients with documented CAD. The native overfunctional ADAMTS7 allele (A) may accelerate VSMC migration and lead to neointimal thickening, atherosclerosis progression and acute plaque events. ADAMTS7 gene should be further explored in CAD for risk prediction, mechanistic and therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Pereira
- Funchal Hospital Center, Research Unit and Cardiology Department, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - R. Palma dos Reis
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; and
| | - R. Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital Center, Research Unit and Cardiology Department, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - A. C. Sousa
- Funchal Hospital Center, Research Unit and Cardiology Department, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - S. Gomes
- Funchal Hospital Center, Research Unit and Cardiology Department, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - S. Borges
- Funchal Hospital Center, Research Unit and Cardiology Department, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - I. Ornelas
- Funchal Hospital Center, Research Unit and Cardiology Department, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - A. I. Freitas
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Madeira University, Campus da Penteada, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - G. Guerra
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Madeira University, Campus da Penteada, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - E. Henriques
- Funchal Hospital Center, Research Unit and Cardiology Department, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - M. Rodrigues
- Funchal Hospital Center, Research Unit and Cardiology Department, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - S. Freitas
- Funchal Hospital Center, Research Unit and Cardiology Department, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - C. Freitas
- Funchal Hospital Center, Research Unit and Cardiology Department, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - A. Brehm
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Madeira University, Campus da Penteada, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - D. Pereira
- Funchal Hospital Center, Research Unit and Cardiology Department, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - M. I. Mendonça
- Funchal Hospital Center, Research Unit and Cardiology Department, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
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Mendonça MI, Reis RP, Sousa AC, Gomes S, Faria P, Pereira A, Silva B, Serrão M, Santos N, Sousa FS, Silva JA, Sousa J, Ornelas I, Freitas S, Cardoso A, Araújo JJ. Pulse wave velocity and coronary risk stratification. Rev Port Cardiol 2009; 28:155-171. [PMID: 19438151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial compliance or stiffness is an important determinant of cardiovascular disease and there is considerable interest in its noninvasive measurement. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is widely used as an index of arterial stiffness. AIM To determine whether PWV is useful for risk stratification in both healthy individuals and coronary patients. METHODS Control subjects, n=510, aged 46.1 +/- 11 years, with no history of coronary disease, were selected from electoral rolls, and coronary patients, n=301, aged 53.7 +/- 10 years, were selected from hospital patients with a history of coronary artery disease (CAD) confirmed by coronary angiogram (at least 75% obstruction of one of the main coronary vessels). The asymptomatic subjects without CAD formed Group A, and were subdivided into A1 (without hypertension, dyslipidemia and/or diabetes) and A2 (with hypertension, dyslipidemia and/or diabetes). The coronary patients formed Group B, who were also subdivided into B1, without these classic risk factors, and B2 with hypertension, dyslipidemia and/or diabetes. We used the Student's t test to compare continuous variables and the chi-square test to compare categorical data. The strength of correlation between continuous variables was tested by Pearson's linear correlation. Independent variables predictive of CAD were determined by backward logistic regression analysis. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows version 11.0 and data were expressed as means +/- SD; a p value of 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Comparing the two groups A1 and A2, mean PWV was significantly lower in group A1. Comparing B1 and B2, mean PWV was also significantly lower in group B1. In group A1, PWV was significantly and positively correlated with age, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, alcohol consumption, total/HDL cholesterol ratio, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure (BP), blood glucose, apo B, triglycerides, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, unlike HDL which was inversely correlated (Pearson's coefficient). In group A2, PWV was significantly and positively correlated with age, alcohol consumption, total/HDL cholesterol ratio, systolic, diastolic and mean BP, blood glucose and pulse pressure (PP), but not HDL, which was inversely correlated with PWV. In group B1, PWV was only significantly and positively correlated with age, systolic, mean, and diastolic BP and PP, and presented a significant inverse correlation with ejection fraction. However, in the high-risk coronary population (group B2), there was a positive correlation with age, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic and mean BP, PP and homocysteine. After stepwise logistic regression, PWV remained in the model and proved to be a significant and independent risk factor for CAD. CONCLUSION The results of our study show that PWV is higher in high-risk groups and significantly correlated with many classic and new CAD risk markers, suggesting that there is a cumulative influence of risk factors in the development of arterial stiffness. We believe that PWV is a useful index of vascular status and hence cardiovascular risk and that it may be useful for risk stratification in both asymptomatic and coronary patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Mendonça
- Unidade de Investigação do Hospital Central do Funchal, Serviço de Cardiologia do Hospital Central do Funchal, Funchal, Portugal.
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