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Allahgholi A, Becker J, Delfs A, Dinapoli R, Goettlicher P, Greiffenberg D, Henrich B, Hirsemann H, Kuhn M, Klanner R, Klyuev A, Krueger H, Lange S, Laurus T, Marras A, Mezza D, Mozzanica A, Niemann M, Poehlsen J, Schwandt J, Sheviakov I, Shi X, Smoljanin S, Steffen L, Sztuk-Dambietz J, Trunk U, Xia Q, Zeribi M, Zhang J, Zimmer M, Schmitt B, Graafsma H. The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector at the European XFEL. J Synchrotron Radiat 2019; 26:74-82. [PMID: 30655470 PMCID: PMC6337892 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518016077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD) is an X-ray imager, custom designed for the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL). It is a fast, low-noise integrating detector, with an adaptive gain amplifier per pixel. This has an equivalent noise of less than 1 keV when detecting single photons and, when switched into another gain state, a dynamic range of more than 104 photons of 12 keV. In burst mode the system is able to store 352 images while running at up to 6.5 MHz, which is compatible with the 4.5 MHz frame rate at the European XFEL. The AGIPD system was installed and commissioned in August 2017, and successfully used for the first experiments at the Single Particles, Clusters and Biomolecules (SPB) experimental station at the European XFEL since September 2017. This paper describes the principal components and performance parameters of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aschkan Allahgholi
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Becker
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annette Delfs
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Goettlicher
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Beat Henrich
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Hirsemann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuela Kuhn
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Klanner
- University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Klyuev
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Krueger
- University of Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Lange
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Laurus
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Marras
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Davide Mezza
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Magdalena Niemann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Poehlsen
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joern Schwandt
- University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Igor Sheviakov
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xintian Shi
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Sergej Smoljanin
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lothar Steffen
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Trunk
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Qingqing Xia
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mourad Zeribi
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jiaguo Zhang
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Zimmer
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Heinz Graafsma
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, S-85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
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Wunderer CB, Allahgholi A, Bayer M, Bianco L, Correa J, Delfs A, Göttlicher P, Hirsemann H, Jack S, Klyuev A, Lange S, Marras A, Niemann M, Pithan F, Reza S, Sheviakov I, Smoljanin S, Tennert M, Trunk U, Xia Q, Zhang J, Zimmer M, Das D, Guerrini N, Marsh B, Sedgwick I, Turchetta R, Cautero G, Giuressi D, Menk R, Khromova A, Pinaroli G, Stebel L, Marchal J, Pedersen U, Rees N, Steadman P, Sussmuth M, Tartoni N, Yousef H, Hyun H, Kim K, Rah S, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, Mezza D, Mozzanica A, Schmitt B, Shi X, Krueger H, Klanner R, Schwandt J, Graafsma H. Detector developments at DESY. J Synchrotron Radiat 2016; 23:111-117. [PMID: 26698052 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515022237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the increased brilliance of state-of-the-art synchrotron radiation sources and the advent of free-electron lasers (FELs) enabling revolutionary science with EUV to X-ray photons comes an urgent need for suitable photon imaging detectors. Requirements include high frame rates, very large dynamic range, single-photon sensitivity with low probability of false positives and (multi)-megapixels. At DESY, one ongoing development project - in collaboration with RAL/STFC, Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Diamond, and Pohang Accelerator Laboratory - is the CMOS-based soft X-ray imager PERCIVAL. PERCIVAL is a monolithic active-pixel sensor back-thinned to access its primary energy range of 250 eV to 1 keV with target efficiencies above 90%. According to preliminary specifications, the roughly 10 cm × 10 cm, 3.5k × 3.7k monolithic sensor will operate at frame rates up to 120 Hz (commensurate with most FELs) and use multiple gains within 27 µm pixels to measure 1 to ∼100000 (500 eV) simultaneously arriving photons. DESY is also leading the development of the AGIPD, a high-speed detector based on hybrid pixel technology intended for use at the European XFEL. This system is being developed in collaboration with PSI, University of Hamburg, and University of Bonn. The AGIPD allows single-pulse imaging at 4.5 MHz frame rate into a 352-frame buffer, with a dynamic range allowing single-photon detection and detection of more than 10000 photons at 12.4 keV in the same image. Modules of 65k pixels each are configured to make up (multi)megapixel cameras. This review describes the AGIPD and the PERCIVAL concepts and systems, including some recent results and a summary of their current status. It also gives a short overview over other FEL-relevant developments where the Photon Science Detector Group at DESY is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Salim Reza
- DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dipayan Das
- RAL/STFC, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | | | - Ben Marsh
- RAL/STFC, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | | | | | | | - Dario Giuressi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Ralf Menk
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | | | | | - Luigi Stebel
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, SS 14, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | | | | | - Nick Rees
- Diamond, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - HyoJung Hyun
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 790-834 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - KyungSook Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 790-834 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyu Rah
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 790-834 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hans Krueger
- University of Bonn, Regina-Pacis-Weg 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Klanner
- University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joem Schwandt
- University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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