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Passos E, Pereira C, Gonçalves IO, Faria A, Ascensão A, Monteiro R, Magalhães J, Martins MJ. Physical exercise positively modulates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1647-1662. [PMID: 35467032 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a predictive factor for the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although some of the mechanisms associated with NASH development are still elusive, its pathogenesis relies on a complex broad spectrum of (interconnected) metabolic-based disorders. We analyzed the effects of voluntary physical activity (VPA) and endurance training (ET), as preventive and therapeutic nonpharmacological strategies, respectively, against hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, ER-related proapoptotic signaling, and oxidative stress in an animal model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NASH. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into standard control liquid diet (SCLD) or HFD groups, with sedentary, VPA, and ET subgroups in both (sedentary animals with access to SCLD [SS], voluntarily physically active animals with access to SCLD [SV], and endurance-trained animals with access to SCLD [ST] in the former and sedentary animals with access to liquid HFD [HS], voluntarily physically active animals with access to liquid HFD [HV], and endurance-trained animals with access to liquid HFD [HT] in the latter, respectively). Hepatic ER stress and ER-related proapoptotic signaling were evaluated by Western blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; redox status was evaluated through quantification of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls groups, and glutathione levels as well as antioxidant enzymes activity. In SCLD-treated animals, VPA significantly decreased eukaryotic initiation factor-2 alpha (eIF2α). In HFD-treated animals, VPA significantly decreased eIF2α and phospho-inositol requiring enzyme-1 alpha (IRE1α) but ET significantly decreased eIF2α and significantly increased both spliced X-box binding protein 1 (sXBP1) and unspliced X-box binding protein 1; a significant increase of phosphorylated-eIF2α (p-eIF2α) to eIF2α ratio occurred in ET versus VPA. HS compared to SS disclosed a significant increase of total and reduced glutathione, HV compared to SV a significant increase of oxidized glutathione, HT compared to ST a significant increase of p-eIF2α to eIF2α ratio and sXBP1. Physical exercise counteracts NASH-related ER stress and its associated deleterious consequences through a positive and dynamical modulation of the hepatic IRE1α-X-box binding protein 1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Passos
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,National Anti-Doping Organization of Cape Verde, Praia, Cabo Verde.,Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cidália Pereira
- School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal.,CiTechCare-Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Inês O Gonçalves
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Faria
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,CINTESIS-Center for Health Technology Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Ascensão
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosário Monteiro
- CINTESIS-Center for Health Technology Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Unidade de Saúde Familiar Homem do Leme, Agrupamento de Centros de Saúde Porto Ocidental, ARS Norte, Porto, Portugal.,MEDCIDS-Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Martins
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Rocha-Rodrigues S, Gonçalves IO, Beleza J, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Physical exercise mitigates high-fat diet-induced adiposopathy and related endocrine alterations in an animal model of obesity. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 74:235-246. [PMID: 29478123 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-018-0609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of adipokine secretion owing to adiposopathy can contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-related disorders. Being that exercise is an advised strategy against obesity-induced adiposopathy, we aimed to analyze the role of physical exercise as a preventive and therapeutic strategy against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced adipokine and ghrelin alterations. Rats were pair-fed the Lieber De Carli standard diet (S, 35 Kcal% fat) or HFD (71 Kcal% fat) over 17 weeks. Animals were assigned into four groups as follows: standard diet sedentary (SS), standard diet voluntary physical activity (SVPA), high-fat diet sedentary (HS), and high-fat diet voluntary physical activity (HVPA). After 9 weeks of dietary treatment, half of the SS and HS animals were submitted to an 8-week endurance training program, standard diet endurance training (SET), and high-fat-diet endurance training (HET) groups, maintaining the respective diets. Although there were no changes in body weight, HFD increased visceral adiposity, percentage of large adipocytes, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α, and leptin contents in epididymal adipose tissue (eWAT) and decreased plasma content of adiponectin (AdipQ). Both VPA and ET decreased visceral adiposity and percentage of large adipocytes in HFD-fed animals, but ET also increased the percentage of small- to medium-sized adipocytes. VPA increased plasma growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) and decreased leptin protein in HVPA group. ET decreased plasma insulin and leptin levels and eWAT HIF-1α and leptin expression in HET group. Moreover, ET improved insulin sensitivity, plasma high molecular weight, and AdipQ and ghrelin levels and increased eWAT and GHS-R expression. Our data suggest that exercise, particularly ET, reverted adiposopathy and related endocrine alterations induced by an isocaloric HFD pair-fed diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Inês O Gonçalves
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Beleza
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Ascensão
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
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Rocha-Rodrigues S, Rodríguez A, Becerril S, Ramírez B, Gonçalves IO, Beleza J, Frühbeck G, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Physical exercise remodels visceral adipose tissue and mitochondrial lipid metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:386-394. [PMID: 27873387 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of two physical exercise models, voluntary physical activity (VPA) and endurance training (ET) as preventive and therapeutic strategies, respectively, on lipid accumulation regulators and mitochondrial content in VAT of rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Sprague-Dawley rats (6 weeks old, n=60) were assigned into sedentary and VPA groups fed isoenergetic diets: standard (S, 35 kcal% fat) or HFD (71 kcal% fat). The VPA groups had free access to wheel running during the entire protocol. After 9 weeks, half of the sedentary animals were exercised on a treadmill while maintaining the dietary treatments. The HFD induced no changes in plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glycerol levels and decreased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) subunit IV and increased truncated/full-length sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1c (SREBP1c) ratio in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). VPA decreased plasma glycerol levels, aquaglyceroporin 7 (AQP7) and increased subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) protein, in standard diet fed animals. Eight weeks of ET decreased body weight, visceral adiposity and adipocyte size and plasma NEFA and glycerol levels, as well as AQP7 protein expression in eWAT. ET increased fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36), mitochondrial content of complexes IV and V subunits, mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamic (mitofusins and optic atrophy 1)-related proteins. Moreover, lipogenesis-related markers (SREBP1c and acetyl CoA carboxylase) were reduced after 8 weeks of ET. In conclusion, ET-induced alterations reflect a positive effect on mitochondrial function and the overall VAT metabolism of HFD-induced obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Obesity & Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitario de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Obesity & Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitario de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ramírez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Obesity & Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitario de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inês O Gonçalves
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Beleza
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Obesity & Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitario de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - António Ascensão
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Rocha-Rodrigues S, Gonçalves IO, Beleza J, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Effects of endurance training on autophagy and apoptotic signaling in visceral adipose tissue of prolonged high fat diet-fed rats. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:2237-2247. [PMID: 28699087 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Autophagy and apoptosis play critical roles in both development and tissue homeostasis in response to (patho)physiological stimuli, such as high-fat diet (HFD) and endurance training (ET). Therefore, we aimed to investigate how ET modulates autophagy and apoptotic-related signaling in visceral adipose tissue of long-standing HFD-fed rats. METHODS The study was conducted over a 17-week period on Sprague-Dawley rats, which were divided into four groups (n = 8/group): standard diet sedentary (STD+SED), high-fat diet sedentary (HFD+SED), standard diet ET (STD+ET) and high-fat diet ET (HFD+ET). After 9 weeks of dietary regimens, ET groups were trained for 8 weeks on treadmill (5 days/week at 25 m/min for 60 min/day), while maintaining dietary regimens. Autophagy and apoptotic-signaling markers in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) were determined using RT-qPCR, Western blot and spectrometry techniques. RESULTS ET reduced body weight, visceral fat mass and HOMA-IR in standard and HF diet-fed animals. Moreover, ET reverted the HFD-induced increases in the percentage of larger adipocytes and also reduced the percentage of smaller adipocytes. The HFD decreased pre-adipocyte factor 1 (DLK1/PREF1) and increased the pro-apoptotic markers (Bax protein and caspase 3-like activity), while having no impact on autophagy markers. However, ET increased DLK1/PREF1 and Bcl-2 in both diet types, while decreasing Bax and caspases 9, 8 and 3-like activities in HFD feeding rats. Additionally, Beclin-1 and p62 protein significantly increased in ET groups of both diet types. CONCLUSIONS Data demonstrate that 8 weeks of ET was effective in attenuating apoptotic-related signaling in long-standing HFD-fed rats. Moreover, HFD and ET had no impact on VAT autophagy markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues
- Faculty of Sport, CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Faculty of Sport Sciences, LaMetEx - Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Inês O Gonçalves
- Faculty of Sport, CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, LaMetEx - Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Beleza
- Faculty of Sport, CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, LaMetEx - Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Ascensão
- Faculty of Sport, CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, LaMetEx - Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- Faculty of Sport, CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, LaMetEx - Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Beleza J, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Gonçalves IO, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Effects Of Physical Exercise On The Modulation Of Aquaglyceroporin 7 From Visceral Adipose Tissue. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000519694.61297.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rocha-Rodrigues S, Rodríguez A, Gonçalves IO, Moreira A, Maciel E, Santos S, Domingues MR, Frühbeck G, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Impact of physical exercise on visceral adipose tissue fatty acid profile and inflammation in response to a high-fat diet regimen. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 87:114-124. [PMID: 28438715 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies associate specific fatty-acids (FA) with the pathophysiology of inflammation. We aimed to analyze the impact of exercise on adipose tissue FA profile in response to a high-fat diet (HFD) and to ascertain whether these exercise-induced changes in specific FA have repercussions on obesity-related inflammation. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into sedentary, voluntary physical-activity (VPA) and endurance training (ET) groups fed a standard (S, 35kcal% fat) or high-fat (71kcal% fat) diets. VPA-animals had unrestricted access to wheel-running. After 9-wks, ET-animals engaged a running protocol for 8-wks, while maintained dietary treatments. The FA content in epididymal white-adipose tissue (eWAT) triglycerides was analyzed by gas-chromatography and the expression of inflammatory markers was determined using RT-qPCR, Western and slot blotting. RESULTS Eight-wks of ET reversed obesity-related anatomical features. HFD increased plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α content and eWAT monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 protein expression. HFD decreased eWAT content of saturated FA and monounsaturated FA, while increased linoleic acid and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in eWAT. VPA decreased visceral adiposity, adipocyte size and MCP-1 in HFD-fed animals. The VPA and ET interventions diminished palmitoleic acid and increased linoleic acid in HFD-fed groups. Moreover, both interventions increased PGE2 levels in standard diet-fed groups and decreased in HFD. ET increased eWAT fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and elongase 5 (ELOVL5) protein content in both diet types. ET reduced eWAT inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6), macrophage recruitment (MCP-1 and F4/80) and increased IL-10/TNF-α ratio in plasma and in eWAT in both diet types. CONCLUSIONS Exercise induced FA-specific changes independently of dietary FA composition, but only ET attenuated the inflammatory response in VAT of HFD-fed rats. Moreover, the exercise-induced FA changes did not correlate with the inflammatory response in VAT of rats submitted to HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Obesity & Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitario de Navarra (IdiSNA), CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inês O Gonçalves
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Moreira
- Mass spectrometry Centre, UI-QOPNA Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Maciel
- Mass spectrometry Centre, UI-QOPNA Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Santos
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria R Domingues
- Mass spectrometry Centre, UI-QOPNA Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Obesity & Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitario de Navarra (IdiSNA), CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - António Ascensão
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Rizo-Roca D, Ríos-Kristjánsson JG, Núñez-Espinosa C, Santos-Alves E, Gonçalves IO, Magalhães J, Ascensão A, Pagès T, Viscor G, Torrella JR. Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia combined with aerobic exercise improves muscle morphofunctional recovery after eccentric exercise to exhaustion in trained rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:580-592. [PMID: 27765844 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00501.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unaccustomed eccentric exercise leads to muscle morphological and functional alterations, including microvasculature damage, the repair of which is modulated by hypoxia. We present the effects of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia and exercise on recovery from eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EEIMD). Soleus muscles from trained rats were excised before (CTRL) and 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after a double session of EEIMD protocol. A recovery treatment consisting of one of the following protocols was applied 1 day after the EEIMD: passive normobaric recovery (PNR), a 4-h daily exposure to passive hypobaric hypoxia at 4,000 m (PHR), or hypobaric hypoxia exposure followed by aerobic exercise (AHR). EEIMD produced an increase in the percentage of abnormal fibers compared with CTRL, and it affected the microvasculature by decreasing capillary density (CD, capillaries per mm2) and the capillary-to-fiber ratio (CF). After 14 days, AHR exhibited CD and CF values similar to those of CTRL animals (789 and 3.30 vs. 746 and 3.06) and significantly higher than PNR (575 and 2.62) and PHR (630 and 2.92). Furthermore, VEGF expression showed a significant 43% increase in AHR when compared with PNR. Moreover, after 14 days, the muscle fibers in AHR had a more oxidative phenotype than the other groups, with significantly smaller cross-sectional areas (AHR, 3,745; PNR, 4,502; and PHR, 4,790 µm2), higher citrate synthase activity (AHR, 14.8; PNR, 13.1; and PHR, 12 µmol·min-1·mg-1) and a significant 27% increment in PGC-1α levels compared with PNR. Our data show that hypoxia combined with exercise attenuates or reverses the morphofunctional alterations induced by EEIMD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study provides new insights into the use of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia combined with exercise as a strategy to recover muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise. We analyzed the effects of hypobaric exposure combined with aerobic exercise on histopathological features of muscle damage, fiber morphofunctionality, capillarization, angiogenesis, and the oxidative capacity of damaged soleus muscle. Most of these parameters were improved after a 2-wk protocol of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia combined with aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rizo-Roca
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - J G Ríos-Kristjánsson
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - C Núñez-Espinosa
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - E Santos-Alves
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - I O Gonçalves
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Magalhães
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Ascensão
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - T Pagès
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - G Viscor
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - J R Torrella
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
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Rocha-Rodrigues S, Gouveia AM, Gonçalves IO, Passos E, Ascensão AA, Magalhães J. Exercise-induced FNDC5/Irisin Activation Drives Brown-like Adipocyte Phenotype in Visceral Adipose Tissue from Obese Rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000486634.52665.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Beleza J, Marinho I, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Gonçalves IO, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. The Effect Of Exercise In Gastrocnemius Muscle Alterations-induced By Obesity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000486639.27116.f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Gonçalves IO, Passos E, Diogo CV, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Santos-Alves E, Oliveira PJ, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Exercise mitigates mitochondrial permeability transition pore and quality control mechanisms alterations in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:298-306. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control and apoptosis have been described as key components in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); exercise is recognized as a nonpharmacological strategy to counteract NASH-associated consequences. We aimed to analyze the effect of voluntary physical activity (VPA) and endurance training (ET) against NASH-induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and mitochondrial and cellular quality control deleterious alterations. Forty-eight male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into standard-diet sedentary (SS, n = 16), standard-diet VPA (n = 8), high-fat diet sedentary (HS, n = 16), and high-fat diet VPA (n = 8). After 9 weeks of diet treatment, half of the SS and HS groups were engaged in an ET program for 8 weeks, 5 days/week, 1 h/day. Liver mPTP susceptibility through osmotic swelling, mPTP-related proteins (cyclophilin D, Sirtuin3, Cofilin-1), markers of mitochondrial biogenesis ((mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator protein (PGC-1α)), dynamics (Mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), Dynamin related protein 1, and Optic atrophy 1)), auto/mitophagy (Beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, p62, PINK1, and Parkin), and apoptotic signaling (Bax, Bcl-2) and caspases-like activities were assessed. HS animals showed an increased susceptibility to mPTP, compromised expression of Tfam, Mfn1, PINK1, and Parkin and an increase in Bax content (HS vs. SS). ET and VPA improved biogenesis-related proteins (PGC-1α) and autophagy signaling (Beclin-1 and Beclin-1/Bcl-2 ratio) and decreased apoptotic signaling (caspases 8 activity, Bax content, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio). However, only ET decreased mPTP susceptibility and positively modulated Bcl-2, Tfam, Mfn1, Mfn2, PINK1, and Parkin content. In conclusion, exercise reduces the increased susceptibility to mPTP induced by NASH and promotes the increase of auto/mitophagy and mitochondrial fusion towards a protective phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês O. Gonçalves
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, n° 91 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emanuel Passos
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia V. Diogo
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga Faculty of Medicine, Pólo I, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, n° 91 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Estela Santos-Alves
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, n° 91 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga Faculty of Medicine, Pólo I, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Ascensão
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, n° 91 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, n° 91 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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Passos E, Pereira CD, Gonçalves IO, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Silva N, Guimarães JT, Neves D, Ascensão A, Magalhães J, Martins MJ. Role of physical exercise on hepatic insulin, glucocorticoid and inflammatory signaling pathways in an animal model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Life Sci 2014; 123:51-60. [PMID: 25534442 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Pro-inflammatory mediators, glucocorticoids and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β are implicated in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related insulin resistance. As physical activity is beneficial against NASH, we analyzed the voluntary physical activity (VPA) and endurance training (ET) (preventive and therapeutic strategies) effects on hepatic insulin, pro-inflammatory and glucocorticoid signaling regulators/mediators in high-fat (Lieber-DeCarli) diet (HFD)-induced NASH. MAIN METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided in standard diet (SD) or HFD, with sedentary, VPA and ET animals in both diet regimens. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were analyzed; plasma insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was calculated. Hepatic insulin, pro-inflammatory and glucocorticoid signaling regulators/mediators were evaluated by Western blot or reverse transcriptase-PCR. KEY FINDINGS ET improved ISI in both diet regimens. HFD-feeding increased interleukin-1β and induced a similar pattern on interleukin-6 and TGF-β, which were globally reduced by physical exercise. ET decreased HFD leukemia inhibitory factor level, SD+VPA animals presenting higher values than HFD+VPA animals. HFD increased the ratio of IRS-1(Ser307)/total IRS-1, which was completely mitigated by physical exercise. Physical exercise reduced total ERK and JNK (total and activated) expression in HFD. In SD vs. HFD, VPA presented higher activated JNK and ET presented higher total JNK. Generally, in HFD, the ratio (activated/total) of AKT, and each separately, decreased with exercise and also for activated AKT in SD. Overall, in both diets, exercise reduced 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. ET increased glucocorticoid receptor and reduced PTP1B in HFD. SIGNIFICANCE Physical exercise mitigates the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and positively modulates insulin and glucocorticoid signaling in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Passos
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - C D Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - I O Gonçalves
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Rocha-Rodrigues
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - N Silva
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital of São João Centre EPE, and EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J T Guimarães
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital of São João Centre EPE, and EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - D Neves
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Ascensão
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Magalhães
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M J Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Gonçalves IO, Maciel E, Passos E, Torrella JR, Rizo D, Viscor G, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Santos-Alves E, Domingues MR, Oliveira PJ, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Exercise alters liver mitochondria phospholipidomic profile and mitochondrial activity in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:163-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Gonçalves IO, Passos E, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Torrella JR, Rizo D, Santos-Alves E, Portincasa P, Martins MJ, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Physical exercise antagonizes clinical and anatomical features characterizing Lieber-DeCarli diet-induced obesity and related metabolic disorders. Clin Nutr 2014; 34:241-7. [PMID: 24746977 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Lieber-DeCarli diet has been used to induce obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). As scarce anatomical and clinical-related information on this diet model exists and being exercise an advised strategy to counteract metabolic diseases, we aimed to analyze the preventive (voluntary physical activity - VPA) and therapeutic (endurance training - ET) effect of exercise on clinical/anatomical features of rats fed with Lieber-DeCarli diet. METHODS In the beginning of the protocol, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into standard-diet sedentary (SS, n = 20), standard-diet VPA (SVPA, n = 10), high-fat diet sedentary (HS, n = 20) and high-fat diet VPA (HVPA, n = 10) groups. After 9-weeks, half (n = 10) of SS and HS groups were engaged in an ET program (8 wks/5 d/wk/60 min/day). At this time, a blood sample was collected for biochemical analysis. At the end of protocol (17-weeks) anatomic measures were assessed. Heart, liver, femur and visceral fat were weighted and blood was collected again. Liver section was used for histopathological examination. RESULTS At 17-weeks, high-fat diet increased visceral adiposity (HS vs. SS), which was counteracted by both exercises. However, ET was the only intervention able to diminished obesity-related measures and the histological features of NASH. Moreover, blood analysis at 9 weeks showed that high-fat diet increased ALT, AST, cholesterol and HDL while VLDL and TG levels were decreased (HS vs. SS). Notably, although these parameters were counteracted after 9-weeks of VPA, they were transitory and not observed after 17-weeks. CONCLUSIONS ET used as a therapeutic tool mitigated the clinical/anatomical-related features induced by Liber-DeCarli diet, thus possibly contributing to control obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês O Gonçalves
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - Emanuel Passos
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Joan R Torrella
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Rizo
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estela Santos-Alves
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria J Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - António Ascensão
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
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Magalhães J, Gonçalves IO, Lumini-Oliveira J, Marques-Aleixo I, Passos E, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Machado NG, Moreira AC, Rizo D, Viscor G, Oliveira PJ, Torrella JR, Ascensão A. Modulation of cardiac mitochondrial permeability transition and apoptotic signaling by endurance training and intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. Int J Cardiol 2014; 173:40-5. [PMID: 24602319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and inhibition of the apoptotic signaling are critically associated with the cardioprotective phenotypes afforded by both intermittent hypobaric-hypoxia (IHH) and endurance-training (ET). We recently proposed that IHH and ET improve cardiac function and basic mitochondrial capacity, although without showing addictive effects. Here we investigate whether a combination of IHH and ET alters cardiac mitochondrial vulnerability to MPTP and related apoptotic signaling. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into normoxic-sedentary (NS), normoxic-exercised (NE, 1h/day/5 week treadmill-running), hypoxic-sedentary (HS, 6000 m, 5h/day/5 weeks) and hypoxic-exercised (HE) to study susceptibility to calcium-induced cardiac MPTP opening. Mitochondrial cyclophilin D (CypD), adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), Bax and Bcl-2 protein contents were semi-quantified by Western blotting. Cardiac caspase 3-, 8- and 9-like activities were measured. Mitochondrial aconitase and superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) and sulphydryl group (-SH) content were determined. RESULTS Susceptibility to MPTP decreased in NE and HS vs. NS and even further in HE. The ANT content increased in HE vs. NS. Bcl-2/Bax ratio increased in NE and HS compared to NS. Decreased activities in tissue caspase 3-like (HE vs. NS) and caspase 9-like (HS and HE vs. NS) were observed. Mitochondrial aconitase increased in NE and HS vs. NS. No alterations between groups were observed for caspase 8-like activity, MnSOD, CypD, MDA and -SH. CONCLUSIONS Data confirm that IHH and ET modulate cardiac mitochondria to a protective phenotype characterized by decreased MPTP induction and apoptotic signaling, although without visible addictive effects as initially hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magalhães
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - I O Gonçalves
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - J Lumini-Oliveira
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Fernando Pessoa, Portugal
| | - I Marques-Aleixo
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - E Passos
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - S Rocha-Rodrigues
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - N G Machado
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A C Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - D Rizo
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Viscor
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - P J Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J R Torrella
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Ascensão
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
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Gonçalves IO, Oliveira PJ, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Exercise as a therapeutic tool to prevent mitochondrial degeneration in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:1184-94. [PMID: 24033085 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, encompassing hepatic steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis, is a significant health problem associated with modern lifestyle, based on caloric overconsumption and physical inactivity. Although the mechanisms associated with progression from the 'benign' steatosis to NASH are still elusive, mitochondrial dysfunction seems to play an important role in this degenerative process. Degeneration of mitochondrial function during NASH has been associated with impaired β-oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation and increased reactive oxygen species production, contributing to hepatocyte death and inflammatory response. Despite the fact that several therapeutic approaches can be used in the context of NASH, including insulin-sensitizing agents, anti-obesity drugs, lipid-lowering drugs or mitochondrial-targeted drugs, dietary and physical activity are still the most effective strategies. In fact, active lifestyles decrease insulin resistance and body weight and result in decreased histological signs of liver injury. In fatty liver, physical activity prevents the disease progression through mitochondrial adaptations, namely by increasing cytochrome c content, enzyme activities and fatty acid oxidation, which are lost after some days of physical inactivity. However, less is known about the effect of physical activity on NASH-associated mitochondrial dysfunction. After a brief characterization of NASH and its association with liver mitochondrial (dys)function, the present review addresses the impact of physical (in)activity on NASH and, particularly, the possible contribution of active lifestyles to the modulation of liver mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês O Gonçalves
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Magalhães J, Falcão-Pires I, Gonçalves IO, Lumini-Oliveira J, Marques-Aleixo I, Dos Passos E, Rocha-Rodrigues S, Machado NG, Moreira AC, Miranda-Silva D, Moura C, Leite-Moreira AF, Oliveira PJ, Torrella JR, Ascensão A. Synergistic impact of endurance training and intermittent hypobaric hypoxia on cardiac function and mitochondrial energetic and signaling. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:5363-71. [PMID: 24012275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent hypobaric-hypoxia (IHH) and endurance-training (ET) are cardioprotective strategies against stress-stimuli. Mitochondrial modulation appears to be an important step of the process. This study aimed to analyze whether a combination of these approaches provides additive or synergistic effects improving heart-mitochondrial and cardiac-function. METHODS Two-sets of rats were divided into normoxic-sedentary (NS), normoxic-exercised (NE, 1 h/day/5 weeks treadmill-running), hypoxic-sedentary (HS, 6000 m, 5h/day/5 weeks) and hypoxic-exercised (HE) to study overall cardiac and mitochondrial function. In vitro cardiac mitochondrial oxygen consumption and transmembrane potential were evaluated. OXPHOS subunits and ANT protein content were semi-quantified by Western blotting. HIF-1α, VEGF, VEGF-R1 VEGF-R2, BNP, SERCA2a and PLB expressions were measured by qRT-PCR and cardiac function was characterized by echocardiography and hemodynamic parameters. RESULTS Respiratory control ratio (RCR) increased in NE, HS and HE vs. NS. Susceptibility to anoxia/reoxygenation-induced dysfunction decreased in NE, HS and HE vs. NS. HS decreased mitochondrial complex-I and -II subunits; however HE completely reverted the decreased content in complex-II subunits. ANT increased in HE. HE presented normalized ventricular-arterial coupling (Ea) and BNP myocardial levels and significantly improved myocardial performance as evaluated by increased cardiac output and normalization of the Tei index vs. HS CONCLUSION Data demonstrates that IHH and ET confer cardiac mitochondria with a more resistant phenotype although without visible addictive effects at least under basal conditions. It is suggested that the combination of both strategies, although not additive, results into improved cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magalhães
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal.
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