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Lamy E, Viegas C, Rocha A, Raquel Lucas M, Tavares S, Capela E Silva F, Guedes D, Laureati M, Zian Z, Salles Machado A, Ellssel P, Freyer B, González-Rodrigo E, Calzadilla J, Majewski E, Prazeres I, Silva V, Juračak J, Platilová Vorlíčková L, Kamutali A, Regina Tschá E, Villalobos K, Želvytė R, Monkeviciene I, Elati J, de Souza Pinto AM, Midori Castelo P, Anzman-Frasca S. Changes in food behavior during the first lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic: A multi-country study about changes in eating habits, motivations, and food-related behaviors. Food Qual Prefer 2022; 99:104559. [PMID: 35169381 PMCID: PMC8830148 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in severe, unprecedented changes affecting the world population. Restrictions in mobility, social distancing measures, and the persistent social alarm, during the first period of pandemic, resulted in dramatic lifestyle changes and affected physical and psychological wellbeing on a global scale. An international research team was constituted to develop a study involving different countries about eating motivations, dietary habits and behaviors related with food intake, acquisition, and preparation. This study presents results of an online survey, carried out during the first lockdown, in 2020, assessing food-related behavior and how people perceived them to change, comparatively to the period preceding the COVID-19 outbreak. A total of 3332 responses, collected from 16 countries, were considered for analysis [72.8% in Europe, 12.8% in Africa, 2.2% in North America (USA) and 12.2% in South America]. Results suggest that the main motivations perceived to drive food intake were familiarity and liking. Two clusters were identified, based on food intake frequency, which were classified as “healthier” and “unhealthier”. The former was constituted by individuals with higher scholarity level, to whom intake was more motivated by health, natural concerns, and weight control, and less by liking, pleasure or affect regulation. The second cluster was constituted by individuals with a higher proportion of male and intake more influenced by affect-related motivations. During this period, a generalized lower concern with the convenience attributes of foods was noted (namely, choice of processed products and fast-food meals), alongside an increase in time and efforts dedicated to home cooking. Understanding the main changes and their underlying motivations in a time of unprecedented crisis is of major importance, as it provides the scientific support that allows one to anticipate the implications for the future of the global food and nutrition system and, consequently, to take the appropriate action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Lamy
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture Environment and Development, University of Evora, Evora, Portugal
| | - Claudia Viegas
- H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ada Rocha
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Raquel Lucas
- center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics (CEFAGE), University of Evora, Evora, Portugal
| | - Sofia Tavares
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development, Center for Research in Education and Psychology (CIEP), University of Évora, Evora, Portugal
| | - Fernando Capela E Silva
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture Environment and Development, University of Evora, Evora, Portugal
| | - David Guedes
- Iscte - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, CIS-Iscte, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Monica Laureati
- DeFENS - Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Zeineb Zian
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, University Abdelmalek Essaâdi, Tangier, Morocco
| | | | - Pierre Ellssel
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Organic Farming, WG Transdisciplinary Systems Research, Austria
| | - Bernhard Freyer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Organic Farming, WG Transdisciplinary Systems Research, Austria
| | - Elena González-Rodrigo
- Dpto. Economía y Finanzas, ESIC University, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain & ESIC Business & Marketing School, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Jesús Calzadilla
- Dpto. Economía y Finanzas, ESIC University, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain & ESIC Business & Marketing School, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Edward Majewski
- Institute of Economics and Finance, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ibrahim Prazeres
- center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics (CEFAGE), University of Evora, Evora, Portugal
| | - Vlademir Silva
- center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics (CEFAGE), University of Evora, Evora, Portugal
| | - Josip Juračak
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lenka Platilová Vorlíčková
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Economics and Management, Department of Management, Czech Republic
| | - Antonino Kamutali
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade José Eduardo dos Santos, Huambo, Angola
| | | | - Keylor Villalobos
- Faculty of Land and Sea, School of Agrarian Sciences, National University of Costa Rica, Avenida 1, Calle 9 Heredia 86, 3000, Costa Rica
| | - Rasa Želvytė
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ingrida Monkeviciene
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jalila Elati
- Laboratory SURVEN, National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology of Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Stephanie Anzman-Frasca
- University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Contreras-Aguilar MD, Tvarijonaviciute A, Monkeviciene I, Martín-Cuervo M, González-Arostegui LG, Franco-Martínez L, Cerón JJ, Tecles F, Escribano D. Characterization of total adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) and its isoenzymes in saliva and serum in health and inflammatory conditions in four different species: an analytical and clinical validation pilot study. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:384. [PMID: 33046093 PMCID: PMC7549231 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Measurement of adenosine deaminase (ADA) can provide information about cell-mediated immunity. This report’s objective was to study the enzymatic activity of total ADA (tADA) and its isoenzymes ADA1 and ADA2 in canine, equine, porcine, and bovine serum and saliva and their changes in different inflammatory situations in each species. Besides, an automated method for ADA2 measurement was developed and validated. Results tADA was present in serum and saliva of healthy animals of the four species. Erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) concentration of 0.47 mM was needed for ADA1 inhibition in canine and porcine samples (serum and saliva) and bovine saliva, whereas for equine saliva 0.94 mM was needed. ADA2 activity was not detected in bovine serum and was very low or absent in equine serum and bovine saliva. An automated procedure to measure ADA2 consisting of adding EHNA to a commercial reagent for tADA measurement provided repetitive (coefficients of variation < 8.8% in serum and < 10% in saliva) and accurate (linearity of serial sample dilutions with R2 > 0.90) results, being equivalent to a manual incubation of the sample with EHNA at a similar concentration. Salivary tADA, as well as ADA1 and ADA2, were higher in dogs with leishmaniosis, horses with acute abdominal disease and pigs with lameness than in healthy animals. tADA and isoenzymes in saliva showed a positive significant correlation with serum ferritin in dogs (r = 0.602, P < 0.01; r = 0.555, P < 0.05; and r = 0.632, P < 0.01; respectively for tADA, ADA1 and ADA2) and serum C-reactive protein in pigs (r = 0.700, P < 0.01, for both tADA and ADA1; r = 0.770, P < 0.001, for ADA2), whereas salivary ADA2 significantly correlated with serum amyloid A in horses (r = 0.649, P < 0.01). In cows, salivary tADA and ADA1 significantly increased after calving, correlating with total white blood cell count (r = 0.487, P < 0.05, for both tADA and ADA1). Conclusions The activity of total ADA and its different isoenzymes, can be measured in serum and saliva of dogs, horses, pigs and cows by a simple and fast procedure described in this report. When measured in saliva, these analytes correlated with other biomarkers of inflammation and it could potentially be used as a biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation in the species of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ingrida Monkeviciene
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Research Center of Digestive Physiology and Pathology, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - María Martín-Cuervo
- Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cáceres, University of Extremadura, Av. De la Universidad s/n, 10005, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Luis Guillermo González-Arostegui
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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Lele V, Zelvyte R, Monkeviciene I, Kantautaite J, Stankevicius R, Ruzauskas M, Sederevicius A, Antanaitis R, Bartkiene E. Milk production and ruminal parameters of dairy cows fed diets containing Lactobacillus sakei KTU05-6 and Pediococcus pentosaceus BaltBio02. Pol J Vet Sci 2019; 22:327-335. [PMID: 31269344 DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2019.129224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Effects of fermented extruded rye flour supplements with Lactobacillus sakei KTU05-6 or Pediococcus pentosaceus BaltBio02 on milk production and composition, as well as ruminal parameters, were determined in Lithuanian Black & White dairy cows. Also, determination of antimicrobial activities of tested lactic acid bacteria (LAB) against a variety of pathogenic and opportunistic bacterial strains previously isolated from diseased cattle was performed. The highest antimicrobial activity was demonstrated in L. sakei against S. aureus, and in P. pentosaceus against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The count of LAB in the supplements after 72 h of fermentation of extruded rye flour with L. sakei and P. pentosaceus was 9.6±0.4 log10 CFU/g and 9.5±0.3 log10 CFU/g, respectively. All cows (n=60) were fed the same basal diet. The treatment differences were achieved by individually incorporating (65 d.) one of the supplements: L. sakei KTU05-6 (group B; n=20) or P. pentosaceus BaltBio02 (group C; n=20). The control group A (n=20) was on the basal diet only. A supplement fermented with L. sakei does not have a significant influence on dairy cattle milk production and rumen fluid parameters. The type of LAB used has a significant influence (p⟨0.0001) on microbiological parameters of the rumen (TCM, TCL, TCE). The milk yield was increased (p≤0.05) using P. pentosaceus BaltBio02 supplement, and further research is needed to identify w hat is the main mechanism of the positive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lele
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - R Zelvyte
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - I Monkeviciene
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - J Kantautaite
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - R Stankevicius
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - M Ruzauskas
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - A Sederevicius
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - R Antanaitis
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - E Bartkiene
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Contreras-Aguilar MD, Monkeviciene I, Ceron JJ, Silinskas I, Vallejo-Mateo PJ, Tecles F, Martinez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Zelvyte R. Biochemical changes in saliva of cows with inflammation: A pilot study. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:383-386. [PMID: 31075616 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Saliva contains a variety of compounds that can change in local and systemic pathologies including inflammation. Although changes in acute phase proteins and markers of oxidative stress in saliva during inflammation in humans and different animal species have been described, no data exist about possible changes during inflammation in analytes in saliva of cows. The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in selected salivary biomarkers of stress, inflammation and immune system, and oxidative stress in cows with inflammation. For this purpose, bovine mastitis was used as model. Saliva and serum from 18 clinically healthy cows and 18 cows with clinical mastitis were used in the study. A panel of analytes integrated by alpha-amylase, cortisol, haptoglobin, adenosine deaminase, cholinesterase, total antioxidant capacity, lactate, and uric acid was measured in all samples and differences between the two groups of animals were evaluated. Significant increases in cortisol, alpha-amylase, uric acid, lactate and significant decreases in cholinesterase were detected in saliva of cows with mastitis. These results indicate that that cows with mastitis show changes in salivary biomarkers that reflect presence of stress, inflammation and oxidative stress in the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - I Monkeviciene
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Research Center of Digestive Physiology and Pathology, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - J J Ceron
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - I Silinskas
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Research Center of Digestive Physiology and Pathology, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - P J Vallejo-Mateo
- Department of animal medicine and surgery, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - F Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Martinez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - R Zelvyte
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Research Center of Digestive Physiology and Pathology, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Muñoz-Prieto A, Nielsen LR, Dąbrowski R, Bjørnvad CR, Söder J, Lamy E, Monkeviciene I, Ljubić BB, Vasiu I, Savic S, Busato F, Yilmaz Z, Bravo-Cantero AF, Öhlund M, Lucena S, Zelvyte R, Aladrović J, Lopez-Jornet P, Caldin M, Lavrador C, Karveliene B, Mrljak V, Mazeikiene J, Tvarijonaviciute A. European dog owner perceptions of obesity and factors associated with human and canine obesity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13353. [PMID: 30190536 PMCID: PMC6127309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a common nutrition-related disorder leading to reduced life expectancy in both humans and dogs. With the aim of identifying new prevention and control options, the study objectives were (1) to investigate dog-owner perceptions about obesity in terms of themselves and their dogs, and (2) to identify factors associated with obesity and possible social, environmental and economic drivers for its development in dog owners and their pets. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was performed across multiple countries. The questionnaire focused on human and canine obesity, associated factors and potential drivers, and was distributed online and in the form of hard copies among dog owners in 11 European countries. In total, 3,185 responses from ten countries were included in multivariable analyses. Between 19.1% and 48.8% of the dog owners reported to be overweight/obese. Owner-reported overweight/obesity in dogs ranged from 6.0% to 31.3% based on body condition score charts, and 31.8% to 69.4% based on body fat index charts. Common factors associated with obesity in owners and their dogs were age, gender and owners' attitudes to diet and physical activity. Dog owners who did not consider obesity to be a disease were more likely to have obese dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Ed.16, 4a planta, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Liza Rosenbaum Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Roman Dąbrowski
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Gleboka 30 St, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
| | - Charlotte Reinhard Bjørnvad
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej16, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Josefin Söder
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, SE_750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elsa Lamy
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - Ingrida Monkeviciene
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Research Center of Digestive Physiology and Pathology, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, LT-47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Blanka Beer Ljubić
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iosif Vasiu
- Small Animal Emergency Hospital, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Romania
| | - Sara Savic
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Zeki Yilmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, 16059, Nilufer, Bursa, Turkey
| | | | - Malin Öhlund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sónia Lucena
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - Rasa Zelvyte
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Research Center of Digestive Physiology and Pathology, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, LT-47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jasna Aladrović
- Department of Physiology and Radiobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Pia Lopez-Jornet
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Spain
| | | | - Catarina Lavrador
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - Birute Karveliene
- Veterinary faculty, Dr. L Kriaučeliūnas Small Animal Clinic (teaching hospital), Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, LT-47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jovita Mazeikiene
- InMedica Vilnius - Alfa Clinic, Baltrusaicio 3, 06120, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Ed.16, 4a planta, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
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