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de la Mata Moratilla S, Casado Angulo S, Gómez-Casanova N, Copa-Patiño JL, Heredero-Bermejo I, de la Mata FJ, García-Gallego S. Zinc(II) Iminopyridine Complexes as Antibacterial Agents: A Structure-to-Activity Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4011. [PMID: 38612821 PMCID: PMC11012978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is currently a global health emergency. Metallodrugs, especially metal coordination complexes, comprise a broad variety of candidates to combat antibacterial infections. In this work, we designed a new family of Schiff base zinc(II) complexes with iminopyridine as an organic ligand and different inorganic ligands: chloride, nitrate, and acetate. The antibacterial effect of the Zn(II) complexes was studied against planktonic bacterial cells of Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) strains. The results showed a moderate biocide activity in both types of planktonic bacteria, which arises from the metal complexation to the Schiff base ligand. Importantly, we confirmed the crucial effect of the metal, with Zn(II) improving the activity of Cu(II) counterparts previously reported. On the other hand, the impact of the inorganic ligands was not significant for the antibacterial effect but was relevant for the complex solubility. Finally, as proof of concept of topical antibacterial formulation, we formulated an emulsion containing the most lipophilic Zn(II) complex and confirmed a sustained release for 24 h in a vertical cell diffusion assay. The promising activity of iminopyridine Zn(II) complexes is potentially worth exploring in more detailed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia de la Mata Moratilla
- University of Alcalá, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (S.d.l.M.M.); (S.C.A.); (F.J.d.l.M.)
| | - Sandra Casado Angulo
- University of Alcalá, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (S.d.l.M.M.); (S.C.A.); (F.J.d.l.M.)
| | - Natalia Gómez-Casanova
- University of Alcalá, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - José Luis Copa-Patiño
- University of Alcalá, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - Irene Heredero-Bermejo
- University of Alcalá, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - Francisco Javier de la Mata
- University of Alcalá, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (S.d.l.M.M.); (S.C.A.); (F.J.d.l.M.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra García-Gallego
- University of Alcalá, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (S.d.l.M.M.); (S.C.A.); (F.J.d.l.M.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
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Muñoz-Sánchez S, Heredero-Bermejo I, de la Mata FJ, García-Gallego S. Bifunctional Carbosilane Dendrimers for the Design of Multipurpose Hydrogels with Antibacterial Action. Chem Mater 2024; 36:266-274. [PMID: 38222939 PMCID: PMC10783294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a serious global health problem. There is an incessant demand for new antimicrobial drugs and materials that can address this global issue from different angles. Dendritic hydrogels have appeared as a promising strategy. A family of bifunctional amphiphilic carbosilane dendrimers was designed and employed as nanosized cross-linking points for the synthesis of high-swelling hydrogels using the highly efficient Thiol-Ene click reaction for their preparation. Both stoichiometric and off-stoichiometric conditions were studied, generating hydrogels with pendant hydroxyl or alkene moieties. These hydrogels were found to be tunable antibacterial materials. They can easily be postmodified with relevant antibiotic moieties through covalent attachment on the hydroxyl or alkene pendant groups, generating ammonium-decorated networks with temperature and pH-responsive properties. Additionally, they can efficiently encapsulate drugs with poor solubility in water, like ciprofloxacin, and perform a sustained release over time, as demonstrated in preliminary assays against Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Muñoz-Sánchez
- University
of Alcala, Department of Organic and Inorganic
Chemistry and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés
M. Del Río” (IQAR), 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Javier de la Mata
- University
of Alcala, Department of Organic and Inorganic
Chemistry and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés
M. Del Río” (IQAR), 28805 Madrid, Spain
- Networking
Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra García-Gallego
- University
of Alcala, Department of Organic and Inorganic
Chemistry and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés
M. Del Río” (IQAR), 28805 Madrid, Spain
- Networking
Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
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Gómez-Casanova N, Martín-Serrano Ortiz Á, Heredero-Bermejo I, Sánchez-Nieves J, Luis Copa-Patiño J, Javier de la Mata F. Potential anti-adhesion activity of novel carbosilane zwitterionic dendrimers against eukaryotic and prokaryotic pathogenic microorganisms. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 191:158-165. [PMID: 37536578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of biofilms on different surfaces continues to be a major public health problem. The antimicrobial resistance and the difficulty of finding drugs capable of combating these established biofilms generates the urgent need to find compounds that prevent cells from settling and establishing of these complex communities of microorganisms. Zwitterionic modification of nanomaterials allows the formation of a hydration layer, and this highly hydrophilic surface provides antifouling properties as well as a good biocompatibility by preventing non-specific interactions. Thus, they are appropriate candidates to prevent microbial adhesion to different surfaces and, in consequence, avoid biofilm formation. For this reason, we have incorporated zwitterionic moieties in multivalent systems, as are carbosilane dendrimers. Characterization of these systems was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. It has been analysed if the new molecules have capacity to inhibit the biofilm formation in Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results showed that they were more effective against S. aureus, observing a biofilm reduction of 81.5% treating with 32 mg/L of G2SiZWsf dendrimer and by 72.5% using 32 mg/L of the G3SiZWsf dendrimer. Finally, the absence of cytotoxicity was verified by haemolysis and cytotoxicity studies in human cells lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gómez-Casanova
- University of Alcalá, Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Martín-Serrano Ortiz
- University of Alcalá, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Heredero-Bermejo
- University of Alcalá, Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Nieves
- University of Alcalá, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Madrid, Spain; Institute "Ramón y Cajal" for Health Research (IRYCIS), Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - José Luis Copa-Patiño
- University of Alcalá, Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madrid, Spain.
| | - F Javier de la Mata
- University of Alcalá, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Madrid, Spain; Institute "Ramón y Cajal" for Health Research (IRYCIS), Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
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Loufouma Mbouaka A, Lesiak-Markowicz I, Heredero-Bermejo I, Mazumdar R, Walochnik J, Martín-Pérez T. Assessing Acanthamoeba cytotoxicity: comparison of common cell viability assays. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1175469. [PMID: 37180263 PMCID: PMC10167018 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1175469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro models for studying interactions between Acanthamoeba and host cells are crucial for understanding the pathomechanism of Acanthamoeba and assessing differences between strains and cell types. The virulence of Acanthamoeba strains is usually assessed and monitored by using cell cytotoxicity assays. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the most widely used cytotoxicity assays for their suitability to assess Acanthamoeba cytopathogenicity. Methods The viability of human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) after co-culture with Acanthamoeba was evaluated in phase contrast microscopy. Results It was shown that Acanthamoeba is unable to considerably reduce the tetrazolium salt and the NanoLuc® Luciferase prosubstrate to formazan and the luciferase substrate, respectively. This incapacity helped to generate a cell density-dependent signal allowing to accurately quantify Acanthamoeba cytotoxicity. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay led to an underestimation of the cytotoxic effect of Acanthamoeba on HCECs since their co-incubation negatively affected the lactate dehydrogenase activity. Discussion Our findings demonstrate that cell-based assays using the aqueous soluble tetrazolium-formazan, and the NanoLuc® Luciferase prosubstrate products, in contrast to LDH, are excellent markers to monitor the interaction of Acanthamoeba with human cell lines and to determine and quantify effectively the cytotoxic effect induced by the amoebae. Furthermore, our data indicate that protease activity may have an impact on the outcome and thus the reliability of these tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvie Loufouma Mbouaka
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwona Lesiak-Markowicz
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Heredero-Bermejo
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rounik Mazumdar
- Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tania Martín-Pérez
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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López-Barona P, Verdú-Expósito C, Martín-Pérez T, Gómez-Casanova N, Lozano-Cruz T, Ortega P, Gómez R, Pérez-Serrano J, Heredero-Bermejo I. Amoebicidal activity of cationic carbosilane dendrons derived with 4-phenylbutyric acid against Acanthamoeba griffini and Acanthamoeba polyphaga trophozoites and cysts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14926. [PMID: 36056060 PMCID: PMC9440212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19200-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebae from the genus Acanthamoeba are important pathogens responsible for severe illnesses in humans such as Acanthamoeba keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. In the last few decades, AK diagnoses have steadily increased. Most patients suffering from AK were contact lens users and the infection was related to poor hygiene. However, therapy is not yet well established, and treatments may last for several months due to resistance. Moreover, these treatments have been described to generate cytotoxicity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic strategies against AK. In this study, the amoebicidal activity of different generation cationic carbosilane dendrons derived with 4-phenylbutyric acid was demonstrated against Acanthamoeba polyphaga and Acanthamoeba griffini trophozoites and cysts. In addition, the combination of chlorhexidine digluconate and the most effective dendron (ArCO2G2(SNMe3I)4) showed an in vitro effect against Acanthamoeba trophozoites and cysts, reducing the minimal trophozoite amoebicidal concentration as well as concentrations with cysticidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P López-Barona
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - C Verdú-Expósito
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - T Martín-Pérez
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - N Gómez-Casanova
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - T Lozano-Cruz
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Andrés M. del Río Chemistry Research Institute (IQAR), Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Research Center (CIBER-BBN), University of Alcalá, 28871, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Ortega
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Andrés M. del Río Chemistry Research Institute (IQAR), Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Research Center (CIBER-BBN), University of Alcalá, 28871, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Gómez
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Andrés M. del Río Chemistry Research Institute (IQAR), Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Research Center (CIBER-BBN), University of Alcalá, 28871, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Pérez-Serrano
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - I Heredero-Bermejo
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
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Gómez-Casanova N, Torres-Cano A, Elias-Rodriguez AX, Lozano T, Ortega P, Gómez R, Pérez-Serrano J, Copa-Patiño JL, Heredero-Bermejo I. Inhibition of Candida glabrata Biofilm by Combined Effect of Dendritic Compounds and Amphotericin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081604. [PMID: 36015230 PMCID: PMC9416558 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, Candida glabrata has become an important emerging opportunistic pathogen not only because of the increase in nosocomial infections frequency but also because of its ability to form biofilms and its innate resistance to commercial antifungals. These characteristics make this pathogen a major problem in hospital settings, including problems regarding equipment, and in immunosuppressed patients, who are at high risk for candidemia. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of and search for new antifungal drugs. In this study, the efficacy of two dendritic wedges with 4-phenyl butyric acid (PBA) at the focal point and cationic charges on the surface ArCO2G2(SNMe3I)4 (1) and ArCO2G3(SNMe3I)8 (2) was studied against C. glabrata strain to inhibit the formation of biofilms and eliminate established biofilm. For this, MBIC (minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration), MBDC (minimum biofilm damaging concentrations), as well as MFCB (minimum fungicidal concentration in biofilm) and MBEC (minimum biofilm eradicating concentration) were determined. In addition, different combinations of dendrons and amphotericin B were tested to study possible synergistic effects. On the other hand, cytotoxicity studies were performed. C. glabrata cells and biofilm structure were visualized by confocal microscopy. ArCO2G2(SNMe3I)4 (1) and ArCO2G3(SNMe3I)8 (2) dendrons showed both an MBIC of 8 mg/L and a MBDC of 32 mg/L and 64 mg/L, respectively. These dendrons managed to eradicate the entirety of an established biofilm. In combination with the antifungal amphotericin, it was possible to prevent the generation of biofilms and eradicate established biofilms at lower concentrations than those required individually for each compound at these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gómez-Casanova
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (A.X.E.-R.); (J.P.-S.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - Alba Torres-Cano
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (A.X.E.-R.); (J.P.-S.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - Alba Xiaohe Elias-Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (A.X.E.-R.); (J.P.-S.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - Tania Lozano
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (T.L.); (P.O.); (R.G.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain and Institute “Ramón y Cajal” for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Ortega
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (T.L.); (P.O.); (R.G.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain and Institute “Ramón y Cajal” for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (T.L.); (P.O.); (R.G.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain and Institute “Ramón y Cajal” for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Serrano
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (A.X.E.-R.); (J.P.-S.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - José Luis Copa-Patiño
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (A.X.E.-R.); (J.P.-S.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - Irene Heredero-Bermejo
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (A.X.E.-R.); (J.P.-S.); (J.L.C.-P.)
- Correspondence:
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Martín-Pérez T, Heredero-Bermejo I, Verdú-Expósito C, Pérez-Serrano J. In Vitro Evaluation of the Combination of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) against Trophozoites and Cysts of Acanthamoeba Strains. Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR) Assay as a Method for Drug Screening. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040491. [PMID: 33921633 PMCID: PMC8073477 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ameobae belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba are responsible for the human diseases Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). The treatment of these illnesses is hampered by the existence of a resistance stage (cysts). In an attempt to add new agents that are effective against trophozoites and cysts, tea tree oil (TTO) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), separately and in combination, were tested In Vitro against two Acanthamoeba isolates, T3 and T4 genotypes. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) assay was used as a drug screening method, which is to some extent useful in amoebicide drug screening; however, evaluation of lethal effects may be misleading when testing products that promote encystment. Trophozoite viability analysis showed that the effectiveness of the combination of both compounds is higher than when either compound is used alone. Therefore, the TTO alone or TTO + DMSO in combination were an amoebicide, but most of the amoebicidal activity in the combination’s treatments seemed to be caused mainly by the TTO effect. In fact, DMSO alone seems to be a non-amoebicide, triggering encystment. Regarding cytotoxicity, these compounds showed toxicity in human corneal epithelial cells (HCEpiC), even at low concentrations when tested in combination. In conclusion, the use of TTO and DMSO, in combination or alone, cannot be recommended as an alternative for AK treatment until more cytotoxicity and cyst adhesion tests are performed.
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Gómez-Casanova N, Quintana S, Soliveri J, de la Mata FJ, Pérez-Serrano J, Sánchez-Nieves J, Copa-Patiño JL. In Vitro Activity of Carbosilane Cationic Dendritic Molecules on Prevention and Treatment of Candida Albicans Biofilms. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100918. [PMID: 32992733 PMCID: PMC7601597 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. are one of the most common fungal pathogens. Biofilms formed by Candidaalbicans offer resistance mechanisms against most antifungal agents. Therefore, development of new molecules effective against these microorganisms, alone or in combination with antifungal drugs, is extremely necessary. In the present work, we carried out a screening process of different cationic carbosilane dendritic molecules against C. albicans. In vitro activity against biofilm formation and biofilms was tested in both Colección Española de Cultivos Tipo (CECT) 1002 and clinical C. albicans strains. Cytotoxicity was studied in human cell lines, and biofilm alterations were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Antifungal activity of the carbosilane dendritic molecules was assessed by monitoring cell viability using both established and novel cell viability assays. One out of 14 dendritic molecules tested, named BDSQ024, showed the highest activity with a minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) for biofilm formation and a minimum biofilm damaging concentration (MBDC) for existing biofilm of 16–32 and 16 mg/L, respectively. Synergy with amphotericin (AmB) and caspofungin (CSF) at non-cytotoxic concentrations was found. Therefore, dendritic compounds are exciting new antifungals effective at preventing Candida biofilm formation and represent a potential novel therapeutic agent for treatment of C. albicans infection in combination with existing clinical antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Heredero-Bermejo
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (J.S.); (J.P.-S.); (J.L.C.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-918854745
| | - Natalia Gómez-Casanova
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (J.S.); (J.P.-S.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - Sara Quintana
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (S.Q.); (F.J.d.l.M.); (J.S.-N.)
- Institute “Ramón y Cajal” for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Soliveri
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (J.S.); (J.P.-S.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - Francisco Javier de la Mata
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (S.Q.); (F.J.d.l.M.); (J.S.-N.)
- Institute “Ramón y Cajal” for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Serrano
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (J.S.); (J.P.-S.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - Javier Sánchez-Nieves
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (S.Q.); (F.J.d.l.M.); (J.S.-N.)
- Institute “Ramón y Cajal” for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Copa-Patiño
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (J.S.); (J.P.-S.); (J.L.C.-P.)
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Martín-Pérez T, Copa-Patiño JL, Gómez R, de la Mata FJ, Soliveri J, Pérez-Serrano J. Ultrastructural Study of Acanthamoeba polyphaga Trophozoites and Cysts Treated In Vitro with Cationic Carbosilane Dendrimers. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060565. [PMID: 32570829 PMCID: PMC7356815 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic carbosilane dendrimers are branched molecules with antimicrobial properties. Their activity has been tested against Acanthamoeba polyphaga, a causative agent of Acanthamoeba keratitis, a severe ocular disease in humans. A. polyphaga trophozoites and cysts were exposed to different noncytotoxic cationic carbosilane dendrimers with proven antiamoebic activity. The effects of treatment on cell surface and cell ultrastructure were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Two of the dendrimers tested induced dramatic alterations of cellular ultrastructure in both trophozoites and cysts, including vacuolization, depletion of cytoplasmic contents, and reduced cell size. Additionally, we observed severe alterations of the plasma membrane with membrane blebbing in trophozoites and disruption in cysts. These alterations were also observed with chlorhexidine, a drug used for treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Our results support that these compounds may target membranes, and their action is critical for parasite integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Heredero-Bermejo
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (T.M.-P.); (J.L.C.-P.); (J.S.); (J.P.-S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tania Martín-Pérez
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (T.M.-P.); (J.L.C.-P.); (J.S.); (J.P.-S.)
| | - José Luis Copa-Patiño
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (T.M.-P.); (J.L.C.-P.); (J.S.); (J.P.-S.)
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute on Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (F.J.d.l.M.)
- Institute “Ramón y Cajal” for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier de la Mata
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute on Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (F.J.d.l.M.)
- Institute “Ramón y Cajal” for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Soliveri
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (T.M.-P.); (J.L.C.-P.); (J.S.); (J.P.-S.)
| | - Jorge Pérez-Serrano
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain; (T.M.-P.); (J.L.C.-P.); (J.S.); (J.P.-S.)
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10
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Varberg JM, Charvat R, Jacobs K, Garbuz T, Sullivan WJ, Arrizabalaga G. TgDrpC, an atypical dynamin-related protein in Toxoplasma gondii, is associated with vesicular transport factors and parasite division. Mol Microbiol 2018; 111:46-64. [PMID: 30362624 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dynamin-related proteins (Drps) are involved in diverse processes such as organelle division and vesicle trafficking. The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii possesses three distinct Drps. TgDrpC, whose function remains unresolved, is unusual in that it lacks a conserved GTPase Effector Domain, which is typically required for function. Here, we show that TgDrpC localizes to cytoplasmic puncta; however, in dividing parasites, TgDrpC redistributes to the growing edge of the daughter cells. By conditional knockdown, we determined that loss of TgDrpC stalls division and leads to rapid deterioration of multiple organelles and the IMC. We also show that TgDrpC interacts with proteins that exhibit homology to those involved in vesicle transport, including members of the adaptor complex 2. Two of these proteins, a homolog of the adaptor protein 2 (AP-2) complex subunit alpha-1 and a homolog of the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family proteins, localize to puncta and associate with the daughter cells. Consistent with the association with vesicle transport proteins, re-distribution of TgDrpC to the IMC during division is dependent on post-Golgi trafficking. Together, these results support that TgDrpC contributes to vesicle trafficking and is critical for stability of parasite organelles and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Heredero-Bermejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Joseph M Varberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Robert Charvat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kylie Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Tamila Garbuz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - William J Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Gustavo Arrizabalaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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11
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Hernández-Ros JM, Sánchez-García L, Maly M, Verdú-Expósito C, Soliveri J, Javier de la Mata F, Copa-Patiño JL, Pérez-Serrano J, Sánchez-Nieves J, Gómez R. Ammonium and guanidine carbosilane dendrimers and dendrons as microbicides. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Criado-Fornelio A, Verdú-Expósito C, Martin-Pérez T, Heredero-Bermejo I, Pérez-Serrano J, Guàrdia-Valle L, Panisello-Panisello M. A survey for gregarines (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) in arthropods in Spain. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:99-110. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Sánchez-Nieves J, Soliveri J, Gómez R, de la Mata FJ, Copa-Patiño JL, Pérez-Serrano J. In vitro anti-Acanthamoeba synergistic effect of chlorhexidine and cationic carbosilane dendrimers against both trophozoite and cyst forms. Int J Pharm 2016; 509:1-7. [PMID: 27173821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba sp. are the causative agents of severe illnesses in humans such as Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). Medical therapy is not yet well established. Treatments of AK last for several months and generate toxicity, resistances appear due to the cysts stage and recurrences can occur. In this study has been demonstrated that the combination of chlorhexidine digluconate (CLX) and carbosilane dendrimers containing ammonium or guanidine moieties has in vitro synergistic effect against Acanthamoeba polyphaga. This synergy provokes an important reduction in the minimal trophozoite amoebicidal concentration (MTAC) of CLX, which means a reduction of their toxic effects on human cells. Moreover, some CLX/dendrimer combinations show important activity against the cyst resistance stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Heredero-Bermejo
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Sánchez-Nieves
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Soliveri
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - F J de la Mata
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Copa-Patiño
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Pérez-Serrano
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Criado-Fornelio A, Soliveri J, Díaz-Martín JA, Matilla-Fuentes J, Sánchez-Arias JA, Copa-Patiño JL, Pérez-Serrano J. Development of a new oxygen consumption rate assay in cultures of Acanthamoeba (Protozoa: Lobosea) and its application to evaluate viability and amoebicidal activity in vitro. Exp Parasitol 2015; 155:35-9. [PMID: 25956947 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new fluorometric method has been developed for measuring the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of Acanthamoeba cultures in microplates and for screening molecules with amoebicidal activity against this microorganism. The use of a biofunctional matrix (containing an oxygen-sensitive fluorogenic probe) attached to the microplate wells allowed continuous measurement of OCR in the medium, hence assessment of amoebic growth. The new OCR method applied to cell viability yielded a linear relationship and monitoring was much quicker than with indirect viability assays previously used. In addition, two drugs were tested in a cytotoxicity assay monitored by the new OCR viability test. With this procedure, the standard amoebicidal drug chlorhexidine digluconate showed an IC50 of 3.53 + 1.3 mg/l against Acanthamoeba polyphaga and 3.19 + 1.2 mg/l against Acanthamoeba castellanii, whereas a cationic dendrimer [G1Si(NMe3+)4] showed an IC50 of 6.42 + 1.3 mg/l against A. polyphaga. These data agree with previous studies conducted in our laboratory. Therefore, the new OCR method has proven powerful and quick for amoebicidal drug screening and is likely to be applied in biochemical studies concerning protozoa respiration and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Heredero-Bermejo
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - A Criado-Fornelio
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Soliveri
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Díaz-Martín
- Oxoprobics Biosciences S.L., Francisco Giralte 2, Desp.12, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Matilla-Fuentes
- Oxoprobics Biosciences S.L., Francisco Giralte 2, Desp.12, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Sánchez-Arias
- Oxoprobics Biosciences S.L., Francisco Giralte 2, Desp.12, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Copa-Patiño
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Pérez-Serrano
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Copa-Patiño JL, Soliveri J, Fuentes-Paniagua E, de la Mata FJ, Gomez R, Perez-Serrano J. Evaluation of the activity of new cationic carbosilane dendrimers on trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:473-86. [PMID: 25358240 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers are repetitively branched molecules with a broad spectrum of applications, mainly for their antimicrobial properties and as nanocarriers for other molecules. Recently, our research group have synthesized and studied their activity against Acanthamoeba sp., causative agent of a severe ocular disease in humans: Acanthamoeba keratitis. New cationic carbosilane dendrimers were tested against the protozoa forms at different concentrations and for different incubation times. Trophozoite viability was determined by manual counting and cyst viability by observing excystment in microplates with fresh culture medium. Cytotoxicity was checked on HeLa cells using the microculture tetrazolium assay. Alterations were observed by optical microscopy and by flow cytometry staining with propidium iodide. Six out of the 18 dendrimers tested were non-cytotoxic and effective against the trophozoite form, having one of them (dendrimer 14 with an IC50 of 2.4 + 0.1 mg/L) a similar activity to chlorhexidine digluconate (IC50 1.7 + 0.1 mg/L). This dendrimer has a polyphenoxo core and a sulphur atom close to the six -NH3+ terminal groups. On the other hand, only two dendrimers showed some effect against cysts (dendrimers 14 and 17). However, their minimum cysticidal concentrations were cytotoxic and less effective than the control drug. The alterations on the amoeba morphology produced by the treatment with dendrimers were size reduction, increased complexity, loss of acanthopodia and cell membrane disruption. In conclusion, these results suggest that some dendrimers may be studied in animal models to test their effect and that new dendrimers with similar features should be synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Heredero-Bermejo
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain,
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16
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Criado-Fornelio A, Heredero-Bermejo I, Pérez-Serrano J. Alternative mounting media for preservation of some protozoa. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 105:146-9. [PMID: 25091186 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protozoa resistant stages are disintegrated when mounted in toluene-based media. To overcome such problem, three toluene-free mountants were tested on preserve Acanthamoeba spp and gregarines. Two commercial glues based on cyanoacrylate or trimethoxysilane were suitable for preserving both cysts and trophozoites. Hoyer's medium showed good results for mounting gregarine oocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Criado-Fornelio
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
| | - I Heredero-Bermejo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Pérez-Serrano
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Copa-Patiño JL, Soliveri J, Gómez R, de la Mata FJ, Pérez-Serrano J. In vitro comparative assessment of different viability assays in Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba polyphaga trophozoites. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:4087-95. [PMID: 24026387 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The species of the genus Acanthamoeba are opportunistic protozoan parasites that cause different diseases in humans, such as amoebic keratitis and granulomatous encephalitis. The rise in the rate of Acanthamoeba keratitis, mainly due to the increase in contact lens wearers, turns the development of viability assays using a multi-well plate reader as a tool for screening new antiamoebic agents in vitro into an important goal. In our study, the viability assays PrestoBlue®, resazurin sodium salt, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and CellTiter96® were tested for their suitability as time-saving alternatives to the classical manual or direct-counting method, assessing the effect of the antiamoebic agent chlorhexidine digluconate and temperature on Acanthamoeba castellanii (ATCC® 30234™) and Acanthamoeba polyphaga 2961. Although resazurin and MTT have already been previously used in amoeba viability assays to test the activities of antiamoebic agents in vitro, it is the first time that PrestoBlue® and CellTiter96® are used for this purpose. Results indicated that the viability assays were strain-dependent leading in some cases to an overestimation of the real situation of viable cells. This implies that each viability assay ought to be set up for each amoeba strain studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Heredero-Bermejo
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona (Autovía A2) Km. 33 600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Heredero-Bermejo I, Copa-Patiño JL, Soliveri J, García-Gallego S, Rasines B, Gómez R, de la Mata FJ, Pérez-Serrano J. In vitro evaluation of the effectiveness of new water-stable cationic carbosilane dendrimers against Acanthamoeba castellanii UAH-T17c3 trophozoites. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:961-9. [PMID: 23263327 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba is one of the most common free-living amoebas which is widespread in the environment and can infect humans, causing diseases such as keratitis and encephalitis. In this paper we examine for the first time the amebicidal activity of the family of cationic dendrimers nG-[Si{(CH(2))(3)N(+)(Me)(Et)(CH(2))(2)NMe(3) (+)}2I(-)]( x ) (where n denotes the generations: zero (n = 0, x = 1), first (n = 1, x = 4), and second (n = 2, x = 8); for simplicity, they were named as 0G-CNN2, 1G-CNN8, and 2G-CNN16, respectively) against Acanthamoeba castellanii UAH-T17c3 trophozoites. In order to test the amebicidal activity, we cultured the strain A. castellanii UAH-T17c3 in PYG-Bactocasitone medium and later, we treated it with different concentrations of these dendrimers and monitored the effects and damage by optical count, flow cytometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that all the nanosystems assayed had a strong amebicidal activity. The dendrimer 1G-CNN8 was the most effective against the amoeba. In the morphology of treated throphozoites of A. castellanii UAH-T17c3 analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy techniques, morphological changes were evident in amoeba cells, such as loss of pseudopodia, ectoplasm increase, roundness, and cellular lysis. Furthermore, flow cytometry results showed alterations in cell granularity, which was dose-time dependent. In conclusion, this family of cationic carbosilane dendrimers has a strong amebicidal activity against the trophozoites of A. castellanii UAH-T17c3 in vitro. They could potentially become new agents significant to the development of new amebicidal compounds for prevention and therapy of Acanthamoeba infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Heredero-Bermejo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Alcalá, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona (Autovía A2) Km 33,600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Heredero-Bermejo I, San Juan Martin C, Soliveri de Carranza J, Copa-Patiño JL, Pérez-Serrano J. Acanthamoeba castellanii: in vitro UAH-T17c3 trophozoite growth study in different culture media. Parasitol Res 2012; 110:2563-7. [PMID: 22231263 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba is one of the most common free-living amoebae. It is widespread in the environment and can infect humans, causing diseases such as keratitis and encephalitis. In this study, we used a strain of Acanthamoeba castellanii (UAH-T17c3) isolated from cooling towers, and we evaluated the efficiency of three different culture media in its growth, with the aim of selecting one which allowed better growth, was easier to prepare, and was able to keep the trophozoites by long periods of time. We compared the growth of A. castellanii in peptone-yeast extract-glucose (PYG, the most commonly used medium to grow this strain) to the growth in PYG-Bactocasitone (PYG with 2% Bactocasitone) and brain-heart infusion broth (BHI is a standard microbiological medium rarely used in the culture of amoebae). Flow cytometry and cell count results showed all three media allowed the growth of trophozoites. PYG-Bactocasitone was shown to be the best for long-term culture. The BHI and PYG-Bactocasitone media have not been used for Acanthamoeba spp. trophozoite growth. In view of the results, we can affirm that these media are adequate to grow the above-mentioned strain for in vitro screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Heredero-Bermejo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcala, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona (Autovía A2) Km. 33,600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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